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This study explores the ethical complexities of using introspective methods, particularly autoethnography, in design research. Drawing from relevant literature, we identify six significant ethical risks – psychological or emotional, physical, privacy, social, career and economic, and integrity risks – that may be experienced by the researcher, individuals represented in autoethnographic accounts, and the readership at different phases of autoethnographic research. These unique risks stem from the dual role of ‘researcher as subject’ and highlight the inadequacy of conventional ethical frameworks in addressing them. In response, we developed the Introspector’s Toolkit for Responsible Practice, a practical resource designed to guide researchers through a pre-study self-consent ritual and support continuous ethical reflection throughout their research. The toolkit integrates multidimensional ethics, meta-autoethnographies, and critical reflective practices to provide a theoretically sound yet practical, structured yet dynamic approach to managing the ethical complexities of autoethnography. While this toolkit represents a promising step towards more ethically responsible and reflective use of autoethnography in design research, it is intended as a foundational resource, open to iterative refinement based on researcher feedback and evolving ethical challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Decreased well-being may be a precursor to mental health challenges. Mental health visits for 5–11-year-old children increased by 24% from 2019 to 2020. COVID-19 led to record high levels of anxiety and depression in young children. This highlights the need for early identification and intervention of decreased well-being to prevent progression to potential mental health issues. The purpose of our research was to develop the Pediatric Well-Being Picture Scale© (PWBPS©), the first picture-based screening tool for ages 8–11 years, accessible to children regardless of their literacy, language skill, and developmental levels, allowing for quick screening for early referral and intervention. Methods: The mixed-methods research design included focus groups and one-on-one interviews for content and face validity, test/retest reliability, convergent validity, and exploratory factor analysis. Subjects were recruited from public elementary schools. Results: The numbers of participating subjects were as follows: N = 17 for focus groups; N = 12 for one-on-one interviews; N = 50 for test/retest reliability; and N = 237 for convergent validity. Thematic analysis resulted in a 10-item, 3-point picture-based Likert scale. The test/retest reliability demonstrated strong correlations, with an ICC of 0.823 (95% CI [0.690, 0.905]). The Cronbach's alpha for all the administrations was 0.74, 0.74, 0.84, and 0.89. The convergent validity demonstrated correlation with the validated KIDSCREEN-10. The Spearman's correlation was 0.64 (95% CI as [0.55, 0.71]). The cutoff for the PWBPS© was 18.5, which correlated to a score of 22 on the KIDSCREEN-10. All the items loaded on one component. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the PWBPS© is valid and reliable, allowing for quick and accurate assessments of children's well-being and allowing for early intervention, which is key to reducing the negative effects of poor mental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Toward delivering appropriately safe, high quality and effective health care, healthcare organization should be health literate. This paper presents the development and psychometrics of an instrument for assessing the attributes of a health literate hospital which is called MAHLO-76 (Measure to Assess Health Literate Organization) here by authors. Methods The current study is methodological research which is involved two phases of tool development and psychometric evaluation. MAHLO primary item pool was prepared using the data extracted from the semi-structured, in-depth interviews and literature review. The face and content validity were evaluated applying qualitative and quantitative approaches. Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation after Bartlett sphericity and KMO tests was used to evaluate the construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the structural factors, applying the most common goodness-of-fit indices. In order to determine internal consistency and test–retest stability, Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient were calculated respectively. Results The initial tool after checking for duplicates and excluding was contained 79 items. In terms of face validity, 3 items were modified using qualitative method and none of the items had an impact score of less than 1.5. In the qualitative content validity assessment, 16 items were revised and none of the items had CVR score less than 0.59 and CVI score less than 0.79. The results of the EFA obtained from the KMO showed the adequacy of the sample size (KMO value = 0.884) and the Bartlett’s sphericity test showed a significant correlation between the items (χ2 = 38124.040, df = 3081, P

The number of standardised tools is increasing day by day, and the demand for the development of novel and standardised tools is very high. One major reason for this demand is that either standardised tools are not available, or existing tools are not capable of measuring outcomes properly due to a lack of reliability and validity in specific settings. It has been noted that many researchers are not aware of the process of tool development, such as how to conduct a literature review, translate standardised tools, perform cross-cultural adaptations, create shortened versions of existing standardised tools, and construct new tools based on specific diseases. The objective of present review paper is to outline various techniques used in the development of tools and the psychometric testing of these tools. It explores the steps and processes needed to develop a valid, appropriate, and reliable tool that can be used by practitioners. It aimed to assist nurses and researchers in developing Quality of Life (QoL) tools based on their clinical settings and experiences. The common steps in the tool development process include in-depth interviews, item pool generation, and reliability checking. The tool must also include various forms of validity, such as face, concurrent, and content validity, for its development. Additionally, construct validity and factor analysis, including principal component analysis, are essential components of the process.

Background: Toward delivering appropriately safe, high quality and effective health care, healthcare organization should be health literate. This paper presents the development and psychometrics of an instrument for assessing the attributes of a health literate hospital which is called MAHLO-76 (Measure to Assess Health Literate Organization) here by authors. Methods: The current study is methodological research which is involved two phases of tool development and psychometric evaluation. MAHLO primary item pool was prepared using the data extracted from the semi-structured, in-depth interviews and literature review. The face and content validity were evaluated applying qualitative and quantitative approaches. Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation after Bartlett sphericity and KMO tests was used to evaluate the construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the structural factors, applying the most common goodness-of-fit indices. In order to determine internal consistency and test–retest stability, Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient were calculated respectively. Results: The initial tool after checking for duplicates and excluding was contained 79 items. In terms of face validity, 3 items were modified using qualitative method and none of the items had an impact score of less than 1.5. In the qualitative content validity assessment, 16 items were revised and none of the items had CVR score less than 0.59 and CVI score less than 0.79. The results of the EFA obtained from the KMO showed the adequacy of the sample size (KMO value = 0.884) and the Bartlett's sphericity test showed a significant correlation between the items (χ2 = 38124.040, df = 3081, P < 0.0001). The exploratory factor analysis indicated that 14 initially extracted factors explained 63.716% of the total variance. In Confirmatory factor analysis, the chi-square was 205.016 and other model fit indices including NFI:0.812, NNFI:0.875, CFI:0.919, IFI:0.921, MFI:0.857, GFI:0.930, AGFI:0.918, RMR:0.051, RMSEA:0.06 were calculated. In reliability assessment, Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 and the value of ICC was 0.98. Conclusion: Measure to Assess Health Literate Organization (MAHLO-76) is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used as assessment as well as self-assessment tool in hospital settings. Its application could disclosure those organizational health literacy aspects in clinical environments that need necessary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of standardised tools is increasing day by day, and the demand for the development of novel and standardised tools is very high. One major reason for this demand is that either standardised tools are not available, or existing tools are not capable of measuring outcomes properly due to a lack of reliability and validity in specific settings. It has been noted that many researchers are not aware of the process of tool development, such as how to conduct a literature review, translate standardised tools, perform cross-cultural adaptations, create shortened versions of existing standardised tools, and construct new tools based on specific diseases. The objective of present review paper is to outline various techniques used in the development of tools and the psychometric testing of these tools. It explores the steps and processes needed to develop a valid, appropriate, and reliable tool that can be used by practitioners. It aimed to assist nurses and researchers in developing Quality of Life (QoL) tools based on their clinical settings and experiences. The common steps in the tool development process include in-depth interviews, item pool generation, and reliability checking. The tool must also include various forms of validity, such as face, concurrent, and content validity, for its development. Additionally, construct validity and factor analysis, including principal component analysis, are essential components of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro milling is a very flexible micro cutting process widely deployed to manufacture miniaturized parts. However, size effects occur when downscaling the cutting processes. They lead to higher mechanical loads on the tools and therefore increased tool wear. Micro milling tools are usually made of cemented carbides due to their mechanical strength and fine grain structure. Technical ceramics as alternative tool materials offer very good mechanical properties as well, with grain sizes well below 1 μ m. In conventional machining, they have proven to be able to reduce tool wear. To transfer these wear improvements to the micro scale, we manufactured all-ceramic micro end mills in previous studies (∅ 50 and ∅ 100 μ m). Tools made from zirconia (Y-TZP) showed the sharpest cutting edges, and were the best performing in micro milling trials amongst the substrates tested. However, the advantages of the ceramic substrate could not be utilized for the brass and titanium materials tested in those studies. Therefore, in this study the capabilities of all-ceramic micro end mills (∅ 50 μ m) in different workpiece materials (1.4404, 1.7225, 3.1325 and PMMA GS) were researched. For the two steels and the aluminum alloy, the ceramic tools did not offer an improvement over the cemented carbide tools used as reference. For the thermoplastic PMMA however, significant improvements could be achieved by utilizing the Y-TZP ceramic tools: Less tool wear, less and more stable cutting forces, and higher surface qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several observation protocols in different theoretical frameworks and components have been designed and validated by teacher trainers and professional development providers to capture and categorize observational data on the characteristics and level of inquiry in science practices. However, certain constraints limit their wide use, such as the neglect of certain indicators of scientific inquiry, the scoring of just summative goals, or the necessity for extensive observer training. The present study, therefore, aims to propose a tool that assists professional development providers and mentors in diagnosing the closeness of practices to scientific inquiry in the context of various settings, from traditional didactic lectures to scientific inquiry, making it easily operational for self and peer evaluations as well as 360‐degree video feedback. The method concentrated on multiple observations provides supportive evidence about the tool's internal consistency coefficient, the relationship between its components, and the inter‐rater reliability coefficient between multiple scorers. The results highlight that the tool, which includes the components of course structure, course overview, and teacher–student communication, has the potential to contribute to the growing library of observation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses worldwide are acknowledged for their role in health education across various settings. However, doubts often arise regarding their competence in this domain. This study aims to validate the Nurse Health Education Competence Instrument (NHECI) linguistically and culturally in the Italian context. Methods: Following Beaton et al.'s (2000) guidelines, we conducted cross-cultural adaptation to develop the Italian version of the questionnaire. Results: The Italian version demonstrates a good internal consistency and stability, making it suitable for assessing nursing students during clinical internships and practicing nurses. The availability of Italian tools promotes healthcare research, ensuring patient-centric care. Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the Italian version of the instrument for assessing health education competencies, essential for self-assessment among health education nurses, are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop and validate a social capital assessment tool that considers the cultural and social realities of north-western Ethiopia. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was applied through rigorous phases. Existing measurement approaches for social capital are reviewed. Additionally, a qualitative study was conducted for domain and item identification. The domains and their items were given to panel experts and rated for content validity. Cognitive interviews were conducted with mothers who gave birth in the previous year. For psychometric validation of the tool, 400 mothers who lived in South Gondar zone participated from January 2 to 27, 2023. Results: Five factors of structural social capital were extracted. These include group participation, emotional, social, financial, and informational support. The content validity index of the scale was 0.88, indicating that 88% of the experts rated the items of the scale as relevant. The loading of the items ranged from 0.505 to 0.858, exceeding the threshold of 0.50. For cognitive social capital, factor analysis grouped 43 items into four subscales: trust in social networks, trust in institutions, trust in the health care system, and social cohesion. The loadings of the items ranged from 0.507 to 0.913. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was excellent, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.901. Conclusion: The Maternal Social Capital Assessment Tool is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring social capital during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. The application of such a tool could allow us to decipher the influence of social capital on maternal health.

Background/Objectives: Decreased well-being may be a precursor to mental health challenges. Mental health visits for 5–11-year-old children increased by 24% from 2019 to 2020. COVID-19 led to record high levels of anxiety and depression in young children. This highlights the need for early identification and intervention of decreased well-being to prevent progression to potential mental health issues. The purpose of our research was to develop the Pediatric Well-Being Picture Scale© (PWBPS©), the first picture-based screening tool for ages 8–11 years, accessible to children regardless of their literacy, language skill, and developmental levels, allowing for quick screening for early referral and intervention. Methods: The mixed-methods research design included focus groups and one-on-one interviews for content and face validity, test/retest reliability, convergent validity, and exploratory factor analysis. Subjects were recruited from public elementary schools. Results: The numbers of participating subjects were as follows: N = 17 for focus groups; N = 12 for one-on-one interviews; N = 50 for test/retest reliability; and N = 237 for convergent validity. Thematic analysis resulted in a 10-item, 3-point picture-based Likert scale. The test/retest reliability demonstrated strong correlations, with an ICC of 0.823 (95% CI [0.690, 0.905]). The Cronbach’s alpha for all the administrations was 0.74, 0.74, 0.84, and 0.89. The convergent validity demonstrated correlation with the validated KIDSCREEN-10. The Spearman’s correlation was 0.64 (95% CI as [0.55, 0.71]). The cutoff for the PWBPS© was 18.5, which correlated to a score of 22 on the KIDSCREEN-10. All the items loaded on one component. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the PWBPS© is valid and reliable, allowing for quick and accurate assessments of children’s well-being and allowing for early intervention, which is key to reducing the negative effects of poor mental well-being.

A new tool was designed to evaluate the level of burden experienced by caregivers of children with intellectual disability (ID) in the northern Indian context. The instrument has been utilized to collect data from a sample of 100 participants from Rajasthan, India. The tool's overall relevancy was determined to be.98, while its clarity was established to be.99. Factor analysis was conducted for assessing the construct validity of the tool which resulted in nine dimensions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient resulted in a value of.836. The tool, therefore, can be utilized by researchers to track the level of burden experienced by caregivers of children with ID, and to develop interventions aimed at this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to develop and validate a measurement test to assess mathematical proficiencies in the numbers and algebra strand. A total of 125 seventh-grade learners with diverse learning abilities from secondary educational institutions under the management of the Khon Kaen Educational Service Area 25, Thailand was chosen as respondents. The researchers employed design-based research consisting of four building blocks to construct a prototype utilizing a construct modeling approach. Firstly, the researchers developed construct maps to identify the learners' mathematical proficiency (MP) level. This was followed by the creation of the items of measurement test according to the proficiency levels. Next, the researchers allocated scoring measures and formed the conversion of learners' MP stages. Lastly, the researchers validated the superiority of the measurement test through Wright map consuming the multi-dimensional random coefficient multinomial logit model. The construct maps of the MP level consisted of two dimensions, namely mathematical procedures and structure of learning outcome. Findings discovered that there were 20 items in the assessment tool and its quality passed the determined education and psychological assessment criteria. It can be determined that every item is capable to measure the learners' multi-dimensional mathematical proficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Until now a comprehensive, consensus-based tool that can be used by a variety of health care organizations for assessing their organizational health literacy (OHL) is not available. Therefore, we aimed to develop and test a literature- and consensus-based self-assessment tool. Methods The study is based on a scoping review that was previously published by the authors. For the development of the self-assessment tool, the criteria identified in the literature were synthesized with criteria gained through group discussions with representatives of different types of health care organizations (N = 27) all based in Hamburg (Germany). Consensus on the criteria was reached by conducting a Delphi process (N = 22). A review by the project’s patient advisory council was included in the process. The self-assessment tool was converted into an online tool and refined by a pretest. Finally, the online survey was piloted (N = 53) and the reliability and item loadings for each scale were analyzed. Results In total, 77 criteria (items) characterizing a health literate health care organization were developed and grouped into five main categories (scales): (1) “easy access and navigation”, (2) “integration, prioritization, and dissemination of OHL”, (3) “qualification, quality management, evaluation, and needs assessment”, (4) “communication with target groups”, and (5) “involvement and support of target groups”. The results of the online survey showed that the tool is suitable for assessing an organization’s status quo on OHL. The psychometric analysis showed good to excellent internal consistency. Item analyses of the developed self-assessment tool was satisfactory. Conclusions We were able to define a set of 77 items to characterize OHL, which were integrated into a new, comprehensive, and consensus-based self-assessment tool to identify areas for improvement. We found evidence that the self-assessment tool, based on the identified criteria, consists of the assumed five scales. Further research should analyze the validity of the self-assessment tool on a higher detail level.

Background Optimal self‐management is the key to home‐based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart disease. At present, there is a lack of a specific assessment tool to evaluate the home‐based cardiac rehabilitation self‐management behavior in patients with heart disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop the Home‐Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Self‐Management Scale and validate its psychometric properties among patients with coronary heart disease. Methods and Results A multiphase cross‐sectional study was conducted that study covered 3 phases: (1) item generation and revision, (2) item evaluation and preliminary exploration, and (3) assessment of the psychometric properties of the scale. A scale with 21 items was developed to measure the home‐based cardiac rehabilitation self‐management behavior. The content validity index of the scale was 0.980. In exploratory factor analysis, the 5‐factor structure supported by eigenvalues and screen plot explained 74.326% of the total variation. In confirmatory factor analysis, all fitting indicators were acceptable, further supporting the construct validity of the scale. The criterion validity of the scale was 0.783. In the reliability analysis, the Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.882, with a dimensionality range of 0.780 to 0.936. The split‐half reliability coefficient and test–retest reliability coefficient were 0.774 and 0.770, respectively. Conclusions This study is the first to develop and validate a practical tool. This scale can comprehensively and accurately assess the self‐management behavior of patients with heart disease in a home‐based cardiac rehabilitation environment.

Older adults have a high burden of chronic diseases but are underrepresented in research. Researchers with geriatric or gerontology expertise have developed frameworks to recruit and retain older adults but these have not been widely adopted by the broader research community. We developed or adapted seven Age-Friendly research tools and invited research team members with no aging training to pilot test them. We consented 21 research team members and asked them to share strengths, limitations, and areas for improvement for each tool for up to 4 months via REDCap surveys. Sixteen participants (76%) completed at least one survey. The communication guide and Age-Friendly research checklist were the most utilized tools among participants. Key barriers to implementation were lack of time and lack of age-appropriate populations. Facilitators of tool implementation were accessibility and ease of use, webinar training, and supportive teams. Participants found the tools valuable to encourage Age-Friendly research studies. Adoption of Age-Friendly research tools could improve the experience for research team members and older adults alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Introduction: Contextual factors can influence healthcare professionals' (HCPs) competencies, yet there is a scarcity of research on how to optimally measure these factors. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a comprehensive tool for HCPs to document the contextual factors likely to influence the maintenance, development, and deployment of professional competencies. Methods: We used DeVellis' 8-step process for scale development and Messick's unified theory of validity to inform the development and validation of the context tool. Building on results from a scoping review, we generated an item pool of contextual factors articulated around five themes: Leadership and Agency, Values, Policies, Supports, and Demands. A first version of the tool was pilot tested with 127 HCPs and analyzed using the classical test theory. A second version was tested on a larger sample (n = 581) and analyzed using the Rasch rating scale model. Results: First version of the tool: we piloted 117 items that were grouped as per the themes related to contextual factors and rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Cronbach alpha for the set of 12 retained items per scale ranged from 0.75 to 0.94. Second version of the tool included 60 items: Rasch analysis showed that four of the five scales (ie, Leadership and Agency, Values, Policies, Supports) can be used as unidimensional scales, whereas the fifth scale (Demands) had to be split into two unidimensional scales (Demands and Overdemands). Discussion: Validity evidence documented for content and internal structure is encouraging and supports the use of the McGill context tool. Future research will provide additional validity evidence and cross-cultural translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are designed to assist health care professionals in medical decision-making, but they often lack effective integration of shared decision-making (SDM) principles to reflect patient values and preferences, particularly in the context of preference-sensitive CPG recommendations. To address this shortcoming and foster SDM through CPGs, the integration of patient decision aids (PDAs) into CPGs has been proposed as an important strategy. However, methods for systematically identifying and prioritizing CPG recommendations relevant to SDM and related decision support tools are currently lacking. Objective: The aim of the project is to develop (1) a tool for systematically identifying and prioritizing CPG recommendations for which SDM is considered particularly relevant and (2) a platform for PDAs to support practical SDM implementation. Methods: The project consists of 6 work packages (WPs). It is embedded in the German health care context but has an international focus. In WP 1, we will conduct a scoping review in bibliographic databases and gray literature sources to identify methods used to foster SDM via PDAs in the context of CPGs. In WP 2, we will conduct semistructured interviews with CPG experts to better understand the concepts of preference sensitivity and identify strategies for fostering SDM through CPGs. WP 3, a modified Delphi study including surveys and focus groups with SDM experts, aims to define and operationalize preference sensitivity. Based on the results of the Delphi study, we will develop a methodology for prioritizing key questions in CPGs. In WP 4, the tool will be developed. A list of relevant items to identify CPG recommendations for which SDM is most relevant will be created, tested, and iteratively refined, accompanied by the development of a user manual. In WP 5, a platform for creating and digitizing German-language PDAs will be developed to support the practical application of SDM during clinical encounters. WP 6 will conclude the project by testing the tool with newly developed and revised CPGs. Results: The Brandenburg Medical School Ethics Committee approved the project (165122023-ANF). An international multidisciplinary advisory board is involved to guide the tool development on CPGs and SDM. Patient partners are involved throughout the project, considering the essential role of the patient perspective in SDM. As of February 20, 2024, we are currently assessing literature references to determine eligibility for inclusion in the scoping review (WP 1). We expect the project to be completed by December 31, 2026. Conclusions: The tool will enable CPG developers to systematically incorporate aspects of SDM into CPG development, thereby providing guideline-based support for the patient-practitioner interaction. Together, the tool for CPGs and the platform for PDAs will create a systematic link between CPGs, SDM, and PDAs, which may facilitate SDM in clinical practice. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/57611 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most commonly used tools by clinicians to identify cases of anxiety and depression in medically ill patients is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, or the HADS Filipino version. However, there were some "gray areas" with its use, particularly for those who are in the non-psychiatric setting. Some translated items may pertain to something else which could influence patients' responses. Furthermore, local studies showed differences in the conception, understanding, and expression of depression unique to Filipino culture and could be potentially missed during the assessment. This paper determined the validity and reliability of the Anxiety and Depression Symptom Assessment Guide or ADSA to a sample of 91 adult cardiac Filipino patients in the in-patient setting. In addition to the 29-item ADSA tool that was generated from HADS, the review of literature and other sources was also reviewed by experts from two rounds of Delphi Survey. It was written in a yes-or-no format and available in both English and Filipino versions. The tool was tested for internal consistency, intra-class and inter-item reliability. Another test used was criterion-based validity utilizing HADS to identify cases of anxiety and depression. The results showed that ADSA is highly reliable with Cronbach's alpha of 0.97, poor-to-moderate intra-class correlation (0.670 for anxiety, 0.440 for depression), and consistent/acceptable interitem correlation (0.528 for anxiety, 0.382). Both HADS and ADSA were positively correlated with correlation coefficients of 0.667 and 0.391 (p-value<0.5) for anxiety and depression respectively. Using a cut-off score of 5, ADSA has moderate sensitivity and specificity of 72.5% and 78.4% for anxiety, and 66.7% and 64.3% for depression. Further research is needed to strengthen ADSA's validity by increasing the sample size and the multi-center sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims Investigating post‐traumatic growth (PTG) in mothers with the experience of having a preterm newborn hospitalized in the NICU requires a valid tool. This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the post‐traumatic growth inventory (PTGI) in mothers with the experience of having their newborns hospitalized in the NICU. Design This study was methodological research. Methods In this study, 250 mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3 to 12 months and had visited paediatric clinics of the selected hospitals in Tehran with the aim of having their children's condition examined were selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and PTGI. The face validity, the construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and the internal consistency reliability of the inventory were measured using SPSS V22 and LISREL V8.8. Results According to appropriate values for factor analysis fit indices (FI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.07, IFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.93, RFI = 0.91, NNFI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.07), 21 items and 5 factors were confirmed for this inventory. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this inventory was measured as α = 0.94. Conclusion According to favourable psychometric properties, the Farsi version of PTGI is a suitable tool for studying PTG in mothers with the experience of having preterm newborns in the NICU. Using PTGI can help nurses in planning family‐centered care interventions to reduce the impact of the mental trauma caused by the preterm newborn's hospitalization in parents. Patient or Public Contribution Mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3–12 months.

The purpose of the study. The context of this research is that coaches and trainers must be able to adapt to competition as a result of the continuously changing technological landscape in the coaching process . Staying focused throughout training is the trainer's responsibility. This is important because, in addition to monitoring training progress, the trainer's role during sessions also requires the ability to evaluate programme results. To train the speed and endurance of kicks for taekwondo players , this research aims to design a speed and endurance training tool for Dollyo kicks. Chagi uses sensors, LEDs and digital accounting. Materials and methods. The following processes form a research methodology called research and development, which include: potential and problems; data collection; product design; design validation; design revision; product trials; product revision; and mass production. Results. Based on research, 93% of Taekwondo I experts are good at stage I, and 95% are very good at stage II. The assessment for stage I was 75% good, while stage II was 95% very good, according to Taekwondo II experts. Electrical expert I gave a good rating of 74% for stage I and a very good score of 95% for stage II. The Phase I assessment for Electrical Expert II was 90% very good, and the Phase II assessment was 95% very good. Conclusions. In small group testing, 71% of trainer evaluation methods were considered very good; large group testing was 89.37%; and product testing was 89.37%.

Background: Until now a comprehensive, consensus-based tool that can be used by a variety of health care organizations for assessing their organizational health literacy (OHL) is not available. Therefore, we aimed to develop and test a literature- and consensus-based self-assessment tool. Methods: The study is based on a scoping review that was previously published by the authors. For the development of the self-assessment tool, the criteria identified in the literature were synthesized with criteria gained through group discussions with representatives of different types of health care organizations (N = 27) all based in Hamburg (Germany). Consensus on the criteria was reached by conducting a Delphi process (N = 22). A review by the project's patient advisory council was included in the process. The self-assessment tool was converted into an online tool and refined by a pretest. Finally, the online survey was piloted (N = 53) and the reliability and item loadings for each scale were analyzed. Results: In total, 77 criteria (items) characterizing a health literate health care organization were developed and grouped into five main categories (scales): (1) "easy access and navigation", (2) "integration, prioritization, and dissemination of OHL", (3) "qualification, quality management, evaluation, and needs assessment", (4) "communication with target groups", and (5) "involvement and support of target groups". The results of the online survey showed that the tool is suitable for assessing an organization's status quo on OHL. The psychometric analysis showed good to excellent internal consistency. Item analyses of the developed self-assessment tool was satisfactory. Conclusions: We were able to define a set of 77 items to characterize OHL, which were integrated into a new, comprehensive, and consensus-based self-assessment tool to identify areas for improvement. We found evidence that the self-assessment tool, based on the identified criteria, consists of the assumed five scales. Further research should analyze the validity of the self-assessment tool on a higher detail level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In India in 2020, there were an estimated 1.39 million cancers present in the country. Chemotherapy patients experience several problems such as ADRs (adverse drug reactions), and because of this, many dropouts have been happening. Also, there is a lack of communication between the patient and care providers (doctors). Objectives: Development and validation of a comprehensive needs assessment tool to assess the burden of chemotherapy on patients attending tertiary level health care facilities. Materials and Methods: Development and validation of comprehensive needs assessment in cancer chemotherapy involve several steps, including problem statement and literature review regarding the problem, domain generation, development of the preliminary questionnaire, face validation, statistical validation, and final draft of the tool. Results: A total of 10 experts are involved in face validation. The majority (80%) of the experts agreed with the grammar, clarity, and content of the tool. A few experts (20%) disagreed regarding the construction of the questionnaire, the appropriate level of understanding for the participants, and the content of the tool and suggested changes in the physical and psychological domains. The questionnaire has been re-structured according to the expert's suggestion before going for statistical validation. Internal consistency of the CNAT-CC was optimal, with a satisfactory Cronbach's alpha of 0.7 for the total scale. Discussion: The current study was focused on the development and validation of needs assessment in cancer chemotherapy patients. The CNAT-CC promises to be a comprehensive needs assessment tool that applies to a comparatively vast majority of patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and production of prefabricated buildings pose challenges in achieving standardization, limiting their extensive adoption. In order to address issues of prefabricated components, such as the low reusability of design knowledge, limited standardization, and design disconnection, this paper adopted the prefabricated cantilevered structure components as the research object. It employs knowledge-based engineering (KBE) theory and secondary split modularization approach in conjunction with Revit secondary development technology to establish a modular design system. The system formalizes complex design knowledge into concise user interfaces and a logically clear programming language, ensuring the design system's ease of use and accessibility. To validate the authenticity and applicability of the modular design system developed in this paper, a comparison is made between the traditional modeling tool and modular modeling tool. Through empirical analysis, the result indicates that the new tool proposed in this paper can enhance the efficiency of design professionals by 72.92%. Among these, the tool meets the modeling and design requirements of 96.1% of the prefabricated components in the project, making it highly suitable for the modeling and design process of the vast majority of prefabricated components. Therefore, this design approach, which integrates KBE and three-dimensional geometric technology, makes the modular design of prefabricated cantilevered structural components feasible, providing a reference for future research in the design of other prefabricated components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Teachers of Health Sciences (HS) in India did not routinely practice ICT (Information and Communications Technology)enabled instruction earlier, and it had a limited scope. Covid pandemic compelled them to adopt and integrate ICT tools in their didactic, laboratory and clinical teaching. In order to explore their perceptions regarding this, a tool-TAI-HeaSTwas developed, and its validity, reliability and practicality were assessed, by conducting a pilot study. Methods: Based on literature review and current practices of adoption and integration of ICT tools by HS teachers, this tool was developed. It was administered online using SurveyMonkey to 40 teachers from medical, dental, physiotherapy and nursing colleges from Maharashtra, India, who consented to be the part of this pilot study. Results: Statistical analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS version 23. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)measure for sampling adequacy was 0.81, and p value for Bartlett's test for sphericity was < 0.05. Exploratory factor analysis identified seven constructs that affected the adoption of ICT in teaching by the HS teachers. These cumulatively explained 79.50% of the variance, and none of the statements were rejected. The reliability of the tool was statistically significant. Conclusion: This pilot study showed TAI-HeaST tool to be valid and reliable for measuring perceptions of HS teachers towards adoption and integration of ICT tools in instruction. It also fulfilled all the criteria of practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The lifespans of proteins range from minutes to years within mammalian tissues. Protein lifespan is relevant to organismal aging, as long‐lived proteins accrue damage over time. It is unclear how protein lifetime is shaped by tissue context, where both cell turnover and proteolytic degradation contribute to protein turnover. We develop turnover and replication analysis by 15N isotope labeling (TRAIL) to quantify protein and cell lifetimes with high precision and demonstrate that cell turnover, sequence‐encoded features, and environmental factors modulate protein lifespan across tissues. Cell and protein turnover flux are comparable in proliferative tissues, while protein turnover outpaces cell turnover in slowly proliferative tissues. Physicochemical features such as hydrophobicity, charge, and disorder influence protein turnover in slowly proliferative tissues, but protein turnover is much less sequence‐selective in highly proliferative tissues. Protein lifetimes vary nonrandomly across tissues after correcting for cell turnover. Multiprotein complexes such as the ribosome have consistent lifetimes across tissues, while mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets have variable lifetimes. TRAIL can be used to explore how environment, aging, and disease affect tissue homeostasis.

Background: In anxiety disorders, culture is important in symptom presentation and help-seeking. Most tools for anxiety disorders are not validated in India and thus might not capture culture-specific aspects of anxiety. This study aims to identify and generate culturally specific terms to describe symptoms of anxiety as part of the development of the Kannada version of the Panic and Anxiety National Indian Questionnaire (PANIQ). The PANIQ is a tool under development to identify anxiety and panic in Indian settings. Methods: This study used qualitative methods like focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) to identify and generate items related to anxiety and panic in Kannada from stakeholders like individuals with anxiety disorders, their caregivers, healthcare workers, and mental health professionals who treat individuals with anxiety and panic disorders. Five FGDs (n = 28), one triad (n = 3), and 34 IDIs (n = 34) were conducted. Results: The mean age of the participants was 38.9 (standard deviation: 12.28) years; 57.1% were from rural areas. We generated 615 Kannada items. These were classified into 21 domains and facets. Items in domains like Somatic symptoms, Fear, and Impairment in day-to-day life were higher than those noted in existing tools for anxiety that focus more on cognitive symptoms of anxiety. Conclusions: This study generated culturally specific items of anxiety through a qualitative process of tool development incorporating subjective experiences of persons with anxiety disorders and other stakeholders. This is among the first steps toward the development of PANIQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic conversations during software development interactions may have serious repercussions on a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) development project. For example, victims of toxic conversations may become afraid to express themselves, therefore get demotivated, and may eventually leave the project. Automated filtering of toxic conversations may help a FOSS community maintain healthy interactions among its members. However, off-the-shelf toxicity detectors perform poorly on a software engineering dataset, such as one curated from code review comments. To counter this challenge, we present ToxiCR, a supervised learning based toxicity identification tool for code review interactions. ToxiCR includes a choice to select one of the 10 supervised learning algorithms, an option to select text vectorization techniques, eight preprocessing steps, and a large-scale labeled dataset of 19,651 code review comments. Two out of those eight preprocessing steps are software engineering domain specific. With our rigorous evaluation of the models with various combinations of preprocessing steps and vectorization techniques, we have identified the best combination for our dataset that boosts 95.8% accuracy and an 88.9% F1-score in identifying toxic texts. ToxiCR significantly outperforms existing toxicity detectors on our dataset. We have released our dataset, pre-trainedmodels, evaluation results, and source code publicly, which is available at https://github.com/WSU-SEAL/ToxiCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Investigating post‐traumatic growth (PTG) in mothers with the experience of having a preterm newborn hospitalized in the NICU requires a valid tool. This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the post‐traumatic growth inventory (PTGI) in mothers with the experience of having their newborns hospitalized in the NICU. Design: This study was methodological research. Methods: In this study, 250 mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3 to 12 months and had visited paediatric clinics of the selected hospitals in Tehran with the aim of having their children's condition examined were selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and PTGI. The face validity, the construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and the internal consistency reliability of the inventory were measured using SPSS V22 and LISREL V8.8. Results: According to appropriate values for factor analysis fit indices (FI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.07, IFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.93, RFI = 0.91, NNFI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.07), 21 items and 5 factors were confirmed for this inventory. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this inventory was measured as α = 0.94. Conclusion: According to favourable psychometric properties, the Farsi version of PTGI is a suitable tool for studying PTG in mothers with the experience of having preterm newborns in the NICU. Using PTGI can help nurses in planning family‐centered care interventions to reduce the impact of the mental trauma caused by the preterm newborn's hospitalization in parents. Patient or Public Contribution: Mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3–12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic presented health systems across the globe with unparalleled socio-political, ethical, scientific, and economic challenges. Despite the necessity for a unified, innovative, and effective response, many jurisdictions were unprepared to such a profound health crisis. This study aims to outline the creation of an evaluative tool designed to measure and evaluate the Vitalité Health Network’s (New Brunswick, Canada) ability to manage health crises.MethodsThe methodology of this work was carried out in four stages: (1) construction of an evaluative framework; (2) validation of the framework; (3) construction of the evaluative tool for the Health Authority; and (4) evaluation of the capacity to manage a health crisis.ResultsThe resulting evaluative tool incorporated 8 dimensions, 74 strategies, and 109 observable elements. The dimensions included: (1) clinical care management; (2) infection prevention and control; (3) governance and leadership; (4) human and logistic resources; (5) communication and technologies; (6) health research; (7) ethics and values; and (8) training. A Canadian Health Authority implemented the tool to support its future preparedness.ConclusionThis study introduces a methodological strategy adopted by a Canadian health authority to evaluate its capacity in managing health crises. Notably, this study marks the first instance where a Canadian health authority has created a tool for emergency healthcare management, informed by literature in the field and their direct experience from handling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

BackgroundTools for quantification of asthma severity are limited.ObjectiveWe sought to develop a continuous measure of asthma severity, the Asthma Severity Scoring System (ASSESS), for adolescents and adults, incorporating domains of asthma control, lung function, medications, and exacerbations.MethodsBaseline and 36-month longitudinal data from participants in phase 3 of the Severe Asthma Research Program (NCT01606826) were used. Scale properties, responsiveness, and a minimally important difference were determined. External replication was performed in participants enrolled in the Severe Asthma Research Program phase 1/2. The utility of ASSESS for detecting treatment response was explored in participants undergoing corticosteroid responsiveness testing with intramuscular triamcinolone and participants receiving biologics.ResultsASSESS scores ranged from 0 to 20 (8.78 ± 3.9; greater scores reflect worse severity) and differed among 5 phenotypic groups. Measurement properties were acceptable. ASSESS was responsive to changes in quality of life with a minimally important difference of 2, with good specificity for outcomes of asthma improvement and worsening but poor sensitivity. Replication analyses yielded similar results, with a 2-point decrease (improvement) associated with improvements in quality of life. Participants with a 2-point or greater decrease (improvement) in ASSESS scores also had greater improvement in lung function and asthma control after triamcinolone, but these differences were limited to phenotypic clusters 3, 4, and 5. Participants treated with biologics also had a 2-point or greater decrease (improvement) in ASSESS scores overall.ConclusionsThe ASSESS tool is an objective measure that might be useful in epidemiologic and clinical research studies for quantification of treatment response in individual patients and phenotypic groups. However, validation studies are warranted.

Abstract Background Family and kinship networks are a key aspect of culture for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples from Australia. They are intrinsically connected to good health and wellbeing, and cultural knowledge exchange. However, despite the known importance of family and kinship networks in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, and the move towards family-centred approaches in healthcare service provision, there is no validated, national measure of family functioning for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. A valid tool to measure family functioning is necessary in order to better understand what fosters good family functioning, and to inform and develop programs and healthcare interventions. Methods Mayi Kuwayu: the National Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing is a longitudinal cohort study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults aged 16 years and over. An existing family functioning scale was modified for use in the Mayi Kuwayu Study to measure family functioning at the national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population level. This study used a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults (N = 8705, ≥16 years) for the psychometric assessment of the modified Mayi Kuwayu Study Family Functioning Measure. This involved face validity, acceptability, internal consistency/reliability, construct validity, and convergent and divergent validity testing. Results Participants in this study were 8705 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with a mean age of 48 years, who primarily live in regional Australia (47.3%). The Mayi Kuwayu Family Functioning Measure demonstrated face validity for family functioning and had good internal consistency/reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.90). Construct validity results were mixed, with an indication of uni-dimensionality (with one component explaining 59.5% of variance), but some item redundancy and inconsistency in responding patterns among groups of respondents. Balancing psychometric properties with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander expert and end-user feedback of the measure indicate that the full scale should be retained. Finally, the measure demonstrated strong convergent and divergent validity, with prevalence ratios exhibiting dose-response relationships between family functioning and conceptually related outcomes (convergent validity) and conceptually unrelated outcomes (divergent validity). Conclusion The Mayi Kuwayu Family Functioning Measure is a valid measure of family functioning in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adult population.

ABSTRACTIntroduction Many patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) cannot communicate. For these patients, family caregivers (family members/close friends) could assist in pain assessment. We previously adapted the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) for family caregiver use (CPOT-Fam). In this study, we conducted preliminary clinical evaluation of the CPOT-Fam to inform further tool development.Methods For preliminary testing, we collected (1) pain assessments of patients in the ICU from family caregivers (CPOT-Fam) and nurses (CPOT) and determined the degree of agreement (kappa coefficient, κ) and (2) collected openended feedback on the CPOT-Fam from family caregivers. For refinement, we used preliminary testing data to refine the CPOT-Fam with a multidisciplinary working group.Results We assessed agreement between family caregiver and nurse pain scores for 29 patients. Binary agreement (κ) between CPOT-Fam and CPOT item scores (scores ≥2 considered indicative of significant pain) was fair, κ = 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18–0.69). Agreement was highest for the CPOT-Fam items ventilator compliance/vocalization (weighted κ = 0.48, 95% CI 0.15–0.80) and lowest for muscle tension (weighted κ = 0.10, 95% [CI] −0.17 to 0.20). Most participants (n = 19; 69.0%) reported a very positive experience using the CPOT-Fam, describing it as “good” and “easy-to-use/clear/straightforward.” We iteratively refined the CPOT-Fam over five cycles using the data collected until no further revisions were suggested.Conclusion Our preliminary clinical testing suggests that family involvement in pain assessment in the ICU is well perceived. The CPOT-Fam has been further refined and is now ready for clinical pilot testing to determine its feasibility and acceptability.

Existing studies provide evidence that buildings and the construction sector are the largest consumers of natural resources and carry the greatest responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reverse this situation, future challenges involve utilising the lowest amount of resources possible. To this end, building refurbishment has become a crucial strategy, given its potential to improve operational energy efficiency and to extend the life span of existing building stock, thereby reducing the environmental impact while also providing social and economic benefits to our cities. Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) has become one of the scientific community's most widely recognised methodologies for the evaluation of the social, economic, and environmental dimensions (triple bottom line), as it assesses sustainability using quantitative metrics. However, the implementation of this methodology to support the refurbishment process at the project stage in building design tools, such as BIM, remains scarce. One of the main obstacles lies in the difficulties of accessing building information, given that the system boundaries only cover new materials and products. Hence, this study proposes a BIM plug-in developed to support multi-dimensional building material selection in the early design steps based on the LCSA of a building during the refurbishment stage and validates its application in a case study. The results show the viability of using this tool during the early design stages and demonstrate the consistency of the results for evaluating various material and product alternatives for the refurbishment of the envelope system of a multi-family residential building. This study contributes towards the integration of decision-making by providing real-time assessment of a building envelope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imbalance in the key organizational psychology constructs viz. "Workload", "Reward", "Community", "Control", "Values" and "Fairness" are potential factors leading to negative occupational mental health, i.e. burnout. Burnout, a psychological syndrome is the combination of emotional exhaustion, sense of reduced compassion and accomplishment. To note, the concept of occupational mental health in a nation with second largest workforce is nascent. Further, the utility of existing western tools in Indian subcontinent is limited by culturally inappropriateness, patented, less comprehensible and other factors. Present study attempted to develop tools to screen occupational mental health and workplace areas. Conventional steps involved in psychological tool development, viz. construct identification, drafting of pertinent questions, content validation, field testing of questions and others were adopted. After series of steps, tools for screening occupational mental health and key constructs influencing mental health at workplace (workplace assessment) were developed. The screening tools exhibited adequate test-retest reliability, internal consistency/reliability (cronbach's a>0.73) and correlation (correlation coefficient >0.6) with the general mental health in larger evaluation of 153 consenting workers. The proposed simple and easy to administer tool requires development of normative scores thereby aiding early diagnosis and management of those requiring intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lifespans of proteins range from minutes to years within mammalian tissues. Protein lifespan is relevant to organismal aging, as long‐lived proteins accrue damage over time. It is unclear how protein lifetime is shaped by tissue context, where both cell turnover and proteolytic degradation contribute to protein turnover. We develop turnover and replication analysis by 15N isotope labeling (TRAIL) to quantify protein and cell lifetimes with high precision and demonstrate that cell turnover, sequence‐encoded features, and environmental factors modulate protein lifespan across tissues. Cell and protein turnover flux are comparable in proliferative tissues, while protein turnover outpaces cell turnover in slowly proliferative tissues. Physicochemical features such as hydrophobicity, charge, and disorder influence protein turnover in slowly proliferative tissues, but protein turnover is much less sequence‐selective in highly proliferative tissues. Protein lifetimes vary nonrandomly across tissues after correcting for cell turnover. Multiprotein complexes such as the ribosome have consistent lifetimes across tissues, while mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets have variable lifetimes. TRAIL can be used to explore how environment, aging, and disease affect tissue homeostasis. Synopsis: A new 15N metabolic labeling method for parallel quantification of cell and protein turnover rates in mouse tissues illustrates the variable influence of "nature" versus "nurture" on protein turnover rates in vivo. The median proteome turnover rate and the identity of the longest‐ and shortest‐lived proteins vary across tissues.Protein turnover and cell turnover occur at similar rates in proliferative tissues, but protein turnover outpaces cell turnover in less proliferative tissues.Sequence features such as hydrophobicity, disorder, and isoelectric point contribute to protein turnover rate only in less proliferative tissues.Protein and organelle turnover rates remain very different from tissue to tissue even after correcting for cell turnover rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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