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The choice of methods for trapping animals can greatly affect the studies and their results, despite that there are relatively few studies on the matter. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare two common methods of live trapping (Tomahawk traps and pitfall traps), their efficiency and ethical implications for trapping Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). Traps were located in a paired design, the trapped animals were checked for sex, injuries caused by the trap and stress level, then marked and released in the same spot. At the same time, costs of both trap types were compared. Tomahawk traps were 60 % more efficient to trap opossums but the pitfall traps had better results in all the other categories: were more cost-effective, did not injure the animals as often and were less stressful. Neither type of trap presented bias in sex proportion or number of recaptured animals. In general, both types of traps resulted to be effective, the pitfall trap was the better option in almost all of the categories but has the disadvantage that in the infrequent event of two males being caught on in the same trap, they are likely to fight.

This article presents the current state of knowledge of British boarding axes. It examines the two models of boarding axe used by the Royal Navy as well as British made axes privately purchased for...

This chapter attempts to analyze Soviet defense strategy in Asia and the significance for the security of the People’s Republic of China of Moscow’s still-growing military deployments in the region. Soviet military deployments in the Asian region also pose a threat to the security of other Asian countries and to American strategic interests. Its position of opposing the strengthening of Soviet military deployments in the Asia-Pacific region is consistent and clear-cut. The Soviet military buildup and operational deployments in the Asian region have direct implications for China’s security in that they endanger regional peace and stability. Improving military strength and operational deployments persists as the focal effort of Soviet strategy in Asia. The growing Soviet theater nuclear forces and Soviet naval and air power are directed primarily at the United States (US), while the new US Tomahawk cruise missiles and growing naval and air power are directed at the Soviet Union.

The contemporary Western Bone Tomahawk is in the tradition of the settler-versus-Indian stories from the genre’s ‘classical’ period. Its story is informed by one of white America’s oldest and most paranoiac of racist-psychosexual myths: the captivity narrative. This article reads Bone Tomahawk’s figuration of the racial anxieties that inhere within nineteenth-century settler-colonial culture in the context of post-9/11 America. It also considers that the film’s imbrication of Horror film conventions into its essential Western framework amplifies its allegorical representation of contemporary America’s cultural and political-ideological mindset. As well, the use of Horror conventions amplifies the racial anxieties generated by its use of a mythic binary construct of an adversarial relationship between whites and ‘Indians.’ To a lesser extent, the article suggests that the film also embodies certain uncontained ideological contradictions that, though undeveloped, could be said to contest its ideological coherence.

There has been near-universal condemnation of the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian conflict. The international community has nevertheless struggled to make progress on holding the perpetrators to account. This article reviews developments at the international level in terms of Syrian chemical weapon justice between 2011 and 2017. It argues that there have been substantive disagreements between states on the rationale and means of justice in the Syrian case. It also argues that international initiatives have been tightly intertwined with developments in chemical disarmament and conflict resolution processes as well as the broader war. The article describes progress and challenges to chemical weapon justice in a number of distinct formal international mechanisms during the period studied. The analysis concludes by contextualizing international responses—including the U.S. tomahawk strikes against a Syrian airbase—to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attacks of April 2017.

Edgar Allan Poe’s literary reputation was founded upon his sarcastic and negative reviews of current books. While Poe’s reviews have been studied for insights into his literary theory and his relation to the culture of periodical publishing, they have rarely been considered as literary works themselves. This essay analyzes the structure and tone of Poe’s earliest “tomahawk”-style reviews in The Southern Literary Messenger and finds that they innovate a new tone of sarcasm, which Poe referred to as “quizzing,” through the adaptation of a primarily textual form of irony. By making fun of prefaces, plots, and grammar, Poe employs a new form of humor that capitalizes on the emergence of print reading as mass culture. Such humor severs letter from spirit not only for the sake of criticism but also to open the practice and pleasure of critical judgment to a popular audience.

The use of traps is extremely important in several types of ecological studies, and may assist in the capture of individuals in areas that are difficult to access. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of wooden (Schramm) versus "Tomahawk" traps to capture Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) lizards. The study was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Field data were collected from August 2013 to March 2015, during the reproductive period of the species. The study involved two types of baited traps: i) "Tomahawk", made of galvanized steel; and ii) Schramm, a wooden trap. The capture rate of the Schramm wooden traps was 1.63 individuals/day, and of the "Tomahawk" was 0.36 individuals/day. These results are important for researchers working with large lizards and may help to increase sampling efficiency for these organisms.

Heterogeneous hardware/software systems that include many components with different characteristics offer great potential for high performance and energy-efficient computing. To exploit this potential, adaptive allocation and scheduling algorithms are needed for selecting software variants and mapping them to processing elements that attempt to achieve a good balance between resource-awareness and performance. The evaluation is typically carried out using simulation techniques. However, the space spanned by the possible combinations of hardware/software variants and management strategies is huge, which makes it nearly impossible to find an optimum using simulation-based methods. The purpose of the paper is to illustrate the general feasibility of an alternative approach using probabilistic model checking for families of systems that are obtained by varying, e.g., the hardware-software combinations or the resource management strategies. More precisely, we consider heterogeneous multi-processor systems based on tiled architectures and provide a tool chain that yields a flexible and comfortable way to specify families of concrete systems and to analyze them using the probabilistic model checker PRISM and ProFeat as a front end. We illustrate how the family-based approach can be used to analyze the potential of heterogeneous hardware elements, software variants and adaptive resource management and scheduling strategies by applying our framework to a simplified model of the multi-processor Tomahawk platform that has been designed for integrating heterogeneous devices.

Heterogeneity and parallelism in MPSoCs for 4G (and beyond) communications signal processing are inevitable in order to meet stringent power constraints and performance requirements. The question arises on how to cope with the problem of system programmability and runtime management incurred by the statically or even dynamically varying number and type of processing elements. This work addresses this challenge by proposing the concept of a heterogeneous many-core platform called Tomahawk. Apart from the definition of the system architecture, in this approach a unified framework including a model of computation, a programming interface and a dedicated runtime management unit called CoreManager is proposed. The increase of system complexity in terms of application parallelism and number of resources may lead to a dramatic increase of the management costs, hence causing performance degradation. For this reason, the efficient implementation of the CoreManager becomes a major issue in system design. This work compares the performance and capabilities of various CoreManager HW/SW solutions, based on ASIC, RISC and ASIP paradigms. The results demonstrate that the proposed ASIP-based solution approaches the performance of the ASIC realization, while preserving the full flexibility of the software (RISC-based) implementation.

The application of pattern recognition-based approaches in damage localisation and quantification will eventually require the use of some kind of supervised learning algorithm. The use, and most importantly, the success of such algorithms will depend critically on the availability of data from all possible damage states for training. It is perhaps well known that the availability of damage data through destructive means cannot generally be afforded in the case of high value engineering structures outside laboratory conditions. This paper presents the attempt to use added masses in order to identify features suitable for training supervised learning algorithms and then to test the trained classifiers with damage data, with the ultimate purpose of damage localisation. In order to test the approach of adding masses, two separate cases of a dual-class classification problem, representing two distinct locations, and a three-class problem representing three distinct locations, are examined with the help of a full-scale aircraft wing. It was found that an excellent rate of correct classification could be achieved in both the dual-class and three-class cases. However, it was also found that the rate of correct classification was sensitive to the choices made in training the supervised learning algorithm. The results for the dual-class problem demonstrated a comparatively high level of robustness to these choices with a substantially lower robustness found in the three-class case.

William Henry Harrison and the Conquest of the Ohio Country: Frontier Fighting in the War of 1812. By David Curtis Skaggs. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. Pp. 303. Cloth, $44.95.)Bowling Green State University Professor Emeritus David Curtis Skaggs examines the military history of Ohio Country from the Greenville Treaty through the War of 1812. Taking the military career of William Henry Harrison as his narrative lens, Skaggs presents an operational analysis of frontier fighting through which he builds an argument for the importance of Harrison's use of mounted fighters and backcountry militias in both defending the Old Northwest during the War of 1812 and establishing Harrison as the "Washington of the West."Skaggs notes that "Harrison and his western theater are given short shrift in American military annals"; and that studies of the War of 1812 tend to focus "mosdy on the combat on the Niagara frontier and eastward" (243). To remedy this shortcoming, he examines Harrison's rise to military prominence, mapping his career from mentorship under Anthony Wayne, through the invasion of Prophetstown in 1811, and his vital collaboration with Oliver Hazard Perry during the War of 1812.Skaggs uses Harrison's career to highlight a turning point in what he labels the "American military tradition," in particular a shift away from the Cincinnatus-like citizen-soldier toward a state-funded army of professional soldiers (240). He argues that Harrison's career typifies this moment, with Harrison representing a hybrid of old and new- simultaneously a backcountryman who wore hunting shirts and an elegantly uniformed military leader. In this regard, Harrison personifies the end of the backcountry fighter and the emergence of the professional military employing backcountry tactics. Effectively a bridge between the Jeffersonian ideal of a citizen-run, militia-based military and the need for a state-funded professional military force, Harrison links the emerging American mythology of settler initiative and heroics to the reality of statefunded and state-executed conquest.By highlighting an overemphasis on the performance of regulars in securing Ohio Country victories during the War of 1812, Skaggs offers "a reinterpretation of the employment of the often maligned volunteer soldiers of the early national era." And through his rendering of Harrison's military rise, he creates in the person of Harrison an individual who "exemplified the triumph of American arms [in the Old Northwest]" (xii, 242). For Skaggs, Harrison's approach to frontier fighting, particularly the use of volunteer units and mounted fighters, was the "new military ingredient" that molded the "Western way of war" into American military tradition, with Harrison simultaneously representing the past and future of that tradition (19, 243). He was the mastermind who brought together "the cavalryman with his rifle, tomahawk, and audacity and the mounted infantryman with his rifle, hunting knife, and boldness" (23-24). Skaggs credits his experience under Anthony Wayne in preparing Harrison for "frontier warfare," and planting the seeds of many of the innovations that he would develop during the war, such as relentless attention to drill and combat training, the incorporation of both regular and volunteer units, and personal management of the logistical support system (31, 42).Skaggs is at his best when describing the practical aspects of Harrison's logistical networks, and in his analysis of his successful collaboration with naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry. Yet his attempt to provide "the context of the broader development of the American military tradition" through the lens of frontier fighting and the military career of William Henry Harrison is somewhat problematic. …

The Tactical Tomahawk RGM-109E/UGM-109E Missile (TACTOM) counters threats against United States Forces by destroying fixed and mobile targets, which include command, control and logistic systems, industrial and other high value targets, and fixed and mobile defense systems. The Tomahawk Weapons System (TWS) consists of the TACTOM missile, the Tomahawk Mission Planning Center (TMPC), and the Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS). TACTOM is an ACAT IC program, TMPC is an ACAT II program, and TTWCS is an ACAT III program. TACTOM provides major modernization to the existing Tomahawk technology by increasing responsiveness and flexibility at a more affordable production unit cost. Key elements of the TACTOM design are an improved navigation and guidance computer, improved anti-jam Global Positioning System capability, improved responsiveness and flexibility through two-way satellite communications for in-flightre-targeting, a loiter capability, and the ability to send a single-frame Battle Damage Indication Image of over-flown areas prior to impact. Modern manufacturing techniques and Commercial Off-the-Shelf/Government Off-the-Shelf hardware provide this improved capability. Additionally, the life cycle costs are significantly reduced by extending the recertification interval from eight years for the currently fielded Block III Tomahawk to 15 years for TACTOM. TACTOM will maximize the use of existing TWS program and logistic support.

This article examines the vibrant cultural milieu inhabited by one of Victorian Britain's most famous cartoonists, Matthew Somerville Morgan. Morgan is well-known as the cartoonist who attacked Queen Victoria's withdrawal from public life (and her associations with John Brown), and the lifestyle of Albert, Prince of Wales, in the short-lived rival to Punch: the Tomahawk. Likewise, his post-1870 career in New York as cartoonist of the ‘Caricature War’ over the 1872 Presidential elections, and involvement with ‘Buffalo’ Bill Cody have been well-studied. However, his involvement with the world of the 1860s Victorian stage – and the social circles in which he moved – have not been given close attention. This broader social, cultural, and economic context is essential to understanding Morgan's role as a cartoonist-critic of politics, class, gender and art in Victorian Britain. Special attention is given to the ways in which Morgan's work as a theatrical scene-painter informed his other pursuits, including his ...

© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 58: 281–295, 2011 The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/DOI 10.1002/nav.20377

I am glad to contribute some comments on the past, present, and future of the American Indian Studies Center (AISC). Little did I know when coming to UCLA in 1966 that within several years the seeds for AISC would be planted. But I was eager to participate, something of an activist inside and outside of my department. It did not surprise me that the Department of History offered no courses in Native American history (or in women’s history, African American history, Chicano history, or Asian American history). No major university listed such courses, and none had a PhD program in these fields. But while in graduate school at Princeton University I had admired the work of a few pioneers of Native American history such as Angie Debo’s And Still the Waters Run: The Removal of the Five Civilized Tribes (1940) and Randolph Downes’s Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley until 1795 (1940). Both books were written during the Great Depression, and both had been published on the eve of World War II. In graduate school my interest in American Indian history had been kindled when Wesley Frank Craven asked me to give a seminar report on Douglas Leach’s Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip’s War (1958). I do not remember my high school history book recounting this bloody conflict in 1675 and 1676, in which the casualties, proportionate to population, were greater than any war in US history. But now, I read it eagerly, all the more

Bony morphologic characteristics have been demonstrated to increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The purpose of the study was to examine distal femoral morphology relative to ACL injury, reconstruction failure, and contralateral ACL injury. It was hypothesized that an increased posterior femoral condylar depth, quantified as the tomahawk ratio, would correlate with increased risk of primary ACL ruptures, ACL reconstruction failures, and contralateral ACL injuries. Consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery at an academic medical center from 2012-2016 with minimum 24-month follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were stratified into four groups: a control group consisting of patients with no ACL injuries and three groups of patients with a primary ACL injury, failed ACL reconstruction, or previous ACL injury with subsequent contralateral ACL injury. Using lateral radiographs, the ratio of posterior condylar depth over total condylar distance was defined as the tomahawk ratio. Analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc testing were used to test for differences in the mean tomahawk ratio between study groups (p 175 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean tomahawk ratios in the control group, primary ACL injury group, failed ACL reconstruction group, and contralateral ACL injury group were 61.1% (± 2.1), 64.2% (± 3.8), 64.4% (± 3.6), and 66.9% (± 4.0), respectively. Patients with a primary ACL injury, failed ACL reconstruction, or contralateral ACL injury had a significantly higher tomahawk ratio compared to the control group (p The data from this study show that an increased posterior femoral condylar depth, or tomahawk ratio, is associated with increased risk of ACL injury, including primary ACL injury, failed ACL reconstruction, and contralateral ACL injury. Readily identifiable risk factors, such as an increased tomahawk ratio, could assist clinicians in identifying at-risk individuals who may experience greater benefit from targeted ACL injury prevention counseling and intervention. The presence of the tomahawk-shaped femur could also be used to guide treatment decisions and identify ACL reconstruction patients who may benefit from additional surgical procedures such as extra articular tenodesis.

Interindividual variations in knee laxity are poorly understood. Utilizing novel pivot shift arthrometers and patients in our ACL registry the magnitude of the pivot shift was found to vary between 0-14 mm of anterior translation in the lateral compartment. Increased tibial slope was found to influence the magnitude of the pivot shift, however, it is unclear if femur morphology might influence the magnitude of the pivot shift. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between anterior translation of the lateral compartment during a quantitative pivot shift test and the posterior femoral offset, quantified as the “tomahawk ratio”, in patients with complete ACL rupture. It was hypothesized that the “tomahawk ratio” would correlate with increased anterior translation of the lateral compartment of the knee. Consecutive patients with no history of prior knee surgeries undergoing primary ACL reconstruction were analyzed. A standardized pivot shift test was performed preoperatively under anesthesia on both knees and quantified using tablet technology as previously described. Radiographic measurements were made using standard lateral knee radiographs. The long axis of the femur shaft was determined by a line through the center of two circles centered on the femoral shaft. The axis of the femoral condyle was determined by a line between the most posterior and most anterior points of the lateral condyle. The distance from the intersection of these lines to the posterior end of the condyle was divided by the total anteroposterior length of the condyle. This ratio was defined as “tomahawk ratio”. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze correlations (p- value < 0.05). Data sets were successfully obtained for 32 female and 25 male patients. The mean anterior translation of the lateral compartment during the pivot shift test was found to be 3.96 ±2.38 mm and 1.27±0.89 mm for the involved and uninvolved knees, respectively, with a mean side-to-side difference of 2.70±2.25 mm. The mean length of the lateral femoral condyle on x-ray was 68.36±5.31 mm, and the mean tomahawk ratio was 63.16±4.53%. There was a significant correlation between the tomahawk ratio and the absolute quantitative (r = 0.370 p < 0.05) and side-to-side differences in anterior translation of the lateral compartment (r =0.419 p < 0.05). The main finding from this study is that ACL-deficient patients with larger posterior femoral offsets quantified as the “tomahawk ratio” were found to have higher lateral translations of the knee during the pivot shift test. This suggests that variation in knee instability may be significantly affected by femoral bony morphology characterized by a larger posterior portion of the lateral condyle. This study may assist clinicians in evaluating ACL injuries and identifying patients at greater risk for increased rotational knee instability.

The tomahawk bifurcation is used by Fujita et al. [Fujita, M., Krugman P., Venables A.J., 1999, The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.] in a model with two regions to explain the formation of a core–periphery urban pattern from an initial uniform distribution. Baldwin et al. [Baldwin, R., Forslid, R., Martin, P., Ottaviano, G.I.P., Robert-Nicoud, F., 2003, Economic Geography and Public Policy, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.] show that the tomahawk bifurcation disappears when the two regions have an uneven population of immobile agricultural workers. Thus, the appearance of this type of bifurcation is the result of assumed exogenous model symmetry. We provide a general analysis in a regional model of the class of bifurcations that have crossing equilibrium loci, including the tomahawk bifurcation, by examining arbitrary smooth parameter paths in a higher dimensional parameter space. We find that, in a parameter space satisfying a mild rank condition, generically in all parameter paths this class of bifurcations does not appear. In other words, conclusions drawn from the use of this bifurcation to generate a core–periphery pattern are not robust.

One of the contemporary arguments made in support of fielding revolutionary military technologies is that technological dominance not only decides the outcome of major wars, but enhances a nation's coercive power in dealing with low-end threats. Currently, a new generation of technophiles claims that unmanned and robotic systems are revolutionizing warfare, increasing the ability of advanced states to coerce states and societies that lag behind. Yet historically, technological dominance at the tactical level has a mixed record when projected into the diplomatic realm. The article analyzes the effectiveness of low-risk, over the horizon coercion from an historical viewpoint, assessing the effectiveness of gunboat diplomacy, air policing, and the ‘Tomahawk diplomacy’ of the 1990s. The author claims that the historical record indicates that gunboat diplomacy, air policing, and over the horizon coercion is more problematic than commonly portrayed, with the boundaries between coercive diplomacy and sa...

In the fall of 1999, as the Atlanta Braves were facing the New York Mets for the National League Pennant, I wrote an editorial for the Atlanta Constitution denouncing the Atlanta fan tradition of mimicking, with gesture and voice, a Native American war cry (or at least the Hollywood version thereof) (21). The experience proved to be an exhilarating introduction to the South, where I had arrived only months before. A right-wing radio personality spent much of the day calling me a “candy ass liberal.” Two days later in the newspaper’s letters section I was hailed as a pencil-necked-geek and told to get a job that didn’t require deep thinking. Whatever expectation I had that a reasonable argument would win over enough fans to put an end to the “tomahawk chop” proved to be greatly misguided. While its prominence has faded somewhat, no accompanying wave of moral regret has swept the city. And judging from the persistence of such offensive team names as Redskins and such dubious logos as that of the Cleveland Indian’s Chief Wahoo (who bears a striking resemblance to Little Black Sambo), one can hardly point to any change of zeitgeist on this issue. 1 If the experience of my editorial has made me somewhat less sanguine about the power of a good argument to change social practices, I nonetheless remain convinced that the alternative (silence) will forever be an even less attractive option. 2 What follows, then, is a more full account of why North American team names are ethically problematic. More than just offering an ethical argument, however, I wish also to examine a political issue: when faced with an offensive cultural practice, what are the options and obligations of the liberal democratic state? I take up the ethical issue in the following three sections, and in the final section reflect upon this political issue. Before beginning, two quick clarifications are in order. First, my concern here is philosophical, not legal. The current legal standing of Native team names has been discussed elsewhere (e.g., 3; 14; 22), and I make no attempt to add to what has been said there. Second, the issue under examination is the general appropriation of Native American identity, be it in the form of names, symbols or cultural practices. I think there are differences between a team name, a team logo and a mascot doing a war dance at halftime, and that these differences render some such

Web applications have many more model objects exposed on the backend, or admin side, than they do on the front, or public side. Coding interfaces for all those models is redundant and a waste of resources when all that is needed is Search, Sort, Pagination, (support for) Association and CRUD. Implementing these interfaces can often require more programming time than the public side of an application. We will analyze an application that was developed using Ruby on Rails (or Rails) [1] and ActiveScaffold [2]. We will compare a subset of the ActiveScaffold portion of this application with an example created using Java and MyFaces Tomahawk [3]. ActiveScaffold and MyFaces Tomahawk are open source software (OSS). Our results will show that ActiveScaffold has a greater number of features and is more reusable than MyFaces Tomahawk. This information is useful to web developers responsible for creating the admin interfaces of web applications.

The use of traps is extremely important in several types of ecological studies, and may assist in the capture of individuals in areas that are difficult to access. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of wooden (Schramm) versus “Tomahawk” traps to capture Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) lizards. The study was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Field data were collected from August 2013 to March 2015, during the reproductive period of the species. The study involved two types of baited traps: i) “Tomahawk”, made of galvanized steel; and ii) Schramm, a wooden trap. The capture rate of the Schramm wooden traps was 1.63 individuals/ day, and of the “Tomahawk” was 0.36 individuals/day. These results are important for researchers working with large lizards and may help to increase sampling efficiency for these organisms.

Information visualization techniques such as overview + detail displays have traditionally been applied and studied in domains with static data sets supporting information retrieval tasks. This study examines how these techniques can be extended to the design of interfaces for decision support systems (DSSs). Specifically, we developed a computerized decision support tool to assist Naval Tomahawk Strike Coordinators in the complex process of assigning a set of planned missions to a set of available launch platforms based on a number of different constraints and objectives, and compared user performance on two realistic scenarios (a within-subjects factor) across two versions of this tool (a between-subjects factor). The first version of the Mission-to-Platform Assignment Tool provided users with only a set of detail displays when assigning missions, whereas the second version had an additional, abstracted ‘overview’ display that allowed users to see the effect of early decisions on later decisions. The results showed that subjects performing this planning task with the overview + details display version completed scenarios, on average, 21% faster, with 22% fewer errors and with 74% fewer required workspace navigation activities than a comparable group using just the detail displays version. Subjects in the former group also rated their situational awareness 14% higher than those subjects without the overview display.

Since the colonial era, the tomahawk has served as a symbol of Indian savagery in American arts and literature. The pipe tomahawk, however, tells a different story. From its backcountry origins as a trade good to its customization as a diplomatic device, this object facilitated European-Indian exchange, giving tangible form to spoken metaphors for war, peace, and alliance. The production, distribution, and use of the pipe tomahawk also illustrated contrasting Indian and European notions of value and utility in material objects, exposing the limits of such goods in promoting cross-cultural mediation and understanding.

The US Navy's audacious Maritime Strategy of the 1980s is often credited with acting as a key catalyst to the demise of the USSR. In assessing the role of strategic missile submarine “bastions” in the country's overall military strategy, the authors are skeptical of the above thesis, explaining that Moscow actually viewed deployments of Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles on to US submarines (versus direct threats against the Soviet Navy itself) as the most alarming threat. The authors concede that the arms race played a role in the collapse of the USSR, but deny a direct connection with Soviet naval development citing the relatively minor naval proportion of overall defense spending. For the difficulties facing the fleet at the end of the Cold War, they instead blame deep systemic problems internal to the Soviet Navy.

The Tomahawk missile is the United States Navy's premier land attack cruise missile and has enjoyed significant positive press during both Gulf Wars and in the recent strikes in Afghanistan. Considering the large and versatile weapon inventory of the U.S. military, it is no small achievement for a single weapon to be considered the "weapon of choice". In fact, the United States Air Force has its own land attack cruise missile called the Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Missile (CALCM). Both the Tomahawk and the CALCM were conceived and initially developed under the same Department of Defense (DoD) program, the Joint Military Cruise Program Office. These two missiles with nearly identical early development and missions experienced quite different fates. The success of the Navy's Tomahawk, a program with relatively low secrecy when compared to the Air Force's CALCM, should be a lesson to military managers of future weapons procurement programs.

Documentation of maritime heritage is essential for its protection, and for reference in restoration and renovation processes. These functions become problematic in the case of historical ships and boats that lack lines drawings. The purpose of this paper is to describe a procedure for creation of lines drawings based on the shape analysis of surviving historical boats or their small-scale models with the help of reverse engineering (RE) techniques. The paper describes how digital photogrammetry and the iterative method were used to analyze the shape of three historical boats: Tomahawk, Refola and Nada. The application of the proposed procedure produced the lines drawings of the boats as its result. The accuracy of the 3D CAD model obtained with the photogrammetric technique was verified by comparing it against a more accurate 3D model produced with the help of a RE laser scanner. The examination of the resulting lines drawings proves that the digital photogrammetry process and the proposed iterative method are adequate tools for developing lines plans of boat models. The research offers the methodological basis for the creation of an archive of lines drawings of historical boats. Such an archive would provide reference for philologically correct restorations, and permit definition and classification of distinctive elements of various types of historical boats, particularly those produced in the Campania Region.

The U.S. Navy is currently developing its next-generation cruise missile, the Tactical Tomahawk, which improves upon current versions by its ability to be retargeted in flight against emergent time-critical targets. In this study, we developed an advanced operator interface prototype for monitoring, controlling and retargeting the Tactical Tomahawk missile and empirically tested the effect of mission complexity on the ability of shipboard operators to maintain situational awareness in various operational scenarios. The first phase of research involved a domain analysis of three primary domains: the weapon system; time-critical decisionmaking; and principles of interface design. The second phase was a concurrent Cognitive Work/Task Analysis (CW/TA) and scenario development effort. The third phase was interface component design followed by complete prototype implementation. In the final phase, we trained and tested twenty graduate students on the dynamic and interactive prototype, based on hypotheses pertaining to both monitoring and retargeting tasks. Statistical results support two primary conclusions. First, operators can maintain adequate situational awareness when monitoring eight missiles and twelve targets simultaneously. Second, results support the use of the missile timebar feature in the interface to compare events. Subjective results indicate the requirement for a robust decision support tool to facilitate rapid retargeting decisions. These and other results form the basis for recommendations to the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) about how to most effectively allocate personnel resources in the design of a command and control watchstation for the Tactical Tomahawk cruise missile system.

Figure 1 shows the reverse of the 5-cents Jefferson nickel minted in 2004 to commemorate the bicentenary of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803e2003. The design demonstrates clasped hands as the symbols of peace and friendship, a crossed peace pipe and tomahawk, and inscriptions. The left hand, with a military uniform cuff on the wrist, is a symbol of the government. The right hand, with a silver cuff adorned with beads and an emblem of the American eagle, is a