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The article focuses on the reception of Meliadus’ identity in the printed edition of Meliadus de Leonnoys by Galliot du Pré (1528). It compares the prologue and the denouement of the edition to the 13th century Roman de Meliadus, to the Roman de Guiron, as well as to the incunabulum of Tristan published by Jehan le Bourgoys (1489). The prologue links Meliadus to two forms of lineage : a symbolic lineage of historical figures, and a carnal lineage of kings and ancessors. As for the denouement, it weaves around the hero a web of revenge relations that distort the meaning of Tristan legend’s past. Both the prologue and the denouement emphasize Meliadus’ aristocratic identity. The appendix contains a transcription of the end of Meliadus de Leonnoys, next to the text of Tristan given both by the Paris manuscript, BnF, fr. 103 and by the incunabulum of 1489. L’article porte sur la réception de l’identité de Meliadus dans l’imprimé Meliadus de Leonnoys de Galliot du Pré (1528). Il étudie le prologue et le dénouement de l’imprimé à la fois par rapport au Roman de Meliadus et au Roman de Guiron du XIIIe siècle, et par rapport à l’incunable du Tristan paru chez Jehan le Bourgoys (1489). Le prologue rattache Meliadus à deux types de lignées : une lignée symbolique de figures historiques, une lignée charnelle d’ancêtres et de rois. Quant au dénouement, il inscrit le héros dans un système vindicatoire rudimentaire qui infléchit le sens du passé de la légende tristanienne. Prologue et dénouement mettent l’accent sur l’identité proprement aristocratique de Meliadus. Une transcription de la fin de Meliadus de Leonnoys est donnée en annexe, en regard du texte du Tristan que donnent le manuscrit de Paris, BnF, fr. 103 et l’incunable de 1489.

Throughout the nineteenth century, most historians preferred not to ask philosophical questions. In their writings, however, they indirectly engaged with problems about the character of the world-historical process, thus confronting what might be called penultimate questions. This article analyzes both the notions and the practices of historical work in Leopold Ranke's writings to consider how his spontaneous philosophy of history came to shape an entire discipline. It argues that Ranke crafted what I call historical figures from archival materials and that these served as equivalents to concepts in G. W. F. Hegel's philosophical world history. The writing of history has not yet escaped the logic of these narrative figures of historical argumentation., Modern Intellectual History, 19 (4), ISSN:1479-2451, ISSN:1479-2443

Lack of interest in learning about historical heritage materials and Islamic historical figures in Indonesia. This can be seen from the learning achievement of students who are less than the KKM as many as 59.38%. Researchers use photo and image media to improve student learning outcomes, because photo and image media are concrete so students will be able to see clearly what is being discussed. This Classroom Action Research uses John Elliot's CAR Model, covering 2 cycles, each cycle consisting of four stages, namely: planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The research location is in SMP Negeri 1 Margahayu Kab. Bandung. The object of research is the students of grade 9 J, totaling 40 people. The results showed that in the pre-cycle of students who scored above the KKM (completed) there were 18 people with an average score of 64.87 or 45% of all students. In the first cycle of students who are above the KKM score as many as 22 people with an average value of all students 72.37 or 62.5%, in the first cycle there is an increase of 17.5% from the completion of pre-cycle activities. Then the average value in the second cycle of students who completed reached 40 people with an average value of 79.5 students who achieved 100% completeness, were in very good qualifications and experienced an increase of 37.5% from cycle I. This shows increasing student learning outcomes on historical heritage materials and Islamic historical figures in Indonesia.

The specificity of the synthesis of elements included in the historical narrative, and Christian motives, images in the novel of the largest contemporary Russian prose writer Zakhar Prilepin is comprehended in the article. The relevance of the article is due to the need to build a coherent and consistent history of the development of Russian literature over the past two decades, an important part of which is the legacy of the popular writers. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian literary criticism “Abode” is considered from the proposed perspective: its genre specificity is analyzed in a Christian context. It has been established that, despite the presence of elements of documentary, adventurous, love-psychological novels, in terms of genre, “The Abode” can be attributed to a historical novel (it depicts a turning point in Russian history through a conflict between historical figures and fictional “average” heroes, combines historical facts and fiction). At the same time, an interest in eternal moral issues, problems of life and death, conscience and duty, love and fidelity in their Christian understanding becomes a feature of Prilepin’s understanding of the historical theme. In their work, the authors of the article used comparative historical, biographical, socio-cultural methods, as well as the method of a holistic analysis of a work of art.

El teatro ha sido un espacio idóneo para elaborar imágenes artísticas a partir de figuras históricas que han pasado a formar parte del patrimonio de la cultura popular. Tal es el caso de El jinete de la Divina Providencia, texto dramático donde Óscar Liera, uno de los dramaturgos mexicanos más importantes del siglo XX, da vida a Jesús Malverde, personaje casi mítico que pervive en la memoria colectiva como un bandolero bueno, que robaba a los ricos para dar a los pobres. En este ensayo analizo algunos de los procedimientos artísticos que Liera pone en marcha para reelaborar un conflicto social –en el que destaca precisamente la figura del santo bandolero.

The article explains the meaning of the term “the Holder of Forty Spears” (“қырықсүңгілі”) in a separate list of the Turko-Tatar ChroniclesDäftär-i Čingiz-nāmäat the end of the XVII century. Besides, a trial of identifying some characters was done from the mentioned source as “the Holder of Forty Spears” – Bolat bahadur” and his son “Bek bey” with real historical figures (beks, tribal chiefs) of the Golden Horde at the time of Janibek Khan. In the military history of the ancient settlers of Eurasia and late medieval Turko-Mongol nomadic tribes, spears and lances were one of the main types of weapons of the close combat and their importance was mentioned more than once in the writings. In addition to the basic, functional, combat assignment, spears and lances in the military culture and traditions of the Turko-Mongol nomads of the Great Steppe had a symbolic meaning. A spear, as a means of armament, used in a ram attack and a close combat, evolved into the symbol of statehood in the form of banners, flags, and possessing them equaled the status of “a commander-in-chief” or “a major warlord”. In this regard, by analyzing and taking into consideration continual several century-long military traditions of the steppe nomads, the article implies the word combination “the Holder of Forty Spears” (“қырықсүңгілі”) inDäftär-i Čingiz-nāmäis equal to “Commander-in- Chief Army”, in other words, in our opinion, in this sourcespear-lanceis represented as an abstracted textual symbol indicating “an army”, “a huge troop” and its Holder as “a commander-in-chief”, “major warlord”.

The Chinese view of time and history cannot be defined as either “cyclicality” or “linearity” in the sense of St. Augustine and Hegel. Like the Indo-Hellenic cyclicality, it regards the cyclical movements as universal in both Heaven and human. Nevertheless, it contains neither the conception of Great Year or Mahayuga, nor that of repeated destruction and reconstruction of humankind. It holds that the cyclical movements do not recur as “uniform rotation,” but appear as a chain composed of countless links each of which possesses individuality. It is not the chain itself, but each of its links that cyclically develop. Meanwhile, it agrees with the Judeo-Christian tradition that there is no repetition and reversibility for historical figures and events. However, it does not believe that history has an absolute beginning and end, demonstrating itself as a One-Grand Cycle from human alienation from God to their reconciliation with Him.

In recent years, the removal of monuments which glorify historical figures associated with racism and colonialism has become one of the most visible and contested forms of decolonisation. Yet many have objected that there is educational value in leaving such monuments standing. In this paper, I argue that public monuments can be understood as speech acts which communicate messages to those who live among them. Some of those speech acts derogate particular social groups, contributing to their marginalisation in much the way that slurs do. Comparing derogating monuments to slurs is also productive in suggesting morally appropriate responses to their harms. I explore the limits of the use-mention distinction in relation to the harmfulness of slurs and apply this to show that attempting to recontextualise harmful monuments in situ—by, for example, changing the text on an accompanying plaque in order to retain the monument for its educational value—will not solve the problem in most cases. I conclude that the removal of slurring monuments, or their relocation to museum exhibitions dedicated to presenting a more critical view of history, is a more robust and reliable way of protecting against harm, and that this consideration outweighs any purported educational value in leaving monuments in place.

The article investigates the concept “information” and its elements in the general creative activity conception of the French writer Bernard Werber through the analysis of his original work “The Encyclopedia of Relative and Absolute Knowledge”, each short story represents a narrative, a recommendation, a principle, a formula from various fields of popular science. It is pointed out that the author presents some scientific data in a simplified way, other facts are given in a purely professional one, thereby Bernard Werber demonstrates his own competence in the fields of history, mathematics, biology, astronomy, etc., as well as journalistic skills. It is stated that such diverse correlations exist due to the writer's passion for science and history, personal life experience in these areas, and all this ultimately stimulates readers' thinking, which is the main goal of Werber's creative activity. The article explores the correlative plane, which combines data from many branches of science in a historical context, that generally forms an informative complex containing the issues about the history of tribes and peoples (Maya, Aztecs, Arabs, Chinese, etc.), their legends and beliefs (Atlanteans, the origin of a man, pyramids, etc.), wars (episodes of individual military stalemate), religions (conflicts between paganism and Christianity, the Inquisition, etc.), technology and architecture (erection and structure of historical monuments, temples), the natural world (features of physiology) people, ants, dinosaurs), games (particularly about chess combining psychological and historical components). “The Encyclopedia of Relative and Absolute Knowledge” also includes the facts about many historical figures who have made significant contributions to the study and formation of the general noosphere. It is concluded that the writer by providing an array of diverse information in “The Encyclopedia of Relative and Absolute Knowledge” gets the reader not only to be a recipient of ready knowledge, but also to set up new tasks that need to be solved, and the main one among them is life mission understanding.

Ethotic arguments, such as arguments from expert opinion and ad hominem arguments, play an important role in communication practice. In this paper, we argue that there is another type of reasoning from ethos, in which people argue about actions in the world. These subspecies of ethotic arguments are very common in public debates: societies are involved in heated disputes about what should be done with monuments of historical figures such as Stalin or Colston: Should we demolish the building they funded? Should we revere their statues? Should the street named after them be renamed?; and the general public vividly argue about what should be done with the legacy of producers, directors and actors in debates of the #MeToo movement: Should their new movies be distributed? Should their scenes be deleted from motion pictures? Should their stars from the Hollywood Walk of Fame be removed? Many arguments in these debates boil down to the character of the public figures: He was a slave trader!—But he is a part of our history; He harassed a young girl!—But he is an important actor. The reasoning step here is legitimised by the association between a person and an extra-linguistic object: the association between a historical figure and their statue or between an actor and their movie. The nature of this association is explained in the paper using Peirce’s theory of signs. We propose to extend an existing approach to patterns of reasoning from ethos that will help us to shed new light on ethotic argumentation and open an avenue for a systematic account of these unexplored argument forms.

Introduction. In order to study phraseology from the perspective of an anthropological paradigm, it is certainly important not to overlook human-related issues, as in the study phraseological units, proper anthroponymic components of phraseological units were studied in an anthropocentric nature. Anthroponyms have a special place in the language with their semantic and methodological features, which distinguish them from other lexical units of the language. This requires conducting onomastic research in a synchronous and diachronic manner on the basis of comparative-historical study. Indeed, the phraseological units associated with nouns have social significance and reflect the culture and social life of a society

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las estrategias narrativas presentes en El arpa y la sombra de Alejo Carpentier (1979) que comprenden lo que la teoría literaria actual ha identificado como la “nueva novela histórica” latinoamericana. Primero se proporciona un breve panorama de la novela histórica tradicional y su contexto de aparición durante el romanticismo europeo del siglo xix, a partir de las aportaciones de Georg Lukács (1966), con la intención de diferenciar su modelo del correspondiente a la producción posterior en este género. A continuación se ofrece una caracterización general de la novela histórica escrita en América Latina a partir de las décadas finales del siglo xx, para reconocer las circunstancias histórico-sociales que dieron lugar a su renovación y a los rasgos que la determinan, junto con las propuestas de Mentón (1993) y Aínsa (1991) sobre el papel fundamental de Carpentier en su constitución. Finalmente, se realiza el estudio de cada uno de los aspectos señalados (distorsión consciente de los eventos históricos, ficcionalización de las grandes figuras históricas, uso de la primera persona en la narración, el dialogismo y la polifonía) con el objeto de demostrar la pertenencia de El arpa y la sombra a este reciente tipo de textos.

Research into ego-documents has being going on around the world for several decades, especially in continental Europe. The Dutch historian Jacques Presser, the inventor of the term, used “ego-document” to refer to materials such as diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, and personal letters. The term was first used in the English language by Peter Burke. Some groups of historians, such as the one in Berlin under the leadership of Claudia Ulbrich, prefer to use the term “self-narrative” instead. Kaspar von Greyerz, leader of the Basel team and a leading critic, considers the term “ego-document” an unfortunate one on account of its connotation of Sigmund Freud's concept of ego. He claims that early modern material does not reflect the inner psychological state of the writer but rather the formal, outward facade. Artificial periodization prevents us from understanding the nature and intellectual heritage of the human being. The question is, “What changed with the transition from premodern to modern when suddenly characters started to see themselves as historical figures worth talking about?”

Contemporary Turkey has gone through many reforms that have been legitimized by country’s historical legacy. The constitutive elements of this legacy are images, historical figures, events, and symbolisms embedded in memory. It is through those elements that Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the leader of the Justice and Development Party sets himself up as the appropriate narrator and appropriate doer, incrementally gaining an upper hand in the legitimacy struggles by telling stories from history, emerging as the new founding father of Turkey and introducing new policies rooted in the legacy of the past. How has he been able to occupy such a position of superiority through the struggles for legitimacy in Turkish politics? This paper critically argues that Erdoğan first set up his personality, imposing himself as the most appropriate narrator and finally showing himself to be the most appropriate doer, by crafting his political communication with symbols and figures from history.

Using the career of infamous Confederate General Braxton Bragg as a case study, this article poses questions about how we search for and discuss possible examples of Autistic people in history. The article contends that we need to reconsider what we hope to accomplish when posthumously diagnosing historical figures and the way in which those discussions are structured, cautioning against both the hunt for role models and the tendency towards defining people by their disability.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s Red Wheel series is coming to the English-speaking world, one thick volume at a time. The series weaves fictional characters and historical figures through decisive events ...

Most national symbols – the flag, the coat of arms, the anthem, the pantheon of historical figures – belong to the common symbolic space. However, there are also those which divide the society: con...

Historical figures, cultural values and historical memory play a huge role in the formation of the identity of every nation.In determining any national identity, every individual tries to find a decent response to the question : "Who are we?". By answering this question, each nation determines its own national identity. For example, French, English, Kazakh national identity, etc. This article focuses on the peculiarities of the formation of modern statehood’s national identity and the role of historical figures on it. At the time of the declaration of independence of any state, to form state institutions and national identity are the most important and honourable tasks which have to be done at first. On the basis of the decree of President Q.Zh Tokayev K. 2020 has been announced for the anniversary of the two most prominient thinkers the 150th anniversary of Abay Kunanbayev, and 1150th years anniversary since the birth of Al-Faraby. The article analyse the role of Al-Farabi and Abay Kunanbayev in the formation of the national identity of the Kazakh people in the XXI century. The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the formation of national identity through the image of historical intellectual personalities on the example of Kazakhstan. In order to achieve this goal, the article used the method of retrospective analysis. Analyzing the historical role of Al-Farabi and Abay Kunanbayev, defined to what extend influenced the Abay’s, Faraby’s historical role to the formation of the national identity of the people of Kazakhstan in the XXI century.

My article focuses on the Franco-Italian poem Attila Flagellum Dei, composed by Nicolò da Càsola, an Italian notary, in the second half of the XIV century for the Estensi in Ferrara, in order to celebrate the heroic origins of the family: actually, it is the first encomiastic poem dedicated to them, before the major works by Boiardo and Ariosto. The poem is witnessed by a single manuscript (divided into two tomes), supposedly in the hand of the author himself. My study provides a new biographic profile of Nicolò and his family, also through an overview of some archival documents from the Archivio di Stato in Bologna. The article also presents a brief summary of the narration, and outlines the principal characters, the positive ones (Forest and Gilius in particular) as well as the negative ones (Attila), seen as prototypes alluding to other fictional or historical figures (Forest = Hector of Troy; Attila = the entire Visconti’s family). At last, my paper offers a sample (the proem) of the critical and commented edition I am working at. The text is preceded by an analysis that illustrates its peculiar linguistic features, with a particular regard on the rhymes: indeed, far from being representative of the generic class of Franco-italian works composed by Italo-Romance authors, the poem Attila Flagellum Dei shows a combination of hypercharacterized French and Italo-Romance dialects of Northern Italy.

Las discusiones sobre intelectuales en Latinoamérica se encuentran atravesadas por un sesgo racial y de género. Para expandir este debate, este artículo examina los fundamentos del pensamiento político negro en los primeros productos de la afrocostarricense Eulalia Bernard Little. En el proceso de creación y exposición del disco-poemario Negritud (1976) y el Nuevo ensayo sobre la existencia y la libertad política (1981), Bernard dialoga intelectual, sensorial y afectivamente con diversos personajes históricos, música y escrituras de la diáspora. El análisis de esta génesis intelectual sugiere la influencia de la Negritud, la circulación y el intercambio de ideas y estéticas de los movimientos negros, afroamericanos, caribeños y africanos. Desde una perspectiva relacional, la propuesta de Bernard apunta no solo a su papel central en la escena político-cultural afrolatinoamericana, sino que abre horizontes de lecturas comparadas con otras escritoras negras de la región cuya labor como intelectuales recién empieza a reconocerse. Abstract: Discussions of Latin American intellectuals are racial and gender biased. As a contribution, this article examines the foundations of Eulalia Bernard’s Black political thought in her poetry vinyl Negritud (1976), and the book Nuevo ensayo sobre la existencia y la libertad política (1981). The Afro-Costa Rican writer and activist dialogues intellectually, sensorially and emotionally with various diaspora historical figures, music and literature for the creation and display of her first cultural products. Analyzing this intellectual genesis shows the influence of Negritude, the circulation and exchange of ideas and aesthetics of Black, African-American, Caribbean and African movements. From a relational perspective, Bernard's proposal suggests not only her central role in the Afro-Latin American political and cultural scene, it also opens new horizons of comparative readings of other Black women writers in the region whose work as intellectuals is just beginning to be recognized. European Union´s Horizon/[23846]//Unión Europea Universidad de Costa Rica/[021-B9-246]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Artes y Letras::Facultad de Letras::Escuela de Filología, Lingüística y Literatura UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Artes y Letras::Centro de Investigación en Identidad y Cultura Latinoamérica (CIICLA)

The article analyzes eight frontispiece portraits of Serbian and Montenegrin statesmen from the 12–19th century as well as one collective ethnographic image of an inhabitant of the Bay of Kotor. These consist of prints found in seventeen Serbian and Montenegrin 19th century publications which were found in the Slavic Literature Fund of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint Petersburg). The portraits are considered as works of book graphics, as historical and ethnographic sources. They were compared with other pictorial sources — originals of portraits, images of genuine clothing and jewelry, as well as ethnographic materials. There are detailed descriptions of the costumes depicted in the portraits, the names and characteristics of the clothes, hats and decorations. As a result of the comparison, it was found that some engravings are fictitious images, while others, made from pictorial lifetime originals, can serve as important material for the reconstruction of Serbian and Montenegrin appearance and costume, including specific historical figures. An attempt was made to reveal the relationship of the costume of the ruler at the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century both with the fashion trends of the era, and with his national identity and political views. These aspects manifested themselves with particular vividness in the portraits of Milos Obrenovich, Karageorgy, Vladyka Daniel and Peter Petrovich Njegos. The analysis of portraits in chronological order made it possible to touch upon the theme of Serbian and Montenegrin costume history, which has been insufficiently studied in the Russian press.

El siglo XXI ha visto un gran aumento en la política de identidad. Europa y las Américas han enfrentado a movimientos revisionistas de sus historias. En el caso de España, el gobierno socialista de Pedro Sánchez ha impulsado legislación para reinterpretar el periodo de la post-guerra. En el caso de México, la administración de López Obrador ha reabierto viejas heridas al solicitar disculpas formales al Rey de España y al Papa por la conquista de México. Este ensayo exploratorio trata sobre un aspecto poco estudiado de este debate ideológico sobre la identidad cultural, el rol de los descendientes de figuras históricas en la política de identidad contemporánea. Hay un cierto elemento de actuación de la historia en las palabras y acciones de los descendientes de Moctezuma II y de Cristóbal Colon los cuales en muchos casos se asemejan a los ritos Aztecas de antaño en los que llevaba a cabo la posesión momentánea de sus personas por el espíritu de sus ancestros.

This article discusses the mention of historical figures at the beginning of the first book of de re publica, comparing them with other works in which Cicero gives the same exempla, with the purpos...

Hand surgery in New Zealand has steadily grown from its origins in plastic surgery and orthopaedic surgery into its own discipline. There has been much progress and innovation in hand surgery that has originated from New Zealand and this review acknowledges the historical figures and events that have led to our present position. The current and future directions of hand surgery in our country are also discussed. As a small and remote country, we are very fortunate to have close relationships with other international hand societies. Through these relationships and the efforts of committed regional hand surgeons, the art and science of hand surgery in New Zealand continues to progress.

The question of the management system of servicemen Tatars in Western Siberia during the XVII-XIX centuries is considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of Tatar heads in it as a special institution that existed from the late 16th to the early 19th centuries. The functions and duties of the Tatar heads in different historical periods are considered. Historical figures who held this position during the period under consideration is identified. The activity of Kulmametevs Murzas as heads of servicemen and yasak Tatars is shown. It was revealed that the Tatar heads in the 18th century were an organic element of the traditional management of the aboriginal population, the need for which by the end of the century loses its former importance. It is shown that, in contrast to the European part of Russia, where the position of Tatar heads disappeared already in the 17th century, this institution existed in Siberia until the beginning of the 19th century. The role of the Siberian reform of 1822 as a normative basis for the elimination of the position of Tatar heads is revealed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the formation, development and completion of the functioning of the institution of Tatar heads is traced in the historical retrospective. The relevance of the study is due to the poor study of the topic.

The author of "Boburnoma" describes about the historical figures of his time: rulers, cultural and artistic figures, their position in society, and provides information about their marital status. The book focuses on how their wives, their children’s behaviors and clarifies the author's conclusions about the family as an integral part of society, his views on the influence of the family in determining the place of any person in social life. In this article, I will discuss the author’s progressive views on his time, in particular, his views on women and their role in society.

The article explores Dara Horn’s novel The World to Come as an expression of the trauma of Jewish-American community related to its experiences of anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union, in the American army, of communist involvement and threats of modern terrorism. These issues are built into a complex narrative of family relationships, mixing fictional characters with historical figures. The analysis demonstrates how Horn’s textual strategies of silence and darkness represent the cultural trauma.

The aim of the study is a presentation of the chronological model of minting of a ‘Borysthenes’ of all groups by means of a prosopographic interpretation of their monograms. Research methodology – typical scientific methods in combination with the author’s own scientific work by synchronization of the eponyms catalogue IPE I2 201 (calendar) and Olbia’s prosopography: prosopographic reconstruction, prosopographic dating, prosopographic interpretation. The essence of the proposed tools lies in the study on the chronological basis of the eponyms IPE I2 201 catalogue of an extremely narrow stratum of real historical figures – mostly from the hight elite – who traditionally performed alternate senior government positions. Information about the activity of elite contained in various, almost synchronous epigraphic monuments, in this case, an eponyms catalogue, lapidary inscriptions, magical lists, graffiti, agoranomos stamps and weights, coin monograms and abbreviations. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the historical context for the monograms of a ‘Borysthenes’, that is, the identification with real historical figures have been obtained. Accordingly, a chronological model of minting of a ‘Borysthenes’ was constructed on this basis. Conclusions. The monograms (and/or reductions) of ‘Borysthenes’ did not have of eponyms character. However, approximately 50-60% of them correlate with the eponymous catalogue and indicate persons – monetary magistrates, who according to the ancient tradition in adjacent years held an eponymous position. Similarity of monograms from different groups of ‘Borysthenes’ is a realization of the ancient tradition of generic imitation of names. Accordingly, the similarity monograms (reductions) belong related persons from other generations.The first group of a ‘Borysthenes’ dates from 330 to 319 BC. The prosopographic dating of this group is exactly the same as the date of P. O. Karyshkovsky. Of the thirteen coin magistrates who produced a ‘Borysthenes’ of the first group, seven or eight also was an eponyms incumbency in 337 (?), 330, 329, 327, 326, 325, 324, 320, 319 BC. The second group dates from 307 to 301 BC. А real historical fact – four of the seven monograms of the second group of a ‘Borysthenes’ are concentrated in the narrow chronological section of the eponyms catalogue for 306, 305, 304, 303 BC. The other three monograms are not identified by eponyms. The hypothesis of P. O. Karyshkovsky about the break between the minting of groups Ι and ΙΙ is confirmed. This break was about fifteen years. Also, it is possible to narrow down to the end of IV century BC. dating of the second group of a ‘Borysthenes’, which P. O. Karyshkovsky attributed to the end of IV – beginning of III century. BC. The main problem of our further study is the presence of a chronological lacuna in the eponyms catalogue Olbia IPE I2 201 in the range of 290–227 BC. Prosopographic studies in the lacuna may be available through special tools, but they certainly tend to be more hypothetical and lower in chronological accuracy. The implementation of such studies is based on the preserved fragments of the catalogue of eponyms (both in the lower and the upper part), the possibility of reconstruction of fragments of major genera (according to the law of genealogy), the properties of the theoretical model of the urban community (in particular, the inheritance of coin monograms, the eponyms quotas, etc.), the use of prosopographic information from of relatively accurately dated lapidary inscriptions, agoranomos stamps and weights, also finding of correlation with legends of other coins. The historical figures mentioned in these monuments probably performed the functions of eponyms, magistrates and other. An important auxiliary research tool in the lacuna of catalogue is the relative order of the arrangement of the monograms proposed by P. O. Karyshkovsky. Unfortunately, the third group of a ‘Borysthenes’ has an inaccurate prosopographic dating – terminus post quem – 290 BC, terminus ante quem – 271 BC. It is a problem our chronological model. The fourth and sixth groups of a ‘Borysthenes’ (37-year issues) dating from 270+12 to 234+12 BC. A patronymics of the large group of eponyms 220–208 BC correlate with the monograms of ‘Borysthenes’ of the second half of the issues of the fifth group. It confirming, according to the law of genealogy, their dating in the range of 250–240 BC. e. Also, this provides a fairly reliable chronological benchmark in the dating of ‘Borysthenes’. The reader can not fail to notice that the obtained prosopographical date of a ‘Borysthenes’ groups from the first to the sixth inclusive practically corresponds to the materials of P. O. Karyshkovsky. According to our working preliminary hypothesis, the seventh group dates from 232+12 to 231 BC, the eighth to the tenth from 228+12 to 219 BC. When studying the treasure 1978, V. Anokhin established the mass character of the used of two or more monograms with common front stamps. The main conclusion of the researcher was the assumption of the existence of special boards of magistrates, which for groups I–VI numbered six people, and for the latter groups – two. Accordingly, the duration of the release of ‘Borysthenes’ was not more than two or three decades. In our opinion, the reason for the mass character of the used of two or more monograms with common front stamps should be sought not in organizational forms, but in the application of technology known in ancient coinage. She involved the use of two or three (or even more) identical face stamps located side by side on the anvil. This technology, due to the random nature of use, among other things, provided a relatively uniform wear of several front stamps. As a result, we have the ‘Borysthenes’ with two or more monograms with common front stamps. Onomastic research is characterized by the multivariate interpretation of monograms without historical context. However, our prosopographic research also faces the existence of two and sometimes three variants of interpretation of monograms. But unlike onomastics, these variants have a historical component. The task is only to overcome the alternative. We have not yet succeeded in overcoming the alternative in interpreting some of the monograms. Prosopographic study of monograms on a ‘Borysthenes’ of all groups done for the first time, so it should be seen as estimated and approximate. Given the complexity of the task, it is obvious that further research is needed to overcome alternative interpretations, refinements, and to obtain new arguments (in particular, joint consideration with agoranomos stamps and weights) regarding the proposed hypotheses. New variants of monograms on a ‘Borysthenes’ it is necessary to consider, also peculiarities of generic inheritance of monograms, and correlation of a ‘Borysthenes’ with other coins, as well as comparing the results of numismatic researches with prosopographic ones, etc.

The article deals with the non-equivalent vocabulary in socio-political texts of the 18th century. The interest to this type of vocabulary is growing (especially in translation and linguoculturology): every year there are more and more works studying non-equivalent vocabulary with national-cultural specificity of meaning in various resources: fiction, textbooks, press, dictionaries. However, these studies are carried out on the texts of the 19th-21st centuries. In this article, we for the first time analyze this vocabulary in the artistic texts of the 18th century. The authors of the texts (the research materials) are well-known historical figures of the period: Catherine II, M.V. Lomonosov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K. Trediakovsky, A. Matseevich, P.A. Plavilshikov. The main criterion for text selection was the level of knowledge of non-equivalent vocabulary in them. It is for the first time when identification and description of non-equivalent vocabulary was held in socio-political texts. The purpose of this research is to identify, describe and analyze non-equivalent words in the texts. The practical significance of the research is in the fact that its results can be used in classes of Russian as a foreign language, when compiling dictionaries of non-equivalent vocabulary or linguistic and regional dictionaries, when translating the source texts into foreign languages and making comments. The theoretical significance of the research is in the fact that its results became the basis for further research of non-equivalent vocabulary with national-cultural specificity of meaning. As a result of the research, there were identified the quantity and quality of non-equivalent words. The discovered non-equivalent words were classified into several thematic groups: household items, titles, military vocabulary, social groups, etc., and into types of non-equivalent vocabulary: words-realities, lacunae, exotisms, deviations from the common language norm, etc. In order to have a complete picture of this linguistic phenomenon, it is necessary to make wider the chronological and genre framework of the research material in the future. It is possible to use not only texts of the 18th-21st centuries as a source, but also texts of earlier periods; it is necessary to use not only works of fiction, dictionaries, press, but also to research sociopolitical texts: documents, scientific works, letters.

The article examines the features of the life and work of the Caucasian mountaineers in the Russian service during the Caucasian War (1801-1864). At the same time, the article examines the service trajectories of not only major historical figures, but also the fate of lesser-known figures. It is through their example that one can see the functional roles fixed by the empire, the presence / absence of mental boundaries, the perception of the imperial service by local communities. The aim of the study is a historical and anthropological analysis of the service of highlanders in Russian military-political institutions based on sources of personal origin and record keeping materials. The study suggested that for the highlanders in the Russian service, the priority was the motive for raising their own status within the local community, rather than advancing the general imperial ladder of ranks and ranks. Highlanders often hoped with the help of the empire to raise their own political and / or moral prestige among their compatriots. If the service of the empire did not lead to an increase in the “communal” status or, on the contrary, undermined and burdened the reputation of the highlander, then he began to doubt the correctness of his choice. This approach allows us to describe and explain the frequent cases of a change in political identity, “unexpected” betrayals and escapes of highlanders from Russian service, which are filled with the history of the Caucasian War.

Summary. The purpose of the article is to outline the functional potential of historical memory and analyze its role in the practices and strategies of political education of youth. The methodological basis of research serve as key principles of scientific knowledge: scientific, systematic, historical and pluralism. The article uses such methods as: problem-chronological, systemic and structural, logical and analytical, empirical and theoretical. The scientific novelty. It has been proved that recourse to historical memory can be an effective tool for political education and upbringing of young people, but it directly depends on the goals set by the state and government. Conclusions. The article identifies the features of political education in Ukraine and analyzes the impact on this process of the main components of historical memory, its socio-cultural and spiritual space. The process of political education is multifaceted in purpose, objectives, content, forms, methods and techniques. The implementation of political education, taking into account the pragmatism of historical memory as its relevant component, requires updating the content and methods of studying social sciences and humanities and creating a system of political education and upbringing in the state. Among the characteristic features of historical memory that determine its pragmatic conceptualizations are its emotional coloration and selectivity. The pragmatic orientation of historical memory determines the choice of current historical figures and events. In this way, the heroes of the national-state version of history are personalities who are a kind of symbols of the formation and establishment of statehood.

This paper examines two research questions: How do teachers refer to historical figures when teaching difficult past events? Which approaches to teaching difficult past events are reflected in teac...

Postać św. Jacka Odrowąża, dominikanina urodzonego według tradycji w Kamieniu Śląskim, odgrywała i nadal bardzo szczególną rolę w społeczno-politycznej rzeczywistości Górnego Śląska, regionu stanowiącego od wieków polsko-niemieckie pogranicze kulturowe. W przeszłości zdarzało się, że ludzie uważający się za duchowych spadkobierców czy naśladowców tej postaci stawali po przeciwnych stronach barykady, gdy rozstrzygała się sprawa politycznej przyszłości ich małej ojczyzny oraz jej związków z Polską i Niemcami. W późniejszym czasie św. Jacek Odrowąż stał się jednym z patronów podjętego przez polski Kościół dzieła duchowej integracji Śląska Opolskiego z Polską w jej nowych granicach państwowych, ukształtowanych w wyniku drugiej wojny światowej. Znakomitą ilustrację tych różnych funkcji społecznych kultu św. Jacka Odrowąża stanowią biografie trzech postaci historycznych, których losy w szczególny sposób wpisały się w historię zmagań o miejsce Górnego Śląska we współczesnej Europie.

Authors of biofiction fictionalize the lives of actual historical figures not so much to represent the past accurately as to create a new reality in the present and for the future. In this essay, t...

The article covers a little-known campaign of state terror in Soviet Ukraine in 1947-1949 against anarchists who remained the faithful to the radical ideology of former anarchists. During these years, the Soviet punitive authorities launched a new phase of extermination of «suspicious» elements as «dangerous state criminals,» re-arresting and sending to camps and exiles anarchists who had served all their sentences and found themselves in settlement or to freedom. On the specific examples of famous historical figures: the leader and theorist of anarchism A. Andreiev and his wife Z. Handlevska, Makhno’s commander and propagandist M. Uralov and ordinary «dissatisfied with the regime» citizens who allowed «left» radical statements about the Soviet system, (from the point of view of law and logic) of the campaign of state terror. The fates of the victims show that the Stalinist regime was aimed at complete spiritual and legal subjugation of the people.

The study of the British ‘soldier-hero’ as a political and cultural icon after 1945 has been largely confined to literature concerned with the memory of historical figures. Rarely have scholars con...

This article proposes a brief overview of the existing points of view concerning the emergence of the Ancient Israel state. The key question is the existence of the unified monarchy with Jerusalem as its capital which controlled the territories of Judea and Samaria. The scarcity of the archaeological findings makes this question dependent on how the historicity of the Biblical accounts on Saul, David and Solomon is seen. Some researches regard them as mythological while others as historical figures. Reconstructions of ancient history are never ideologically sterile, so the most important ideology here is Yahwism, a religious movement which gradually evolved from one step to another. Deuteronomist (the author of the Samuel-Kings cycle, most likely, a collective one) obviously adhered to his own version of Yahwism.

Merzifon is a town that has produced valuable historical figures for Islamic science and cultural life since the time of Celebi Sultan Mehmed (816824/1413-1421). These include scholars, faqihs, Sufis, qadis, and muftis. We should remember Abdurrahim Merzifoni, who was at the head of this science and cultural army. Muhammed Kocevi (d. 931/1524), who was mentioned among scholars of the era of Sultan Bayezid by Tashkopruzade, became a professor at Merzifon Madrasa. After Ilyas er-Rumi, Crimean Seyyid Ahmed b. Abdullah took the lead in education and training in Merzifon Madrasa. Another person who was a professor at Merzifon during the reign of Sultan Murad was Abdullah al-Amasi. Among the scholars of the Yavuz Sultan Selim period, we can also mention Molla Bunyad b. Muhammed b. Ivaz b. Murad b. Osman er-Rumi el-Merzifoni.

Objectives In this brief communication we discuss issues concerning scientific rigour in palaeopathological publications, particularly studies published in clinical or general science journals, that employ skeletal analysis to elucidate the lives and deaths of historical figures or interpret “mysterious” assemblages or burials. We highlight the relationship between poor methodological rigour and lack of interdisciplinary communication, and discuss how this can result in scientifically weak, sensational narratives being presented to the public. Conclusions Although most high profile publications involving analysis of archaeological human remains are methodologically sound and well interpreted, others have suffered from poor scientific rigour stemming from an apparent lack of awareness of anthropological methods and ethics. When these publications are highlighted by the press, sensationalistic narratives are perpetuated which may reflect poorly on our discipline and give the public unrealistic expectations about our work. Suggestions for future research We suggest that best practice in high-profile paleopathological research include recruitment of a range of authors and reviewers from clinical sciences, anthropology, and the humanities, consideration of the ethical issues surrounding retrospective diagnosis, and transparency with the press in regards to the limitations inherent in this kind of work.

Recording Kastom brings together the expeditionary journals of one of anthropology’s most significant historical figures, the Cambridge scholar Alfred Cort Haddon. The book presents Haddon’s fieldw...

Jon Saklofske, in his paper "The Motif of the Collector and History in Ondaatje's Work" recognizes that Ondaatje rescues Buddy Bolden from historical obscurity by elevating and complicating the musician's largely forgotten history with a self-conscious and largely fictional synthesis of memory and imagination. The liberties Ondaatje takes in Coming Through Slaughter with his subject to achieve this re-presentation and the ownership of the portrait that results exposes this type of authorial activity as a problematic appropriation. Saklofske suggests that to understand the implications of Ondaatje's activity it is useful to compare his efforts with Walter Benjamin's "collector" figure, who is both a selfish, destructive thief, and a careful preserver. As a collector, Ondaatje becomes the owner and an essential part of this transformed and personalised image of Bolden. Further, Saklofske argues that Ondaatje preserves Bolden's presence, actively confronts historical exclusivity, and interrupts his own authority over his subject. Although his interaction with actual historical figures decreases with successive novels, Ondaatje's personal encounter with the impersonal machine of history continues, asserting itself repeatedly as a successful strategy against destructiveness or authoritative exclusion. Jon Saklofske, "The Motif of the Collector and History in Ondaatje's Work" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.3 (2004)

To write a biography is a daunting task but if done correctly and fairly, it can be a magnificent piece of historical literature. A biography, and especially an autobiography, is a literary genre that can assist any historian to see past events directly through the eyes of the person about whose life is being written. Some historical figures can boast a long list of biographies due to their popularity during their lifetime or shortly after it. Others are either merely mentioned briefly in other publications or their biographies are limited due to a variety of external factors. When it comes to Benjamin Johannis (or is it Barend Johannes?) Viljoen, his life story is finally explained thoroughly for the first time by the Stellenbosch historian, Dr Carel van der Merwe.

Los dirigentes de las excolonias españolas en América, con la independen- cia, asumieron, entre otras, la tarea de construir el Estado y la nación. Así, durante el siglo xix hubo diversas propuestas elaboradas por políticos e intelectuales de varios países latinoamericanos. En ese contexto, más allá de observar varias coincidencias fundamentales y algunas diferencias notables, es interesante constatar que muchos de estos pensadores utilizaban la literatura como un arma política en la lucha y en los de- bates por sus ideas. Uno de los medios más empleados fue la prensa, otro, la construc- ción de diálogos ficticios entre personajes históricos, como los que muy tempranamente realizara Bernardo de Monteagudo entre Atahualpa y Fernando VII. Sin poder ana- lizarlos todos, este trabajo es una primera reflexión sobre una serie de estos diálogos decimonónicos publicados por el hondureño José Cecilio del Valle, «Diálogos de diver- sos muertos sobre la Independencia de la América», por considerarlo una propuesta clave a la hora de desandar el camino de la explicación del complejo entramado entre literatura, pensamiento político e independencia en las sociedades latinoamericanas en las primeras décadas del siglo xix.

By drawing on postcolonial feminist discourse and Hamid Naficy’s (2001) notion of ‘accented’ cinema, in particular his approach of combining the interstitial position of exilic and diasporic filmmakers with concepts of authorship and genre, this paper explores the intersection between biographical film, gendered rewriting of history, and self-narrative as a site of resistance to nationalist and patriarchal ideologies in Shirin Neshat’s Looking for Oum Kulthum (2017). I argue that Neshat’s authorial style and her position as an exilic artist inflect the biographical film in its traditional form, showcasing an innovative perspective on the genre, restructuring it to reveal the constructedness of not only a cinematic process, but also of history and historical figures. Blending the stories of a present-day Iranian woman filmmaker and the professional life of the legendary Egyptian singer Oum Kulthum, Neshat displaces the biopic from its Western-centric roots by explicitly opening it up to a discourse of contemporary gender politics in the Middle East. In doing so, she exposes the social forces that shape the production of the biopic in relation to the notion of female authorship in the context of the transcultural circuits and feminist reclaiming of Oum Kulthum’s international stardom.

Amongst the numerous historical figures neglected by historians during the years of apartheid, Sol Plaatje is considered as a ‘notable casualty’. A number of attempts to document the life of Plaatj...