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An increasing renewable energy sources (RES) penetration in the recent years has also increased the need for additional flexibility sources and technologies that increase the RES utilization. In addition to battery energy storage, electrolyzers, a technology that produces hydrogen without emitting CO$_{;2};$, are also receiving an increasing attention. This paper proposes a bi- level profit maximization model for a large battery-electrolyzer facility operation in the day-ahead electricity market. The upper level maximizes the overall profit of the facility, while the lower level simulates the market clearing by maximizing the social welfare. The proposed model is tested on the IEEE RTS-24 test system expanded with wind farms to replicate a modern power system. The presented case study shows how different levels of installed power capacity affect the obtained profit and discusses the battery and electrolyzer utilization.

Strategy for the development of the production of electricity and heat for district heating sectors of the Republic of Croatia until 2050 with included SMRs.

In the electricity sector, market participants must make decisions about capacity choice in a situation of radical uncertainty about future market conditions. Electricity sector is characterized by non-storability and periodic and stochastic demand fluctuations. Capacity determination is a decision for the long term, whereas production is adjusted in the short run. Today decisions pertaining to investment in new capacity or lifetime extension are surrounded by considerable uncertainties about the future economics of the projects. One reason is that in a deregulated market private investor typically have to bear a greater portion of the investment risk compared to a monopoly utility in a regulated market. This favors flexible investment alternatives with short-lead times and low capital requirements. Moreover, energy and climate policy – with feed-in tariffs for RES or green certificate system and the EU CO2 ETS may add to investment uncertainties. From the economic point of view, the costs of LTO are usually lower than the construction of any other source of electricity. But in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident, policies towards nuclear energy in some countries were changed. Because of that economic life decisions are plant specific. In evaluating the future economic prospects of existing plant, the owners/utility focus on the unique circumstances of that plant and its cost and performance, and the future demand for electricity, and value of electricity. Nevertheless, quantification of the LTO costs is not an easy task. It is recognized that LTO costs are highly dependent on specific conditions related to each NPP, such as: design of the plant ; NPP operating history including ageing conditions ; regulatory requirements ; full or partial replacement of components ; refurbishment for LTO ; accounting methodologies ; etc. The risks that may have an impact on the economic case for the long-term operation of NPP should be identified with pre mitigation impact and probability assessment.

Why specific interest in SMRs? • Small grid problems • Financing problems • Emission-free, and carbon-free clean energy urgent and immediate - Carbon Free Power • Nuclear energy contributes to the three major energy policy objectives: — security of supply, — decarbonisation of the electricity sector and — competitive power prices — Nevertheless, the sector faces a number of challenges 2030 Energy Strategy • Targets for 2030 — a 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels — at least a 27% share of renewable energy consumption — at least 27% energy savings compared with the business-as-usual scenario • EU Low-Carbon Economy Roadmap – The power sector has the biggest potential for cutting emissions. It can almost totally eliminate CO2 emissions by 2050. Electricity will come from renewable sources like wind, solar, water and biomass or other low- emission sources like nuclear power plants or fossil fuel power stations equipped with carbon capture & storage technology. This will also require strong investments in smart grids. CROATIA Long-term low carbon development strategy to 2050 • Optimization of power sector development until year 2050 to limit emission of CO2 • Power sector modelled in PLEXOS programme • Hourly chronological model for demand and production • Different hydrological conditions (average, dry) • Horizon year 2070 • Wind and solar production base on real cases • Based on Energy Efficiency Programme and Action Plan for RES • Need to improve the economic of SMR – competitiveness (investment costs < 2500 EUR/kW) • Enable new market-based investment • Need for additional revenue not only for electricity (kWh) • Additional payments — Capacity payment — Load following payment • Ancillary services payments — Secondary reserve — Tertiary reserve Compensation for grid los • How to finance modular NPP? — Develop model for financing and income based on energy and ancillary services — How to evaluate long-term benefits? • Load-following possibilities with nuclear plants — Need for detailed modelling and analysing of power plant operation (on minutes time schedule) and detail data for ramp rate (up & down) & start- up costs.

Croatian National long-term social and economic objectives SUSTAINABLE AND SECURE ENERGY SUPPLY • Vision: Croatia shall have a reliable and sustainable Energy sector, development of which shall be based on using all energy options in order to meet own energy demand and to create added value for Croatian citizens, in alignment with principles of environmental, economic and social responsibility. Croatian Nuclear Background • Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (Croatian Power Utility) is co-owner of 696 MWe NPP Krško in Slovenia • Croatian nuclear experience arises from: • more than 10 years of preparations and construction of NPP Krško • 32 years of successful operation of NPP Krško • preparation for construction of the first NPP in Croatia carried out until 1987 (NPP Prevlaka) Why nuclear? • NPP is already a part of energy supply - Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (Croatian Power Utility) is co-owner of 696 MWe NPP Krško in Slovenia (NEK) - NEK Share in installed capacity of Croatia 2014 was 6% and NEK share in Electricity produced in 2014 was15% • The Energy Strategy Green Book indicates that energy system development scenarios with nuclear power plants provide the regional competitiveness in electricity generation, contribute to the security of energy supply, and that the nuclear power is the only one, along with the renewable energy sources, which contributes to reducing the CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. • The concept of Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) has been introduced by the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC as a common but differentiated approach to meet the overall emissions reduction objectives • The main objective of this programme is the development of a long-term national strategy and action plan for low-carbon development to enable country to fulfil its commitment to carbon obligations.

Izazov međunarodnoj zajednici kao i Hrvatskoj jest kako održati sigurnu i ekonomski povoljnu opskrbu energijom, a uz to smanjiti učinke klimatskih promjena i utjecaja proizvodnje električne energije na okoliš. Danas je pitanje izbora tehnologije za gradnju novih elektrana uvjetovano nizom faktora: utjecajem na okoliš, borbom protiv klimatskih promjena, tehničkim karakteristikama, mogućnošću dobave i cijenama energenta, cijenama proizvodnje, troškom investicije i mogućnošću financiranja, sigurnošću dobave energenta i sigurnošću elektroenergetskog sustava, javnošću, tržištem električne energije, regulacijom energetskih djelatnosti, subvencijama, potražnjom za električnom energijom itd.

Insuring long term stability of power supply is the reason why planning of technological development in the energy sector has become a question of great importance for governments worldwide. This is also the reason why the number of national and international energy foresight exercises, based on combining forward-looking, policy-making and participative approaches to bringing long-term considerations into decision-making, is constantly increasing. This paper presented a multilevel analysis of using foresight principle in consideration of possible options for energy supply future.

The paper describes the application of a stochastic method for comparing economic parameters of future electrical power generating systems including conventional and nuclear power plants. The input data for calculation are cost elements defined in the frame of certain limits of expected occurrence with a probability distribution within the limits. The method is applied to establish competitive specific investment costs of future power plants. The main competitors for unlimited electricity production in next few decades are fossil power plants (coal and gas) and nuclear power plants. This paper summarizes the methodology and present selected results of the probabilistic analysis of the performance and costs and compare the nuclear power plant, coal and gas fired power plants. Performed analysis shows that future competitive nuclear power plant investment costs (period 2010- 2030) are not considerably different from the investment costs achieved for present generation of nuclear power plants.

Smart Grids are a key component of the European strategy toward a low-carbon energy future. Growing environmental and energy security concerns represent a major driver for the renovation and improvement of existing energy infrastructure. In this context, Enlargement and Integration countries will have to face substantial investments in the coming years to upgrade and modernise their energy networks towards smart power grids. Wind and solar electricity retain the greatest potential to contribute and increase the shares of renewable electricity production; however, current electricity transmission and distribution systems do not generally appear adequate to reliably cope with large-scale penetration of such variable renewables based generating plants (whether centralised or distributed). Significant investments will need to be mobilized. Most energy investments are long life and capital intensive, therefore investment decisions taken now will have an impact for many years. When planning the electricity system of the future, it is necessary to adopt an integrated approach to assess the interrelated physical, environmental, cyber, social, economic and policy challenges where a fair allocation of short term costs and long term benefits among different players is a precondition for reducing uncertainties and incentivize investments. In this context the workshop will discuss how these developments can provide examples and opportunities for E&I countries to build smart grids and will present and discuss approaches and methodologies for cost – benefit analysis that should include all the costs and benefits that smart grid projects can bring to the energy system at large and to society. The workshop will discuss the impacts of smart grids not only in monetary terms, but also through the identification of externalities and social impacts that can result from the implementation of Smart Grid. The workshop will benefit from the on-going experience in Enlargement and Integration Countries on smart grid developments., JRC.F.3-Energy Security, Systems and Market

The analytical design procedure of low-sensitivity, low-power, low-pass (LP) 2nd-and 3rd-order class-4 active-RC allpole filters, using impedance tapering, has already been published [1][2]. In this paper the desensitisation using impedance tapering is applied to the design of LP 4th-order filters. The numerical design procedure was performed by Newton's iterative method. Analytically designed unity-gain LP 4th-order filters [3] can provide initial values for Newton's method. The sensitivities of a filter transfer function to passive component tolerances, as well as active gain variations are examined by the Schoeffler sensitivity and Monte Carlo PSpice simulation. Butterworth and Chebyshev 0.5dB filter examples illustrate the design method.

Electric drive is increasingly gaining in importance within the general ship propulsion system. Contemporary electric propulsion mainly contains a fixed propeller, a synchronous or asynchronous propulsion engine and PWM frequency converter with an adequate drive. During recent years the azimuth system has become the most popular concept within the shipboard electric propulsion system. Ship’ s maneuverability has been significantly improved and the hull’ s vibration reduced. The employment of an external propulsion unit gives additional space for cargo or passengers. Dynamics of operation of the marine permanent magnet synchronous machine has been analyzed during operation in case of sudden increase of loading at propeller by application of mathematical model Matlab.