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Key Clinical Message: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) can have an insidious onset and a fatal prognosis in children. Patients presenting without typical signs of SLE should undergo further evaluation if they are not responding to the initial diagnosis and treatment. This is especially true for patients with rapidly progressing symptoms and deterioration in spite of treatment. Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disorder with various organ involvement pulmonary involvement in the course of this disorder is a rare yet potentially life‐threatening complication. In this case report we highlight the findings of a 16‐year‐old girl acutely and initially presenting with cough and fever, eventually complicating to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and gradual loss of consciousness. Although the patient was started on immunosuppressive treatment after the diagnosis of lupus, based on renal and hematological impairment, was made and initially responded, she eventually deteriorated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a clinical syndrome that mimics brain tumors with increased intracranial pressure. The present study is designed to investigate the diagnostic criteria of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the severity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure to understand the relationship and frequency of these criteria with the level of CSF pressure. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on children diagnosed with IIH between the years 2011 and 2020, who were admitted to the pediatric neurology department of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Clinical manifestations and imaging findings of the patients were recorded through a checklist. Results: Forty-nine patients were included in the study; 27 (55.1%) were male, and 22 (44.9%) were female. The average CSF pressure was 40.64±20.63 cmH2O. The mean diameter distension of the perioptic subarachnoid space was 6.02±1.21 mm. Six (10.8%) patients had unilateral transverse sinus stenosis with an average CSF pressure of 20.47±36.80 cmH2O and 11 (21.4%) patients had bilateral transverse sinus stenosis with an average pressure of 48.22±21.04 cmH2O. In 22 (44.89%) patients, flattening of the posterior globe with the CSF pressure of 48.80±17.94 cmH2O was reported. Twenty-four (49%) patients had optic nerve tortuosity, with an average CSF pressure of 46.52±20.33 cmH2O. Among the diagnostic criteria, the pressure had a significant relationship with the flattening of the posterior globe (P<0.022). Conclusion: Since MRI is a non-invasive method for examining IIH, the findings of this study may aid in diagnosing and monitoring these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraosseous accumulation of technetium-99m-methyl diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) on bone scan is not common. This phenomenon is often attributed to abnormality of calcium metabolism and has been reported in a variety of conditions including metabolic diseases and malignancies. A five years old boy is presented here, who was admitted to the pediatric emergency suffering from fatigue, respiratory symptoms, weight loss, intermittent fevers, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, edema of legs and abdominal distension for one month. The initial laboratory analysis revealed hypercalcemia. The patient was referred for whole body bone scan with suspicion of malignancy and bone metastasis. The bone scan revealed highly increased radiotracer uptake in both lungs in the perfusion and blood pool phases. Delayed images also showed increased activity in lungs and gastric wall. The skeleton was not seen clearly. Bone marrow aspiration was done and established the diagnosis of ALL. The patient deceased due to respiratory failure 20 days later. Diffuse lung uptake in this patient was consistent with respiratory failure and poor prognosis. It is reported that bone scan may be useful for assessment of the extent of metastatic calcification and may establish suitable management to prevent organ failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A true estimation of gestational age (GA) plays an important role in quality maternity care and scheduling the labor date. This study aimed to evaluate the normal fetal kidney length (KL) and its correlation with GA. A cross-sectional study on 92 pregnant women between 8th and 10th week of gestation with normal singleton pregnancy underwent standard ultrasound fetal biometry and kidney length measurement. univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to create a predictive equation to estimate GA on the KL and fetobiometry parameters. A significant correlation was found between GA and KL (r=0.83, P<0.002). The best GA predictor was obtained by combining head circumference, fetal biparietal diameter, femur length and KL with a standard error (SE) about 14.2 days. Our findings showed that KL measurements combination with other fetal biometric parameters could predict age of pregnancy with a better precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]