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Structured beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical tweezers, super-resolution imaging, quantum optics, and ad-vanced microparticle manipulation. However, it is challenging for generate and control the OAM beams at the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region due to the lack of suitable wave front shaping optics arise from being limited to the strong absorption of most materials. Here, we use a modified Fermat-spiral photon-sieve splitter to simultaneously generate two focused doughnut beams with opposite helical phase. Our technique enables us to produce splitting focused vortex beams with different rotation directions at EUV wavelengths. Additionally, we provide experimental evidence showcasing the capabilities of our method and further detect the helical phase by self-reference interferometry. This work not only opens a route for OAM-driven applications in EUV radiation, but also paves the way to studies of holographic technique by EUV splitter.

In order to investigate the effect of electrocoagulation on desulfurization wastewater and its role as reverse osmosis pretreatment technology，the desulfurization wastewater was pretreated by electrocoagulation. Furthermore，the effects of key parameters on the removal efficiency were investigated. Then the reverse osmosis method was used to further treat the effluent，and the membrane performance with and without electrocoagulation was compared. The floc and cathode deposition were tested by characterization technique to study the electrocoagulation mechanism. The results showed that using Fe-Al anode，large removal efficiency could be achieved within a short time. The optimum conditions were as follows：electrocoagulation time 60 min，initial pH=8，current density 8 mA/cm2.Pollutants were removed by oxidation，reduction and flocculation. Using electrocoagulation before reverse osmosis，the membrane flux stabled at 36.4 L/（m2·h） and the removal efficiency of zinc，lead，magnesium，calcium and chloride ions by electrocoagulation-reverse osmosis process were 99.5%，99.3%，95.3%，91.0% and 80.2% respectively. Electrocoagulation pretreatment could effectively reduce membrane pollution and improve the efficiency of reverse osmosis of desulfurization wastewater. The experimental results showed that the electrocoagulation was effective in the treatment of desulfurization wastewater. As a pretreatment step of reverse osmosis，it could effectively reduce membrane pollution and improve efficiency.

Node-link visual representation is a widely used tool that allows decision-makers to see details about a network through the appropriate choice of visual metaphor. However, existing visualization methods are not always effective and efficient in representing bivariate graph-based data. This study proposes a novel node-link visual model – visual entropy (Vizent) graph – to effectively represent both primary and secondary values, such as uncertainty, on the edges simultaneously. We performed two user studies to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach in the context of static node-link diagrams. In the first experiment, we evaluated the performance of the Vizent design to determine if it performed equally well or better than existing alternatives in terms of response time and accuracy. Three static visual encodings that use two visual cues were selected from the literature for comparison: Width-Lightness, Saturation-Transparency, and Numerical values. We compared the Vizent design to the selected visual encodings on various graphs ranging in complexity from 5 to 25 edges for three different tasks. The participants achieved higher accuracy of their responses using Vizent and Numerical values; however, both Width-Lightness and Saturation-Transparency did not show equal performance for all tasks. Our results suggest that increasing graph size has no impact on Vizent in terms of response time and accuracy. The performance of the Vizent graph was then compared to the Numerical values visualization. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed that mean response time in seconds was significantly less when the Vizent graphs were presented, while no significant difference in accuracy was found. The results from the experiments are encouraging and we believe justify using the Vizent graph as a good alternative to traditional methods for representing bivariate data in the context of node-link diagrams.

AbstractBackground Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) is an important cellular self-defence mechanism, which is closely related to tumorigenesis and development. However, the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress state in the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been clarified.Methods The lncRNAs associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress were identified by co-expression analysis in public databases, and by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox regression modelling, we constructed a prognostic model based on endoplasmic reticulum stress-related lncRNAs (ERs-related lncRNAs), performed immune analysis, TME, TMB and clinical drug prediction for model-related risk scores, and performed correlation validation in public databases and at the human tissue level.Results Five ERs-related lncRNAs were used to construct an ERs-related lncRNA signature (ERs-related LncSig), which can predict the prognosis of LUAD. Patients in the high-risk group had worse survival, and differences existed in immune cell infiltration, immune function, immune checkpoint analysis, tumour microenvironment (TME), tumour mutational burden (TMB), immunotherapy efficacy, and sensitivity to some commonly used chemotherapeutic agents between high and low risk groups.Conclusion Our study demonstrated that ERs-related lncRNA signature can be used for the prognostic evaluation of LUAD patients and may provide new insights into clinical decision-making and personalised medicine for LUAD.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion has become a predominant cause of pipeline and equipment failure in oil and gas fields. This research examines the corrosion behavior of steels with varying chromium contents in simulated shale gas formation water environments. Weight loss testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed. The findings suggest that an elevated Cr content in steel results in a gradual reduction in its uniform corrosion rate in a CO _2 -SRB coexistence environment. This can be primarily attributed to the significant distribution of Cr content throughout the entire product film, including both biofilm and corrosion products, thereby enhancing the product film’s protectiveness. Additionally, the competitive corrosion between CO _2 and SRB, as well as the influence mechanism of Cr on corrosion, were discussed.

Background Complete discoid medial meniscus is an extremely rare abnormality of the knee joint whose meniscus has a discoid shape rather than a normal semilunar one. Several medial meniscus anomalies including anomalous insertion have been reported in the literature. This report presents a rare case of symptomatic complete discoid medial meniscus whose anterolateral (apical) portion was completely coalesced with the ACL. MRI, radiographic, and arthroscopic findings in the medial compartment are to be submitted. Case Presentation A 29‐year‐old male presented with intermittent pain and swelling of the right knee for 2 years. Based on radiographic, MRI, and physical examination findings, he was diagnosed with discoid medial meniscus tears. Arthroscopic saucerization was performed for the torn discoid medial meniscus of the right knee. Arthroscopic examination revealed a complete discoid medial meniscus and the anterolateral (apical) portion of which was completely coalesced with the ACL. Careful Probing of the meniscal surface revealed there was a longitudinal tear extending from the tibial spine to the midportion of the meniscus. Arthroscopic saucerization of the discoid meniscus was performed after closely cutting the meniscus around the ACL. The patient reported no symptoms, and he had returned to his daily and sports activities, including football, basketball, and jogging, at the 12‐month follow‐up. Conclusion Complete discoid medial meniscus is an extremely rare abnormality, and this case presents the third complete discoid medial meniscus whose anterolateral (apical) portion was completely coalesced with the ACL. The current case we present strongly supports the hypothesis that ACL and meniscus were differentiated from the same mesenchyme.

Dieser Beitrag rückt den sozial-kommunikativen Prozesscharakter von Erinnern in den Blick und untersucht kommunikative Erinnerungspraktiken in der deutschen und chinesischen Gesellschaft. Im Kontext der kulturwissenschaftlichen Gedächtnis- und Exilforschung werden die Exil-Diskurse in Deutschland und China exemplarisch anhand des Beispiels des Erinnerns an die Zuflucht der Juden in China neu reflektiert, indem eine kulturvergleichende bzw. komparatistische Perspektive profiliert wird. Dabei soll ein kommunikativer Erinnerungsprozess bezüglich des Refugiums in der Stadt Shanghai aufgezeigt werden, der über geografische und kulturelle Grenzen transzendiert und auf einen profunden deutsch-chinesischen Austausch in multiplen Bereichen hinweist. Hierbei wird erkenntlich, dass das Erinnern an das Shanghaier Exil über den jüdischen Kontext hinausgehend mit weiteren deutschen und chinesischen kollektiven Erinnerungen korreliert und Dialoge zwischen Ländern sowie Kulturen fördert.

The basic concepts, technical implementation, and application scenarios of computer simulation, virtualization, and cloud computing are intertwined and each has its characteristics. In this article, the basic concepts, necessity, feasibility, and core difficulties of computer simulation, virtualization, and cloud computing are analyzed. Also, the application prospects of the three technologies are expounded, the technical differences are analyzed, and the application of some key technologies in the data center is introduced. The generalization of computer simulation technology, the specialization of virtualization technology, and the systematization of cloud computing technology are expounded, which represent the mainstream direction of technology development in the field of information and communication at this stage. The application examples of the three in the aerospace telemetry, tracking, and command field are taken to illustrate that information technology essentially serves the business logic of their respective fields, which also well reflects the basic characteristics of demand-oriented, safety-oriented, innovation, and long-term development. It has guiding significance for the technical orientation, technical selection, and engineering implementation of information system architecture design.

The development of non-noble metal catalysts with high-performance and low-cost for oxygen reduction reaction is one of the main research directions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.The catalytic performance of the FeN/ZIF-8 catalysts was investigated using ZIF-8, 1, 10-phenanthroline and FeSO4·7H2O as carbon support, nitrogen and iron precursor, respectively. The effects of acid treatment on structure and catalytic performance of FeN/ZIF-8 catalyst were also explored by various techniques. The structure of catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction, specific surface area and pore size distribution measurements and transmission electron microscopy, etc. The catalytic activity and stability of the catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and accelerated degradation test. The results show that the catalysts with ZIF-8 as the carbon support have high initial catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction due to their high specific surface area and the existence of Fe3C in catalysts. The acid treatment can remove some unstable iron-containing carbides and disorder carbon in the catalyst. The structure of the FeN/ZIF-8-A catalyst is modified by acid treatment. The higher specific surface area, more abundant mesoporous structure and higher pore volume, as well as the improved resistance to corrosion in acid solution are the key reasons of FeN/ZIF-8-A catalyst with better catalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction in acid environment.

A cone crusher is a machine that crushes rock materials with high efficiency and low power consumption; it is one of the typical road construction equipment. To improve the production efficiency, mechanical performance, and crushing performance of the cone crusher, thus increasing profit, this study used Discrete element method (DEM) particle analysis software to optimize the structure of the moving cone, studied the crushing effect of the crusher, and carried out kinetics analyses. Based on DEM, the structure of the cone crusher cavity was analyzed and optimized. A Y51 cone crusher was selected as a representative example to study its moving cone structure. By analyzing the factors that affect the performance and efficiency of the crusher, the precession angle, base angle, shape, and rotational speed of the moving cone were optimized. Using the Genetic Algorithm-Support Vector machine method (GA-SVW), the optimal combination of parameters was determined, and the key parts of the crusher were thus optimized.

Modification and doping of carbon support are the main ways to improve the performance of the platinum-based catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. FeN-BP.Iron and nitrogen(FeN) co-doped activated carbon (Black Pearl 2000, BP) as a support, was used as the support of platinum-based catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The activity and stability of the catalysts were tested by electrochemical techniques, and the structure of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, specific surface area and pore size distribution test, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that Pt/FeN-BP and commercial Pt/C catalyst have comparable initial ORR activity with onset potential 0.94 V. After accelerated degradation test, the lost of onset potential for Pt/FeN-BP catalyst and commercial Pt/C catalyst are about 10 mV and 30 mV, as well as the lost of half-wave potential are about 5 mV and 60 mV.Pt/FeN-BP catalyst shows obvious improved stability.The high surface area and the moderate pore size distribution of FeN-BP, the small size and well dispersion of Pt nanoparticles on carbon after accelerated degradation test, as well as the interaction between carbon support and Pt nanoparticles may the key reasons for Pt/FeN-BP with improved stability.

Registration is essential for the volume reconstruction of biological tissues using serial section electron microscope (ssEM) images. However, due to environmental disturbance in section preparation, damage in long serial sections is inevitable. It is difficult to register the damaged sections with the common serial section registration method, creating significant challenges in subsequent neuron tracking and reconstruction. This paper proposes a general registration method that can be used to register damaged sections. This method first extracts the key points and descriptors of the sections to be registered and matches them via a mutual nearest neighbor matcher. K-means and Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) are used to cluster the key points and approximate the local affine matrices of those clusters. Then, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) is used to estimate the probability density of each cluster and calculate the expected affine matrix for each coordinate point. In clustering and probability density calculations, instead of the Euclidean distance, the path distance is used to measure the correlation between sampling points. The experimental results on real test images show that this method solves the problem of registering damaged sections and contributes to the 3D reconstruction of electronic microscopic images of biological tissues. The code of this paper is available at https://github.com/TongXin-CASIA/Excepted_Affine.

The prognosis of the most common histological subtype of lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), is relatively poor. Mitochondrial homeostasis depends to a great extent on the coordination between mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, the deregulation of which causes various human diseases, including cancer. There is accumulating evidence that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical in predicting the prognosis and immune response in carcinoma. Therefore, it is critical to discern lncRNAs related to mitochondrial homeostasis in LUAD patients. In this study, we identified mitochondrial homeostasis–related lncRNAs (MHRlncRNAs) by coexpression analysis. In order to construct a prognostic signature composed of three MHRlncRNAs, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. Kaplan–Meier analysis, stratification analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and nomogram were applied to evaluate and optimize the risk model. Subsequently, we identified the mitochondrial homeostasis–related lncRNA signature (MHLncSig) as an independent predictive factor of prognosis. Based on the LUAD subtypes regrouped by this risk model, we further investigated the underlying tumor microenvironment, tumor mutation burden, and immune landscape behind different risk groups. Likewise, individualized immunotherapeutic strategies and candidate compounds were screened to aim at different risk subtypes of LUAD patients. Finally, we validated the expression trends of lncRNAs included in the risk model using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. The established MHLncSig may be a promising tool for predicting the prognosis and guiding individualized treatment in LUAD.

The research status of the key technologies of multi-rotor detection unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) in mine dangerous areas at home and abroad is reviewed from three aspects: autonomous positioning and navigation technology, autonomous obstacle avoidance technology and multi-sensor information fusion technology. Autonomous positioning and navigation technology enables robots to move autonomously in unknown environments without human intervention. Combined navigation technology, 3D environment map building technology, deeply optimized trajectory planning algorithms and simultaneous positioning and map building technology based on semantic and deep learning are suitable for mine conditions with complex and unstable mine environmental conditions where disaster information evolving over time.The obstacle avoidance method based on multi-sensor information fusion can ensure that the multi-rotor detection UAV can perceive obstacle information to the maximum extent under different environmental conditions. The sensor fusion architecture based on autonomous positioning and obstacle avoidance technology need to adopt a distributed structure to make the mine multi-rotor detection UAV system have high reliability and fault tolerance.The problems of multi-rotor detection UVAs are analyzed from both software and hardware aspects. The problems include that the universality of the fusion model and algorithm cannot be guaranteed,the fusion system's fault tolerance or robustness needs to be improved, the lack of processing hardware to adapt to a variety of complex fusion algorithms, and the low degree of integration, high power consumption and large size of multi-sensor.The development trend of key technologies of multi-rotor detection UAVs in mine dangerous areas is prospected. ① Fusion algorithm optimization: it is crucial to maximize the optimization of fusion algorithm, improve system reliability and stability and ensure stable and efficient data processing. ② Application of artificial intelligence technology: improving the deep learning ability of multi-rotor detection UAVs and expanding the detection range of mine dangerous areas by applying intelligent technologies such as machine learning and adaptive technology. ③ Development of processing hardware that can adapt to multiple complex fusion algorithms: the conditions of mine dangerous area are extremely complex, and it is difficult to achieve simultaneous collection and processing of underground multi-source information without the processing hardware that can adapt to the deep fusion of multiple algorithms. Therefore, the information processing ability of multi-rotor detection UAVs can be improved by developing processing hardware with strong adaptability. ④ Development of convenient hardware fusion system: developing a fusion system based on the deep integration of multiple sensors could further enhance the detection capabilities of multi-rotor detection UAVs.

The research status of intelligent monitoring and early warning technology in coal mine in China was summarized from the aspects of Internet of things, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence.According to practical application of intelligent monitoring technology in coal mine, the problems of intelligent monitoring and early warning in coal mine was points out, including poor reliability of precursory information collection of underground coal mine monitoring equipment, insufficient depth of cloud platform integrated application and fusion, weak database security, and immature application of artificial intelligence technology in coal mine monitoring.The development trend of intelligent monitoring and early warning technology in coal mine was prospected: the application of graphene/graphene oxide optical fiber sensors in intelligent monitoring system of coal mine can realize multi-source information perception and improve the reliability of precursory information collection; studying multi-technology deep cross fusion to explore deep value of monitoring data; constructing coal mine monitoring database based on block chain technology, ensuring that the database cannot be tampered and has good read and write performance; developing intelligent safety monitoring and warning system with adaptive and deep learning, realizing mine automatic monitoring and intelligent early warning.

Abstract Background Pregnancy and parenthood have been associated with physical and mental health. Previous literature concerning the impacts of parity on mental health was inconsistent and lack epidemiolocal evidence. China, with growing mental health problems and changing fertility patterns, faces unique challenges. This study aims to examine the relationship between parity and the prevalence of major depression and insomnia among men and women in the Chinese population. Methods Baseline data from a Chinese population-based study of 512,891 adults (59.01% women) from 10 areas, aged 30–79 were analyzed. Number of children was based on self-report by the participants. Major depression (MD) was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory. Insomnia symptoms were accessed by a questionnaire comparable to that used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between MD/Insomnia and number of children, after stratifications and adjustments. Results For women, each additional child was associated with a 9% decreased odds of MD (OR: 0.91, 95%CI: 0.88–0.96), with the associations significant for those who lived in urban areas (OR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.70–0.83), or had a lower education (OR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.85–0.94), or had lower household income (OR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.85–0.94), or had ever used alcohol (OR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.84–0.93). The association between per additional children and MD was not significant in men (OR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.97–1.07), but a decreased odd of MD with per additional child was found in men who lived in urban areas (OR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.71–0.96). For women, each additional child was associated with a 4% decreased odds of insomnia (OR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.95–0.96). Each additional child was also associated with a 2% decreased odds of insomnia in men (OR: 0.98, 95%CI: 0.97–1.00). Conclusions MD and insomnia were inversely associated with number of children in women while the association was not overall significant in men. The association was mediated by socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Future mental health public health programs should address parity and sex differences when designing interventions.

Abstract Background Interleukin (IL)-35 is a newly discovered inhibitory cytokine which is produced by regulatory B and T lymphocytes and belongs to the IL-12 family. It plays a suppressive role in human inflammatory diseases; however, its role in asthma phenotypes is unclear. Our study focuses on the sputum IL-35 level in patients and investigates different airway inflammation capacities of sputum IL-35 in patients with different asthma phenotypes. Objective We aimed to determine the sputum IL-35 levels in asthmatic patients with clinical remission phenotypes and control subjects and to investigate possible correlations among lung function, age, sex, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and smoking history in these phenotypes. Methods Sputum samples were collected from patients with clinical asthma remission (n = 89, 37 males, age 52.24 ± 13.32 years) and a healthy control group (n = 19, 9 males, age 44.58 ± 16.3 years). All subjects underwent sputum induction. Induced sputum was assessed for inflammatory cell count, and sputum levels of IL-35 and other cytokines were measured by ELISA and Cytometric Bead Array, respectively. Results Sputum IL-35 (median (q1, q3)) levels showed no significant difference between asthma patients (4.89 ng/mL (2.97, 22.75)) and healthy controls (6.01 ng/mL (4.09, 30.47)). However, the sputum IL-35 level was significantly reduced in patients with eosinophilic asthma (EA) (3.95 ng/mL (2.80, 11.00)) compared to patients with neutrophilic asthma (NA) (40.59 ng/mL (20.59, 65.06), p = 0.002), paucigranulocytic asthma (PA) (6.25 ng/mL (3.10, 24.60), p = 0.012), and mixed granulocytic asthma (MA) (22.54 ng/mL (2.58, 52.45), p = 0.026). IL-35 levels in sputum showed a positive correlation with sputum neutrophil cells and a negative correlation with FeNO, FEV1% predicted, and FVC predicted. Furthermore, sputum IL-35 had a significant positive association with Th1-related factors and a negative correlation with Th2-related factors. Conclusions Sputum IL-35 is likely involved in different pathophysiological mechanisms of NA and EA and exerts different effects in asthma phenotypes.

Objectives This study aims to explore the association between maternal depression and the loss of the only child under the family-planning (FP) policy.Design Cross-sectional data from a Chinese population-based study were analysed.Setting Population from 10 (5 rural and 5 urban) areas in China.Participants Around 300 000 females were included in the study. The FP group was defined as women with one or two live births. Those with no surviving child were classified into the loss-of-only-child group. The non-FP group included women who had more than two live births. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and family types, after stratification and adjustment.Outcome MDD was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory.Results The odds of MDD are 1.42 times higher in the FP group in general (OR=1.42, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.57), as opposed to the non-FP group. In particular, the odds of MDD are 1.36 times greater in the non-loss-of-only-child group (OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.21 to 1.51) and 2.80 (OR=2.80, 95% CI: 0.88 to 8.94) times greater in the loss-of-only-child group, compared with the non-FP group. The associations between FP groups and MDD appeared to be stronger in the elderly population, in those who were married, less educated and those with a higher household income. The association was found progressively stronger in those who lost their only child.Conclusions People in the FP group, especially those who lost their only child, are more susceptible to MDD than their counterparts in the non-FP group. Mental health programmes should give special care to those who lost their only child and take existing social policies and norms, such as FP policies, into consideration.

Abstract Background Breastfeeding rates remain low in China and some mothers stop breastfeeding shortly after returning to work. Our study aimed to investigate the association between breastfeeding practices of working mothers and their employment status (formal versus informal) and occupational fields (agriculture related, industry related, and business and white collar). We also identified key work-related factors that influence breastfeeding practices in Chinese working mothers. Methods This is a mixed-method research consisted of two components. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 10,408 breastfeeding mothers with children under 12 months old from 12 regions in China from July 2017 to January 2018. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AdjORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breastfeeding practices. For the qualitative component, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 84 breastfeeding mothers in the study areas from July to December 2017, Content analysis was used for the qualitative component. Results Agriculture related occupations were positively associated with early initiation of breastfeeding (AdjOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.15, 1.51), current breastfeeding (AdjOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.41, 2.20), ever breastfed (AdjOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09, 2.62), exclusive breastfeeding (AdjOR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.62), and predominant breastfeeding (AdjOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.44, 2.05). Business and white collar occupations were positively associated with early initiation (AdjOR1.38, 95% CI 1.23, 1.56) and ever breastfed (AdjOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.12, 2.39), and inversely associated with predominant breastfeeding (AdjOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68, 0.95). For industry related and business and white collar occupations, informal employment was negatively related to current breastfeeding. In qualitative analysis, four main themes were developed to identify key work-related factors that influence breastfeeding practices: 1) employment benefits; 2) commute time; 3) workplace environment; 4) labor intensity. Mothers who experienced difficulties in one or more of the above would choose to lower breastfeeding frequency or stop breastfeeding. Conclusions Having flexible work schedules and proximity of workplace to home can assist continuance of breastfeeding. Policies promoting supportive breastfeeding environment at work ought to be implemented. Additionally, informally employed mothers require more attention due to limited legal protection.

Two clamp pressure cells for QENS and INS have been developed. One is a hybrid CuBe/NiCrAl cell which is for relative high pressure up to 2.5 GPa and another one is made from high strength aluminium alloy (mesolite NA723) with pressure up to 0.5 GPa. The sample volume is 0.3 mL and 1 mL, respectively. The pressure cells have been thoroughly calibrated and tested. In addition, the contribution to phonon density of states from the pressure cells has been evaluated. Measurements of the phonon density of states for two perfluorocarbon polymer liquids FOMBLIN oil and Fluorinert have indicated that they are suitable to serve as the low background pressure transmission media for high pressure INS experiments. The applications of the pressure cells for INS and QENS are demonstrated by studies of pressure-induced phase transition of plastic crystals.

The theory of self-governance is a fundamental theory of collective action based on numerous empirical case studies by Elinor Ostrom, a contemporary exponent of the public choice school and public economics. Ostrom’s idea of autonomous governance is systematically and fully articulated in her book Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, published in 1990. It guides the development and use of public resources by tapping into the subjectivity of individual autonomy. The purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning and significance of the theory of self-governance through reading Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-32, also named natural killer cell transcript 4 (NK4), has increasingly been described as an immunoregulator that controls cell differentiation and cell death and is involved in the stimulation of anti−/pro-inflammatory cytokines. Abnormal presence of IL-32 has been repeatedly noticed during the pathogenesis of allergic, infectious, cancerous, and inflammatory diseases. Of particular note was the observation of the anti-inflammatory property of IL-32 in a murine ovalbumin model of allergic asthma. Compared to wild-type mice, IL-32γ transgenic mice show decreased levels of inflammatory cells, recruited eosinophils, and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a mouse model of acute asthma. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of IL-32 in asthma remains to be elucidated. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the pathophysiology of asthma and describe the links to IL-32. The possibilities of using IL-32 as an airway inflammation biomarker and an asthma therapeutic agent are also evaluated.