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The coffee sector’s challenges, such as low and volatile prices, prompt adopting strategies focused on product differentiation, including high-quality specialty coffee. Nevertheless, documented evidence shows that small producers in Oaxaca, Mexico, are not equally benefiting from this market opportunity compared to other states in Mexico, such as Veracruz or Chiapas. This review article identifies and analyzes the factors in integrating small Oaxacan producers into the specialty market. A total of 138 scientific contributions were analyzed, emphasizing three thematic axes: (1) Trends and behavior of the coffee market. (2) Factors to enable the production of high-quality coffee, and (3) Current situation and challenges of small coffee producers in the specialized market. We found that coffee quality depends on the environment (mainly altitude, temperature, and geographical conditions) and agronomic, genetic, and socio-economic factors. Moreover, agronomic and genetic factors should focus on choosing coffee varieties suited to the environmental conditions of the farm and adopting innovations in production, harvest, and post-harvest processes. The most significant socio-economic factors that hinder small coffee producers’ participation in the specialized market include but are not limited to, lack of information, social connection, and financial resources. However, in the literature analyzed here, it was also possible to identify specific farmworker experiences that operate with a community approach and have inserted their small producers into high-quality market transactions. For this reason, this article suggests that the standardization model of quality from the collective approach within the community-based enterprise is a sustainable and inclusive alternative to achieve the goal: the insertion of small Oaxacan coffee producers into the more significant specialty market.

En este trabajo se describe el proceso de investigación acción participativa (IAP) en la comunidad de Cuilápam de Guerrero, Oaxaca, en un contexto de confinamiento causado por la pandemia de covid-19 (2021), situación que motivó el interés por la actividad agrícola y de traspatio en algunos habitantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar alternativas agroalimentarias, a través de huertos familiares agroecológicos, para reducir la inseguridad alimentaria de las familias de pequeños productores agrícolas de subsistencia. Se integró un grupo solidario de 10 participantes de 7 Unidades de Producción Familiar (UPF), interesados en la transición agroecológica para producir alimentos más sanos y saludables. Siguiendo la metodología IAP, se identificaron las necesidades de capacitación y se programaron los talleres con enfoque agroecológico. A través de este proceso, los participantes obtuvieron nuevos conocimientos para la práctica agrícola, intercambiaron saberes y establecieron valores dentro del grupo de trabajo como, la solidaridad, ayuda mutua, cooperación, reciprocidad y compromiso con el entorno.

AbstractIn this study, the relationship between community social capital and social prosperity is analysed, as well as the mediatory effect of competitiveness in indigenous tourism destinations from the perspective of the residents in indigenous communities. The sample was 103 people from 10 communities that are recognised as indigenous communities as affiliates of the Red Indígena de Turismo de México A.C. (RITA) (Indigenous Network of Tourism in Mexico). The analysis of the data and proof of hypothesis was carried out through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The discoveries show that the competitiveness of the destinations has a mediatory effect between the community social capital and the perception of social prosperity. It was found that the indigenous people perceive social prosperity through the competitiveness of the destination given that said competitiveness has various effects; more tourists have arrived at the destination, the tourist activities that benefit the local economy have been better managed, the creation of new businesses and jobs, entrepreneurship, investment in infrastructure, improvement in access to public services, and care for the natural resources of the communities. This competitiveness is directly influenced by the community social capital of the indigenous tourism destinations.

This investigation aims to determine the predictors that have the most significant influence over COVID-19 vaccination intention for the population of 18 years or above in Mexico. This will be done through a comprehensive theoretical model comprising: the theory of planned behaviour, the health belief model, and the model of goal-directed behaviour. An exploratory, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The structured questionnaire was applied to 1085 adults in the first trimester of 2021 through Google Forms in social media groups. The data analysis was carried out through partial least square structural equation modelling. Positive anticipated emotions, desire, subjective norms, attitude, and perceived behavioural control were the most significant predictors of intention. The model that combines the theoretical perspectives explains mostly the vaccination intention. The study can be a valuable theoretical perspective for understanding similar behavioural intentions related to health risks. The results are also valuable for public health decision-makers to design strategies that promote vaccination.

This article explores the level of Women’s Empowerment (W’E) from six empowerment domains: decision-making, autonomy, access and control of resources, community participation, and participation in business management, within the context of the corn-tortilla value chain. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data through the survey method and participant observation. The sample consisted of 136 women producers from two municipalities, 67 from Santa María Xadani in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and 69 from San Antonio de la Cal in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. The results highlight that women exercise five of the six explored domains of empowerment, two with high levels and three with medium levels of empowerment. The women’s income from selling their corn tortillas is used to buy food, raw materials, and health services. Much of their time is spent on corn tortilla production and marketing, and household activities. Finally, this study makes implications for public policy to contribute with the generation of strategies that raise the levels of W’E in agrifood systems in rural contexts.

The coffee sector's challenges, such as low and volatile prices, prompt adopting strategies focused on product differentiation, including high-quality specialty coffee. Nevertheless, documented evidence shows that small producers in Oaxaca, Mexico, are not equally benefiting from this market opportunity compared to other states in Mexico, such as Veracruz or Chiapas. This review article identifies and analyzes the factors in integrating small Oaxacan producers into the specialty market. A total of 138 scientific contributions were analyzed, emphasizing three thematic axes: (1) Trends and behavior of the coffee market. (2) Factors to enable the production of high-quality coffee, and (3) Current situation and challenges of small coffee producers in the specialized market. We found that coffee quality depends on the environment (mainly altitude, temperature, and geographical conditions) and agronomic, genetic, and socioeconomic factors. Moreover, agronomic and genetic factors should focus on choosing coffee varieties suited to the environmental conditions of the farm and adopting innovations in production, harvest, and post-harvest processes. The most significant socio-economic factors that hinder small coffee producers' participation in the specialized market include but are not limited to, lack of information, social connection, and financial resources. However, in the literature analyzed here, it was also possible to identify specific farmworker experiences that operate with a community approach and have inserted their small producers into high-quality market transactions. For this reason, this article suggests that the standardization model of quality from the collective approach within the community-based enterprise is a sustainable and inclusive alternative to achieve the goal: the insertion of small Oaxacan coffee producers into the more significant specialty market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to understand the factors behind the intention towards buying organic products mentioned in the existing literature and provide conceptual and theoretical guidelines for future research on the subject. A systematic revision of original research papers included in Scopus and Web of Science databases during the period 2011-2021 was conducted, resulting in a sample of 162 articles. The results show that the attitude, values, and confidence of the consumer were the main factors in the intention to buy organic foods. Moreover, it was found that the theory of planned behavior was the most used theoretical framework in the analysis of organic foods purchasing. The changes brought by the covid-19 pandemic are manifested in consumers’ values and their implications to the sale of this type of foods. We propose to consider consumers’ values as variables that intertwine the rational and motivational approaches to consumption analysis. It is also proposed to understand the purchase intention underlying the stimulation of attitudes and the confidence of consumers due to their values. Finally, it is suggested to consider the analysis of the mediating effect of attitudes and trust in the relationship between values and purchase intention.

Este artículo documenta los resultados de un estudio comparado, de tipo cualitativo, desarrollado en el periodo 2018-2020 en el istmo de Tehuantepec (Oaxaca, México) en torno a tres negociaciones para instalar tres parques eólicos que se encuentran cancelados. Nuestra investigación se apoya en entrevistas, minutas de asambleas, documentos jurídicos, amparos y notas de prensa. Nuestro análisis muestra cómo las prácticas autoritarias ejercidas en la negociación recaen sobre la transición energética, al gestar un clima de percepciones negativas que se tradujeron en una desconfianza e inconformidad que promovieron una oposición social y jurídica hacia los proyectos eólicos. Todo ello afectó la viabilidad de los procedimientos de negociación y consulta formales, como el establecido en el C-169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y estancó la transición energética en la región.

En la actualidad, la economía solidaria se ha caracterizado por ser un modelo alternativo al existente, y su base son los principios de cooperación, igualdad, empleo, para una transformación social, sin embargo esta economía no es adquirida en cualquier tipo de estructuras de trabajo. En algunas comunidades del Estado de Oaxaca es muy común trabajar con los principios de una economía solidaria. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir un contexto de economía solidaria en redes familiares de artesanos de la comunidad de San Pedro Cajonos, Villa Alta, Oaxaca. Ya que, en las actividades artesanales las estructuras de trabajo se basan en la cooperación y solidaridad de los integrantes de esas redes. La investigación se realiza con la metodología cualitativa, con las visitas de campo a la comunidad e identificando las redes familiares de artesanos se observó como se manifiesta un contexto de economía solidaria, identificando la cooperación y cohesión social en los procesos productivos de las actividades artesanales: artesanías de madera y textiles de hilo de seda, generando en el seno de la comunidad un desarrollo económico local.

In Mexico, local ripened cheeses such as Chihuahua, Ranchero, and Cotija are produced, being consumed in great quantities together with imported cheeses. Proteolysis that takes place during ripening generates bioactive peptides; in this way the cheese acquires potential as a functional food. The ripening process of Gouda cheese was studied based on its bromatological and sensorial properties, bioactivity, and peptide profile. Ripened cheese met bromatological standard parameters and showed higher overall acceptability. After 90 days, bioactivity reached maximum values for radical scavenging (6.6%), ferric reducing power (11.2%), metal chelating effect (49%), and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity (66.2%). Eight peptides were identified, four from αS1-casein, f(1–9, 1–13, 1–14, and 25–36), and four from β-casein, f(11–28, 60–63, 193–209, and 197–205). Ripening of Gouda cheese results in a product with functional potential due to the presence of peptides with biological activity. Additionally, the methodology proposed in this work could be used by the dairy industry to monitor the manufacturing process and ripening of other types of cheeses.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Entre las principales consecuencias de las transformaciones ocurridas en el agro argentino desde fines del siglo XX, se encuentran los impactos ambientales y sanitarios vinculados con la exposición directa e indirecta a los agroquímicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue contribuir a la comprensión de los conflictos y controversias en torno a los efectos sobre el ambiente y la salud derivados del uso de agroquímicos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de caso en la localidad de Selva, provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Se relevaron fuentes de información secundaria. Se llevaron adelante 40 entrevistas con actores relevantes a lo largo de seis visitas a la localidad de estudio en 2018 y 2019. RESULTADOS: Existen marcos normativos específicos que regulan el uso de agroquímicos, sus distancias de aplicación y categorías de toxicidad, así como cierta institucionalidad destinada a su implementación, control y monitoreo. Desde la población local, comenzó un proceso de construcción social del riesgo que ha llevado a la problematización de los impactos ambientales y sanitarios a los que está expuesta cotidianamente. DISCUSIÓN: La política relativa a la utilización de agroquímicos se encuentra fragmentada en múltiples regulaciones, instituciones y escalas de competencias, y dentro de ese marco la política sanitaria posee un lugar rezagado. Más allá de ciertos avances, no hay reconocimiento oficial del daño a la salud y al ambiente.

El artículo examina el manejo ambiental en la producción de biodiesel en Santiago del Estero (Argentina), enfocándose especialmente en el tratamiento de los efluentes líquidos. Para ello se analizan, a través de una metodología cualitativa, repertorios de actores en relación con sus estrategias territoriales. El estudio observa la producción de biodiesel en tanto reafirmación del proceso de expansión del agronegocio en la región e interpreta sus impactos ambientales, en particular la contaminación de aguas y del espacio de vida de la población local, como formas de despojo. Además, cómo las prácticas materiales de los actores hegemónicos pese a enmarcarse en la perspectiva de la modernización ecológica a través de la figura de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, están más bien asociadas a un enfoque no preventivo y estándar de la cuestión ambiental. Finalmente, considera las productividades del conflicto social, en términos de aprendizajes y efectos positivos en el territorio.

This research aimed to maintain the quality and shelf life of Capsicum chinense Jacq. var habanero by developing and applying an innocuous, environmentally friendly, and economical edible coating based on agar and mango peel extract as a potential postharvest treatment alternative for habanero chili as it is a perishable fruit susceptible to physiological deterioration. The study was carried out during 2021, in the city of Mérida, Yucatan. The coating was tested for solubility, moisture, opacity, antioxidant capacity, and biodegradability, while the habanero chilies with coating were evaluated for texture, acidity, moisture, total polyphenol content, vitamin C, capsaicin, and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that coated chilies stored at 4 °C had a longer shelf life and a significant effect of coating was observed on the parameters of texture, capsaicin content and the percentage of free radical inhibition, which makes it an appropriate technology for the preservation of habanero chilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las empresas predominantes en cualquier país son las micro, pequeñas y medianas (MiPyMEs); y no es la excepción para el estado de Oaxaca, es aquí donde existe una diversidad de MiPyMEs que se dedican a la producción y servicio, estas contribuyen en la creación de empleo, generación de riqueza y sobre todo a satisfacer necesidades, estas empresas se caracterizan a lo largo del tiempo por sobrevivir y permanecer en el mercado. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar que elementos de la sustentabilidad comunitaria se llevan a cabo en las MiPyMEs del municipio de Capulálpam de Méndez. Desde el enfoque del buen vivir se planteó la hipótesis en donde los indicadores eficiencia económica, equidad social y responsabilidad social de la sustentabilidad comunitaria influyen para que las MiPyMEs perciban en mayor grado la sustentabilidad comunitaria. Para tal efecto, se aplicaron 45 entrevistas a dueños o encargados de las MiPyMEs usando como instrumento de medición un cuestionario estructurado. Obteniendo como resultado que la sustentabilidad comunitaria se relaciona con cada uno de los indicadores en la cual, la equidad social es la que mayor efecto presenta. Siendo factores claves los elementos culturales que se realizan dentro de la comunidad.

Apis mellifera propolis has been used in ethnobotany and its compounds and therapeutic properties have been evaluated in various studies. Propolis from Maxcanú, Tizimín and Huhí, Yucatán, México were analyzed, determining the bioactive compounds (BC) of ethanolic extracts (PEE) and their potential use in the control of blood pressure, diabetes, and their antioxidant capacity. PEE was prepared by mixing 6 g of propolis with 20 mL of 95% ethanol, stirring daily for 28 days. BC were identified using HPLC and in vitro assays were performed on their antioxidant activity, ACE-I inhibition, and antidiabetic properties. Total phenols and flavonoids were between 1.27 ± 0.02 and 25.95 ± 0.99 mg GAE g−1 and 65.06 ± 3.48 and 85.64 ± 4.09 mg CE g−1 dry extract. The results of the in vitro assays were positive and a close relationship with the total content of flavonoids was detected, with epicatechin and p-coumaric being the main components identified. According to the results, the Huhí PEE had the highest values in all the assays, as well as the BC content. This study demonstrates that PEE can be used as a potential alternative in the treatment of certain diseases due to the therapeutic properties that exhibits.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la cantidad óptima de alimento y peso del cerdo pelón mexicano (CPM) que se asocie a la máxima ganancia. Se utilizó la información de 22 hembras de CPM con un peso inicial de 5.07 ± 1.43 kg y final de 95.62 ± 12.09 kg; el ciclo de engorda se dividió en cuatro etapas. Para determinar los óptimos de consumo de alimento, peso y edad de venta del animal se empleó una función de producción representada por un modelo polinomial cuadrático; se consideraron precios de venta de 30.00, 35.00, 40.00 y $45.00 por kg de PV con alimentación 100% alimento balanceado y otro con restricción de 18%. En las etapas I y II se registró la mayor eficiencia alimenticia con 0.37 y 0.30 kg de ganancia por kg de alimento. El producto marginal promedio fue decreciente (0.24, 0.23, 0.21 y 0.15 por kg de alimento para las etapas I, II, III y IV). El peso óptimo de mercado se incrementó en el mismo sentido que el precio de venta del animal siendo: 15.50 a 75.00 kg en la alimentación de 100% alimento balanceado y 46.70 a 86.80 kg en la restringida. Debido al bajo valor de los parámetros obtenidos hacen necesaria la integración de la actividad primaria como parte de la cadena productiva con la finalidad de obtener la máxima ganancia y conservación de dicho recurso zoogenético.

While data-driven research has outlined the development of early modern art markets in Europe, the Iberian peninsula remains a lacuna in our knowledge. Seville fulfilled all the necessary prerequisites to support a sophisticated art trade. In the 16thand early 17thcenturies, it was a large metropolis of over 100,000 inhabitants, with a growing merchant class and access to foreign markets due to its role as port to the Indies. Yet its market for paintings remains understudied. In this paper, we employ the conceptual framework of art market studies to reexamine the Sevillian art market in the 16th and 17th centuries with new evidence. First, we present the first relational database of Sevillian painters, developed by digitizing and mining twenty volumes of archival sources published from 1899 to 2006. Using this information, we provide estimates for the number of painters in the city from 1475-1700.We then divide the market into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, and explore the evidence for the existence of other actors and institutions vital to the art trade. Finally, we finish by presenting multiple avenues for research that might be pursued in the future.

El avance de la agricultura industrial acaecida desde mediados de la década de los noventa en Argentina generó profundos cambios en los territorios. Tras el colapso de la convertibilidad, la expansión del agronegocio adquirió nuevo dinamismo en el marco de una narrativa neodesarrollista. En este contexto en diciembre del 2009 se inauguró en el sudoeste de Santiago del Estero una fábrica de producción de biodiesel a base de la soja generada en la región. La producción de agrocombustibles en la región es un ícono de la tendencia a la intensificación productiva y a la mercantilización de los sistemas agroalimentarios en el Gran Chaco. El artículo indaga en la relación entre las políticas públicas, las narrativas del desarrollo y las transformaciones territoriales derivadas del avance del agronegocio en Santiago del Estero desde la intervención del 2004 a la actualidad, a fin de contribuir a discernir los desafíos en términos de justicia social y ambiental. Con una perspectiva sistémica se analizarán procesos socioeconómicos y políticos de escala nacional, regional y local, enfatizando en dimensiones materiales y simbólicas, complementando metodologías cuanti y cualitativas.

In Argentina, the model of extractive agricultural development has generated profound and irreversible impacts. To the loss of biodiversity due to deforestation, must be added the increasing territorial conflict linked to the expulsion and destruction of peasant and indigenous ways of life, and the affections to the health of the fumigated peoples. Based on primary and secondary sources, the article explores the emergence and trajectory of conflicts and controversies surrounding the use of agrochemicals in the provinces of Salta and Santiago del Estero.

La mayoría de estudios sobre el desempeño se han realizado en contextos económicos desarrollados. El presente analiza la relación entre las estrategias competitivas y las de manufactura, y cómo éstas influyen en el desempeño de pequeños negocios de la ciudad de Oajaca, Méjico. Se analizan datos de cuarenta negocios de alfarería de San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oajaca. Se encontró que las estrategias de manufactura de flexibilidad y entrega se asocian con la estrategia competitiva de diferenciación, mientras que, el liderazgo en costo no presenta asociaciones significativas. Por otra parte, se observa que la estrategia competitiva de diferenciación fue la más influyente sobre el desempeño, mientras que las estrategias de manufactura cumplen un efecto mediador parcial. Se plantean indicios estratégicos alternativos derivado de un contexto emergente y de subsistencia. The majority of Business performance studies are developed in an economic context different from emerging ones. This study analyzes the relationship between manufacturing and competitive strategies, and how they affect small businesses’ performance located in Oaxaca, Mexico. Data from forty pottery businesses of San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca are analyzed. It was found that manufacturing strategies of flexibility and delivery are associated with the competitive strategy of differentiation, whereas, cost leadership had no significant associations. Moreover, the competitive strategy of differentiation was the most influential on performance while manufacturing strategies play a partial mediating effect. Strategic alternatives derived from the analysis of an economic emerging and subsistence context. A maioria dos estudos sobre o desempenho foram desenvolvidos em contextos econômicos desenvolvidos. Este estudo analisa a relação entre as estratégias competitivas e de manufatura, assim como sua influência no desempenho de pequenos negócios no contexto econômico de Oaxaca, Messico. Usando dados de 40 pequenos negócios de cerâmica de ‘San Bartolo Coyotepec”, Oaxaca; os resultados indicam que as estratégias de flexibilidade e entrega associam-se com a estratégia competitiva de diferenciação, enquanto que a estratégia de liderança em custo não teve associações significativas com as estratégias de manufatura. Além, a estratégia competitiva de diferenciação foi a mas influente no desempenho, enquanto as estratégias de manufatura fazem um efeito mediador parcial nesta relação indicações estratégicas alternativas derivadas de um contexto emergente e de subsistência surgir.

Dexmedetomidine is an imidazole derivative, with high affinity for α2 adrenergic receptors, used for sedation, analgesia and adjuvant anaesthesia. In this study, an analytical method for the quantification of dexmedetomidine in dried blood spots was developed, validated and applied. The drug was extracted from dried blood spot by liquid extraction; the separation was carried out by ultra high-resolution liquid chromatography in reverse phase coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method. An X Select cyano 5 μm HSS column (2.1 X 150 mm, Waters) and a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid: acetonitrile [50:50 v/v], were used. The test was linear over the concentration range of 50 to 2000 pg/mL. The coefficients of variation for the intra and interday trials were less than 15%. The drug was stable under the conditions tested. The method was successfully applied for the quantification of 6 patients, aged 0 to 2 years, with classification ASA I, who underwent ambulatory surgeries, receiving a dose of 1 μg/Kg dexmedetomidine IV. The drug concentrations in the different sampling times were in the range of 76 to 868 pg/mL.

Se analiza el contenido bromatológico y bioactivo de residuos agroindustriales provenientes de frutas y vegetales con el fin de darle un valor agregado. Se utilizaron cáscaras de papaya, zanahoria, berenjena y lima, las cuales fueron secadas previamente, molidas y tamizadas para luego determinar la humedad, cenizas, fibra, proteína, extracto etéreo, así como la extracción y cuantificación de compuestos tales como carotenos, polifenoles totales, flavonoides, antocianinas y la capacidad antioxidante. Los resultados indicaron que las cáscaras de papaya y de berenjena presentaron las mejores características de calidad bromatológicas para cenizas (10.45 y 9.2%), proteína (2.23 y 13.50%), fibra (0.643 y 1.88%) y capacidad antioxidante (99.63 y 97.90%) con las que se podrían desarrollar productos de utilidad en la industria alimentaria o farmacéutica.

Socially responsible consumption benefits the environment, the consumer, and the producer. In Mexico, smallholder farmers are vulnerable, and the consumption of organic food products is low. Analysing the purchase intention of organic food products contributes towards generating the most appropriate marketing strategies. Previous models provide evidence that the attitude of the consumer is the biggest predictor of purchase intention. However, little is known about the results of the mediating effect of desire on said relationship. The objective of the study is to analyse the mediating effect of desire on the relationship between attitude and purchase intention. 204 consumers of organic food products were surveyed using a structured, self-administrated questionnaire or through face-to-face interviews, in established retail stores, alternative street markets, and via the web. It was found that when the benefits of organic food products to the consumer, environment, and smallholder farmers are evaluated favourably, then consumer desire is higher, and thus also purchase intention. Consumers have the highest purchase intention for organic food products when their desire to buy them to achieve a goal related with social, personal, and environmental benefits intervenes.