Search

This paper studies the interaction between the long-term dynamics of aggregate household wealth and the wealth distribution in Europe and the United States. We do so by building the first Distributional Wealth Accounts for Europe, including households’ assets, liabilities, investment flows, and the wealth distribution for most European countries from 1970–2020. We find that although aggregate household wealth to income ratios have followed a similar increasing pattern in both Europe and the United States since 1970, wealth concentration has increased much faster in the United States. Using wealth accumulation decompositions and counterfactual simulations, we show that the weaker rise in labor income inequality and the stronger rise in house prices relative to financial assets in Europe versus the United States appear to explain why Europe has experienced a more moderate rise in wealth concentration since the mid-1980s.

The objective of this study is to derive methane (CH4) emissions from three landfills, which are found to be the most significant CH4 sources in the metropolitan area of Madrid in Spain. We derive CH4 emissions from the CH4 enhancements observed by spaceborne and ground-based instruments. We apply satellite-based measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) together with measurements from the ground-based COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) instruments. In 2018, a 2-week field campaign for measuring the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases was performed in Madrid in the framework of Monitoring of the Greenhouse Gases Concentrations in Madrid (MEGEI-MAD) project. Five COCCON instruments were deployed at different locations around the Madrid city center, enabling the observation of total column-averaged CH4 mixing ratios (XCH4). Considering the prevalent wind regimes, we calculate the wind-assigned XCH4 anomalies for two opposite wind directions. Pronounced bipolar plumes are found when applying the method to NO2, which implies that our method of wind-assigned anomaly is suitable to estimate enhancements of trace gases at the urban level from satellite-based measurements. For quantifying the CH4 emissions, the wind-assigned plume method is applied to the TROPOMI XCH4 and to the lower tropospheric CH4 / dry-air column ratio (TXCH4) of the combined TROPOMI+IASI product. As CH4 emission strength we estimate 7.4 × 1025 ± 6.4 × 1024 molec. s−1 from the TROPOMI XCH4 data and 7.1 × 1025 ± 1.0 × 1025 molec. s−1 from the TROPOMI+IASI merged TXCH4 data. We use COCCON observations to estimate the local source strength as an independent method. COCCON observations indicate a weaker CH4 emission strength of 3.7 × 1025 molec. s−1 from a local source (the Valdemingómez waste plant) based on observations from a single day. This strength is lower than the one derived from the satellite observations, and it is a plausible result. This is because the analysis of the satellite data refers to a larger area, covering further emission sources in the study region, whereas the signal observed by COCCON is generated by a nearby local source. All emission rates estimated from the different observations are significantly larger than the emission rates provided via the official Spanish Register of Emissions and Pollutant Sources.

International audience; The CMEMS Iberian-Biscay-Ireland Monitoring and Forecasting Center (IBI-MFC) currently provides a variety of OMIs oriented to monitor the main oceanographic processes taking place in this regional domain. Among the OMIs currently delivered by IBI-MFC, it is worth mentioning (i) the coastal upwelling index focused on the African-Iberian coast, (ii) the indicator of Mediterranean Outflow Water variability and (iii) diverse indicators of extreme events of temperature or wave height. Currently, IBIMFC efforts are concentrated on designing bloom phenology indicators derived from chlorophyll anomalies detected within IBI regional seas.The present work aims to provide a general overview of the IBI-MFC OMIs operationally provided nowadays and further insight into the routine OMI update strategy, as well as main conclusions from them. Finally, ongoing developments of novel upcoming OMIs for the IBI region are also introduced.; Le centre de surveillance et de prévision CMEMS Iberian-Biscay-Ireland (IBI-MFC) fournit actuellement une variété d'OMIs orientés vers la surveillance des principaux processus océanographiques ayant lieu dans ce domaine régional. Parmi les OMIs actuellement fournis par l'IBI-MFC, il convient de mentionner (i) l'indice d'upwelling côtier centré sur la côte africaine-ibérique, (ii) l'indicateur de variabilité des eaux de sortie de la Méditerranée et (iii) divers indicateurs d'événements extrêmes de température ou de hauteur de vague. Actuellement, les efforts de l'IBIMFC se concentrent sur la conception d'indicateurs de la phénologie des fleurs d'eau dérivés des anomalies de chlorophylle détectées dans les mers régionales de l'IBI.Le présent travail vise à fournir une vue d'ensemble des OMIs IBI-MFC fournis de manière opérationnelle aujourd'hui et un aperçu de la stratégie de mise à jour de routine des OMIs, ainsi que les principales conclusions qui en découlent. Enfin, les développements en cours des nouveaux OMIs à venir pour la région IBI sont également présentés.

International audience; The CMEMS IBI-MFC (Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Monitoring & Forecasting Centre) delivers daily ocean model forecasts, analysis and reanalysis of different physical and biogeochemical parameters for the Atlantic façade, supporting all kind of marine applications. Along Copernicus-1, this IBI operational service has continuously evolved, upgrading both its forecast capabilities (in 2015, only a circulation forecast in place; today, 3 operational services, including waves and biogeochemical forecasts) and its multi-Year production (covering altimetric era with ocean and wave reanalysis products, together with a non-assimilative biogeochemical hindcast). The main IBIMFC operational achievements and product upgrades are here reviewed. An overview of main IBI service milestones, in terms of both operational production (with inclusion of new variables, increase of product resolution and temporal frequency, extension of forecast horizons and reanalysis coverages) and product quality enhancement is provided. The IBI model applications are routinely validated through meaningful skill scores and a wide range of statistical metrics computed to quantitatively assess the quality and reliability of these model solutions. The CMEMS IBI-MFC delivers today a reliable operational service, meeting user needs for a widespread end-user community (with strong IBI-ROOS connections and marked by a high number of ‘regular’ operational users linked to downstream services). The IBI-MFC service is expected to be upgraded, already in a Copernicus-2 context, and major guidelines of the roadmap are here outlined.

The marshes of the Guadalquivir River contain the largest area of rice cultivation in Spain, where more than 40,000 ha are used every year for rice production. These wetland areas provide a perfect place for rice cultivation, and represent a unique aquaticterrestrial habitat that hold more wintering waterfowl than any other European wetland. Paddies require large amounts nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth, development and production. Though, flooded conditions used for rice cultivation drastically diminish efficiency inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, being only 30–40% used by the plant, and in some cases even less. Large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are dissolved in the surface water and lost, causing environmental pollution and health problems due to losses through N2O and NO volatilization, denitrification, and leaching (Ishii et al., 2011).