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Current treatment approaches cannot exactly regenerate cartilage tissue. Regarding some problems encountered with cell therapy, exosomes are advantageous because of their "cell-free" nature. This study examines the relationship between IL-10 and TGF-β and Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signal pathways in human adipose tissue-derived MSCs exosomes (hAT-MSCs-Exos) after in vitro chondrogenic differentiation. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT-MSCs) and, as a control group, human fetal chondroblast cells (hfCCs) were differentiated chondrogenically in vitro. Exosome isolation and characterization analyses were performed. Chondrogenic differentiation was shown by Alcian Blue and Safranin O stainings. The expression levels of IL-10, TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway genes, and Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway genes, which play an essential role in chondrogenesis, were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Conditioned media cytokine levels were measured by using the TGF-β and IL-10 ELISA kits. IL-10 expression was upregulated in both chondrogenic differentiated hAT-MSC-Exos (dhAT-MSC-Exos) (p < 0.0001). In the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGF-β (p < 0.0001), SMAD2 (p < 0.0001), SMAD4 (p < 0.001), ACAN (p < 0.0001), SOX9 (p < 0.05) and COL1A2 (p < 0.0001) expressions were upregulated in dhAT-MSC-Exos. SMAD3 expression was upregulated in non-differentiated hAT-MSC-Exos. In the Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, WNT (p < 0.0001) and CTNNB1(p < 0.0001) expressions were upregulated in dhAT-MSC-Exos. AXIN (p < 0.0001) expression was upregulated in non-differentiated hAT-MSC-Exos. TGF-β and IL-10 levels were higher in dhAT-MSCs) (p < 0.0001). Related to these results, IL-10 may induce TGF-β/SMAD and Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in hAT-MSC exosomes obtained after chondrogenic differentiation. Therefore, using these exosomes for cartilage regeneration can lead to the development of treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diseases threaten agricultural sustainability by reducing crop yields. Rapid and accurate disease identification is crucial for effective management. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have facilitated the development of automated systems for disease detection. This study focuses on enhancing the classification of diseases and estimating their severity in coffee leaf images. To do so, we propose a novel approach as the preprocessing step for the classification in which enhanced multivariance product representation (EMPR) is used to decompose the considered image into components, a new image is constructed using some of those components, and the contrast of the new image is enhanced by applying high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) to highlight the diseased parts of the leaves. Popular convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures, including AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet50, are evaluated. Results show that VGG16 achieves the highest classification accuracy of approximately 96%, while all models perform well in predicting disease severity levels, with accuracies exceeding 85%. Notably, the ResNet50 model achieves accuracy levels surpassing 90%. This research contributes to the advancement of automated crop health management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The handling of missing attribute values remains a challenging and problematic issue in data analysis. Imputation techniques are key procedures used to deal with missing attribute values. However, although these methods are widely used, they cause data bias. Rough set theory, a unique mathematical tool for decision making under uncertainty, overcomes this problem by properly adjusting the relationships. Rough sets are often preferred in both classification and sorting problems. The aim of sorting problems is to sort the objects in the decision table (DT) from best to worst and/or to select the best one. For this purpose, it is necessary to obtain a pairwise comparison table (PCT) from the DT. However, in the presence of missing values, the transformation from DT to PCT is not feasible because there are no ranking methods in the literature for sorting problems based on rough sets. To address this limitation, this paper presents a way to transform from DT to PCT and introduces a generalization of the relation belonging to the "do not care" type of missing values in the dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA) to the decision support tool jRank. We also adapted the DomLem algorithm to enable it to work in PCT with missing values. We applied our method step by step to a decision table with 11 objects and investigated the effect of missing values. The experimental results showed that our proposed approach captures the semantics of 'do not care' type missing values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ramî Mehmed Pasha, who lived between 1655 and 1708, made a name for himself in the political history of the Ottoman Empire with his success in the Treaty of Karlowitz and his activities during his grand viziership. He became one of the well-known authors of Ottoman literature with his divanche and prose works, which include his poems under the pen name Ramî. With his interest in science and literature and the power of being a statesman, Ramî Mehmed Pasha took a close interest in the poets and writers living in his time, established close friendships with some of them and undertook the task of meeting their various needs. Due to these qualities of Ramî Mehmed Pasha, many poets presented poems to him, especially the eulogy, and set history for his various activities. This article aims to initiate studies on the political and literary identity of this famous figure of the 17th century through the identified poems. In the article, after an introductory part, the life of Ramî Mehmed Pasha is briefly explained. The identified poems were classified according to their verse forms. Based on the poems, it has been tried to evaluate the character, literary personality and statesman identity of Ramî Mehmed Pasha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dominance based rough set approach is important in studies conducted with datasets containing uncertainty. In this study, a dataset consisting of 1030 samples obtained in the laboratory regarding compressive strength of concrete has been considered. The decision attribute, which has continuous values, has been made discrete for applying dominance relation. In order to measure performance, samples in the dataset have been divided into two groups: the training set and the testing set. This process has been done in a way that corresponds to the distribution of each class within the dataset. On the other hand, since there is a class which has more or less samples than the others, synthetic data generation has been done with Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) in order to handle the between-class imbalance problem and equalize the number of samples in the classes. As a result, the training set has been made perfectly balanced. A decision-support model which extracts "if... then..." exact decision rules has been designed to be used in determining the quality or compressive strength of the concrete samples by using dominance based rough set approach. Performance of these rules on the testing set through the confusion matrix has been discussed. The experimental results show that performance of the exact decision rules induced by the dominance rough set approach on the testing set is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguistic categories (aqsām al-lafẓ) of Islamic Jurisprudence (Uṣūl al-Fiqh) have recently become a source of interest to both Arabic linguists as well as scholars of Islamic Law. There seems to be a widespread tendency, however, among contemporary scholars to approach to them without any concern to highlight aspects where they are similar to, or different from, each other, unless such a comparison was already made in classical manuals of Islamic Jurisprudence, even where the occasion demands the otherwise. One such occasion concerns muštarak and muškil, the two linguistic categories that fall under the first and the second linguistic categorizations respectively. While uṣūlīs compare muštarak with its co-subcategories (e.g. khāṣṣ) and muškil with its co-subcategories (e.g. khafī), they do not compare muštarak and muškil with each other despite the striking similarities between them. These similarities might compromise the integrity of the linguistic categorization due to the seeming existence of two separate categories for what appears to be the same concept. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the two categories in a comparative way to establish the nature of the relationship between the two, which is an issue, to the best of my knowledge, that has never been addressed in the previous literature, thus constituting an important gap that needs to be filled. The need to fill this gap becomes more urgent as the contemporary works that discuss muštarak and muškil define these two categories almost identical, sometimes even providing the same examples for each one of them, without noting the nature of the difference between them, which epitomizes the degree of misunderstanding which this gap in the classical literature can lead to today. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper provides, for the first time, a comparative analysis of muštarak and muškil. Falling back upon classical manuals of Islamic Jurisprudences within the Ḥanafī school, the present work argues that the difference between muštarak and muškil is that in the case of muškil, the assigned meanings of a given ambiguous expression has not yet thought through and requires two types of inquiries, namely ṭalab, which is to list the assigned meanings in use, and taʾammul, which is to determine which one of the assigned meanings of the ambiguous expression is meant on a given speech/writing occasion. However, in the case of muštarak, the assigned meanings of a given ambiguous expression have already been worked out and therefore are already known by the addressee(s) on a given speech/writing occasion, thus requiring only the inquiry of taʾammul. Therefore, this paper further argues that after its meanings in use are determined through taʾammul, muškil turns into muštarak. In this regard, muškil expression can be said to be an earlier version of muštarak, just as muštarak can be referred to be an earlier version of muʾawwal after one of its assigned meanings are preponderated upon through taʾwīl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]