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The Electricity Market Act stipulates that the distribution system operator is encouraged to use flexibility, including participation in congestion management in distribution network in coordination with transmission system operator, to increase efficiency, develop the distribution system and promote energy efficiency measures. DSO can access flexibility in one or more of the following ways: market-based procurement of flexibility services, distribution network tariffs, flexible (non-firm) connection agreements, rules based (regulated) approach, in combination or separately. The categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive and the inherent regulatory incentives and implemented measures may overlap. Member States and national regulatory authorities should, therefore, carefully evaluate the interactions when implementing new forms of access to flexibilities or when enhancing existing ones. The paper reviews the mentioned possibilities of using flexibility in the distribution network.

Security of power supply is a crucial element of energy system planning and policy. However, the value that society places on it is not clearly known. Several previous studies estimate the cost of ...

Croatian ten year distribution network development plan (2016-2025) is characterised by peak driven network design in which the network is primarily developed and designed to meet peak demand in a safe and reliable manner and in which losses have been considered more as a consequence of design and operational management decisions, rather than and explicit development criteria. Faced with the requirement from the Article 15 of the Energy Efficiency Directive, in 2015 Croatian regulatory authority launched the vast study in order to examine the opportunities of making distribution network more energy efficient within the framework of the approved investments from 10-year plan. Based on the outcomes of the study, in this paper key measures for increasing energy efficiency and their energy efficiency potential are presented.

At present, power supply in the EU is characterized by a relatively high reliability. It should, however, not be taken for granted given the increasing shares of variable RES. Choosing the socioeconomically optimal level of reliability to aim for requires a thorough understanding of the socioeconomic costs of electricity supply interruptions. This chapter provides guidance on how to measure the consequences of supply interruptions and thus determine the value of electricity supply security.

Based upon the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) a model for multicriterial analysis and assessment of the transition from 10 kV to 20 kV voltage on the level of basic distribution network areas and operational units is given. The goal is a global classification of the entire HEP DSO distribution network (about 80 basic distribution areas) in sense of feasibilities, needs and benefits for the transition from 10 kV to 20 kV voltage level. The paper is an overview of the project conducted to develop the method and procedure based on a selected representative sample of 24 basic distribution areas.