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Additional file 3: Table S1. Correlation results between proxy-based (geographic, hydrologic, genetic, and habitat proxies) and KTA-based distance matrices with r the Mantel correlation value and its associated p-value (significant r (p-value

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Barplots representing results obtained for all key traits studied (n = 3 per population, except for activity and inter-individual distances for which n=9). Different letters indicate significant differences between populations (p-value

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Principal component analysis biplot representing environmental variables (in blue) and populations (dots in grey) using the first two axes. Populations: BAL: Balaton, VAL : Valkea-M��staj��rvi, ISO: Iso-Valkj��rvi, KIE: Kierzlinskie, GEN: Geneva, BOU: Bourget, HOH: Hohen Sprenzer. BIO1 to BIO19 correspond to the bioclimatic variables from Worldclim. Vap, wind, and srad correspond to water vapor pressure, wind speed, and solar radiation, respectively.

International audience

International audience

International audience; Fostering the sustainable development of agriculture (e.g., terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture) relies partly on the production diversification through new species domestication. However, domestication programs usually consider species as a unity, disregarding intraspecific geographic differentiation. Therefore, they overlook potential individualistic responses of differentiated allopatric populations to the domestication constraints. Yet, such a differentiation can shape genetic, phenotypic, and ecologic specificities, which impact the ability to live in captive environment or the potential socio-economic attractiveness of a particular population. Therefore, integrating intraspecific differentiation information in domestication process could facilitate new domestication programs and enhance the agriculture sustainable development.Here, we develop a three-step integrative approach based on evaluation of traits important for species exploitation (Fig. 1). The first step addresses the need of a priori definition of differentiated populations within a species of concern prior to evaluating the specific potential of populations for new domestication programs. Considering the phylogeographic structure and, possibly, known phenotypic variation across species range is the most effective strategy to achieve this a priori classification. This allows classifying wild populations according to their differentiations and defining so called prospective units. The second step is the core of the multi-trait comparison approach. For each prospective unit, traits involved in different biological functions (e.g., reproduction, growth) as well as in species resilience (i.e. to stresses and disturbances commonly observed in targeted production environment) are evaluated in standardized conditions. Moreover, we also integrate key traits to face today's and tomorrow's challenges of agriculture (e.g., climate change, invasive species, international trade regulations). The third step is an interpretation of second step results taking into account demands of the industrial producers, the consumers, and other stakeholders. The aim of this last step is to highlight population groups that can meet production requirements, profitability targets, and regulatory requirements. Such population groups are subsequently considered as UHPA (Units with High Potential for Agriculture/Aquaculture). When alternative production developments are considered, the UHPA can be specific to a particular targeted production environment.The approach is here exemplified by an ongoing research on freshwater species such as the European perch (Perca fluviatilis). Potential interests, limitations, and future prospect of the approach for aquaculture are discussed taking into account success story and failure observed in terrestrial species.

International audience; Extreme marine environments cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface and offer many opportunities for investigating the biological responses and adaptations of organisms to stressful life conditions. Extreme marine environments are sometimes associated with ephemeral and unstable ecosystems, but can host abundant, often endemic and well-adapted meiofaunal species. In this review, we present an integrated view of the biodiversity, ecology and physiological responses of marine meiofauna inhabiting several extreme marine environments (mangroves, submarine caves, Polar ecosystems, hypersaline areas, hypoxic/anoxic environments, hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, carcasses/sunken woods, deep-sea canyons, deep hypersaline anoxic basins [DHABs] and hadal zones). Foraminiferans, nematodes and copepods are abundant in almost all of these habitats and are dominant in deep-sea ecosystems. The presence and dominance of some other taxa that are normally less common may be typical of certain extreme conditions. Kinorhynchs are particularly well adapted to cold seeps and other environments that experience drastic changes in salinity, rotifers are well represented in polar ecosystems and loriciferans seem to be the only metazoan able to survive multiple stressors in DHABs. As well as natural processes, human activities may generate stressful conditions , including deoxygenation, acidification and rises temperature. The behaviour and physiology of different meiofaunal taxa, such as some foraminiferans, nematode and copepod species, can provide vital information on how organisms may respond to these challenges and can provide a warning signal of anthropogenic impacts. From an evolutionary perspective, the discovery of new meiofauna taxa from extreme environments very often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships, while understanding how meiofaunal organisms are able to survive or even flourish in these conditions canexplain evolutionary pathways. Finally, there are multiple potential economic benefits to be gained from ecological, biological, physiological and evolutionary studies of meiofauna in extreme environments. Despite all the advantages offered by meiofauna studies from extreme environments, there is still an urgent need to foster meiofauna research in terms of composition, ecology, biology and physiology focusing on extreme environments.