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The article provides an overview of published scientific data about toxic chemical compounds formed during thermal degradation of various materials. In case of fire the complex of physical and chemical factors affect the human, along with injuries, thermal burns of the skin and respiratory tract there is a lack of oxygen in the inspired air and the impact of thermal degradation products. The greatest number of deaths in.a fire due to the inhalation by the victims smoke and toxic gases. The impact of the combination of toxic substances leads to the development of various forms of toxic process. The main causes of poisoning at the fires due to the effects of toxic substances and substances which can cause structural and functional disorders of the respiratory organ. Intoxication manifestations by some of them appear already in the fire zone, in other cases, in cases of poisoning by the compounds of the slow motion, there is the latent period of of intoxication. Knowledge of the spectrum of toxic products thermal destruction on the human during the fire, it is necessary to develop approaches to improve medical care and creation of tools of medical protection.