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Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) is a leafy vegetable highly consumed in many parts of the world as a very popular ingredient of different diets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of soil properties and fertilization on yield, mineral composition, total phenolics, antioxidant and biological activity of Swiss chard. The mineral composition of Swiss chard was generally affected by soil properties. The fertilization at 50% of recommended level (110 kg ha -1 N, 90 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 and 100 kg ha -1 K 2 O per season) affected negatively yield and on the other hand affected positively antioxidant activity, while fertilization at 150% of recommended level had a contrary effect. The available K in soil affected the yield positively. Total phenolics were in negative correlation with the yield. The positive relationship of total phenolics and content of Mn in chard was noticed. The greatest efficacy in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines was obtained by Swiss chard extract from plants fertilized at 150% of recommended level.

Land degradation neutrality (LDN) is an integral part of the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development. Montenegro actively works on LDN target setting process. This paper aims to present: (a) the basic principles of LDN concept, (b) global datasets provided by UNCCD, (c) SWOT analysis for the country, and (d) to discuss possible national datasets and further activities related to LDN. LDN Target indicator is measured by means of three sub-indicators: land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon (SOC), and it could be broaden with national indicators. Country has been provided by UNCCCD with global dataset on three sub-indicators, as well as with watershed boundaries, but is encouraged to utilize their own datasets. ESA land cover data indicate the conversion of 2460 ha of forests into to croplands or shrubs. Land productivity dynamics data indicated that 74300 ha of territory have sort of negative trends in land productivity. SOC at the country level indicates average content of 125.1 t/ha. Ten potential hotspots in the country had reduction of land productivity dynamics caused by wildfires, whereas five hotspots had multiple drivers of land degradation among which fires, agricultural abandonment and urbanization are the most important. Although there is a certain inaccuracy in global datasets, the country decision is to utilize them in defining LDN baseline. The national working group defined four specific voluntary targets: (1) Avoiding, minimizing land degradation, and redirecting land use changes, (2) Increase of land productivity - reduction of soil degradation, (3), Protection of natural ecosystems from wildfires, and (4) Improvement of soil monitoring system. Accordingly, 25 associated measures are defined to achieve LDN up to 2030. They are related to enhancement of LDN baseline in Montenegro, environmental legislations, direct measures to prevent, minimize land degradation and restore degraded land, sustainable agriculture and forestry, land use

The impact of climate change on potato cultivation in Montenegro was assessed. Three scenarios (A1B, A1Bs and A2) for 2001-2030, 2071-2100 and 2071-2100, respectively, were generated by a regional climate model and compared with the baseline period 1961-1990. The results indicated an increase of temperature during the summer season from 1.3 to 4.8 degrees C in the mountain region and from 1 to 3.4 degrees C in the coastal zone. The precipitation decreased between 5 and 50% depending on the scenario, region and season. The changes in temperature and precipitation influenced phenology, yield and water needs. The impact was more pronounced in the coastal areas than in the mountain regions. The growing season was shortened 13.6, 22.9 and 29.7 days for A1B, A1Bs and A2, respectively. The increase of irrigation requirement was 4.0, 19.5 and 7.3 mm for A1B, A1Bs and A2, respectively. For the baseline conditions, yield reduction under rainfed cultivation was lower than 30%. For A1B, A1Bs and A2 scenarios, yield reductions were 31.0 +/- 8.2, 36.3 +/- 11.6 and 34.1 +/- 10.9%, respectively. Possible adaptation measures include shifting of production to the mountain (colder) areas and irrigation application. Rainfed cultivation remains a viable solution when the anticipation of sowing is adopted.

This paper presents the results of water balance simulations on winter wheat production in the area around Bijelo Polje. Winter wheat production over three years and on two soil types has been simulated with the CROPWAT and ISAREG models. The simulated results have proved variations between the two models and the measured yield. Crop evapotranspiration ranges between 304.5 to 463.3 mm. The relative yield obtained after the simulations is very similar to the relative yield obtained on a measured basis, except in the 2008/2009 season. Net irrigation requirements (NIR) to obtain the maximum yield are higher at 49-116 mm in the simulations with the CROPWAT model. The total NIR to maximize yield ranges between 84-300 mm depending on the season and model. Water use efficiency ranges from 0.82 to 1.28 kg/m3. The obtained results verified both models as good tools for determining winter wheat water balance and indicated that winter wheat yields could be improved with irrigation.

Vinova loza (Vitis vinifera L., familija Vitaceae), globalno, je jedna odnajznačajnijih voćaka zbog velike upotrebne vrijednosti grožđa. Grožđe i proizvodi odgrožđa predmet su mnogih savremenih istraživanja, posebno zbog biološki aktivnihsekundarnih metabolita. Među ovim jedinjenjima se izdvajaju fenolna jedinjenja zbogizraženog antikancerogenog, antimutagenog, antiinflamatornog, antialergijskog iantimikrobnog djelovanja. Iako je fenolni sastav genetski određen, sadržaj fenolnihjedinjenja kao sekundarnih metabolita umnogome zavisi od primijenjenih agrotehničkihmjera, ali i uslova životne sredine. Od posebnog značaja su istraživanja vezana zamogućnost uticaja na akumulaciju fenolnih jedinjenja, kao na primjer preko primjenerazličitih formulacija, doza i kombinacija đubriva.Glavni cilj ove doktorske disertacije bilo je ispitivanje hemijskog sastava grožđai praćenje uticaja folijarnog đubrenja sa fosforom i kalijumom na sadržaj fenolnihjedinjenja, kao i šećera i organskih kiselina. Imajući u vidu da su P i K od krucijalnogznačaja za sintezu ugljenih hidtrata, kao i transport asimilata do skladišnih organa,očekivan je pozitivan efekat na akumulaciju primarnih, a indirektno i sekundarnihmetabolita. S druge strane, mogućnost da sadržaj P u pojedinim organima vinove lozegajene na krečnjačkim zemljištima bude nizak predstavljala je još jedan od razloga zbogkojeg je odlučeno da se sprovede prihranjivanje preko lista sa đubrivom koje u svomsastavu sadrži i P.Sastavni dio istraživanja bilo je i proučavanje međusobnih veza primarnih isekundarnih metabolita u grožđu sa hranljivim elementima u listu vinove loze.Istraživanje je izvedeno na stonoj sorti 'Kardinal' tokom sazrijevanja u tritermina, tokom dvije uzastopne godine. Folijarno je primjenjivano PK đubrivo, saveoma malim količinama B, Mn i Mo, u tri navrata svakih 14–15 dana. Prvo tretiranjeobavljeno je 15 dana prije početka šarka.Zbog boljeg definisanja agroekoloških uslova, urađena je i analiza zemljišta, apodaci o srednjo, he grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae family), is one of the most important fruit at a global level because of the extensive use of grapes around the world. Grapes and grape products are subject to many modern studies, especially those looking at biologically active secondary metabolites. Among these, phenolic compounds have received great attention due to their strong anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic and antimicrobial activity. Although phenolic composition is genetically determined, the content of phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites largely depends on applied agricultural practices and environmental conditions. Of particular interest are investigations on the possibility of influencing the accumulation of phenolic compounds, e.g. through the application of different formulations, rates and combinations of fertilisers. The main objective of this dissertation was to examine the chemical composition of grapes and monitor the impact of foliar feeding with phosphorus and potassium on the content of phenolic compounds, sugars and organic acids. Bearing in mind the crucial importance of P and K in the synthesis of carbohydrates and transport of assimilates to storage organs, a positive effect on the accumulation of primary metabolites and indirect influence on secondary metabolites is expected. On the other hand, foliar fertilisation with P was also carried out because the possibility of low P content in some organs of grapevine grown on calcareous soils. An integral part of the research was the study of the relationships between primary and secondary metabolites in grapes and nutrients in the grapevine leaf. This study was conducted on cv. ‘Cardinal’ during grape ripening in three terms over two consecutive years. PK foliar fertiliser containing very small amounts of B, Mn and Mo, was applied three times every 14–15 days. The first treatment was performed 15 days before the beginning of veraison. For a better definition of a

This paper presents the results of water-balance simulations in silage-corn production in the area around Bijelo Polje. Silage-maize production was simulated with CropWat and ISAREG models over three years and on two soil types. The simulated results showed a the variation between the two models and measured the difference in yield. Crop evapotranspiration over the three seasons ranged between 339.3mm and 421.8 mm. Net irrigation requirements were higher by 30-70 mm in the simulations with the CropWat model. Water-use efficiency ranged from 7.44 kg/m3 to 11.51 kg/m3. The obtained results confirmed both models as good tools in silage-maize water.

Phosphorus fractions from three highly calcareous soils (average, 24.9 ± 4.8 %CO3 2-) from sampling sites with a Mediterranean climate were isolated by sequential extraction. In order to provide a more reliable basis for the definition of the obtained P-fractions, principal component analysis was applied and from the chemical characteristics of the 14 investigated soils, those characteristics which define the content and association features of the P-fractions were assessed. The soils are characterized by a relatively high pH (8.0 - 8.2) and by significantly differing contents of organic mater, acid-soluble Mg and total P. These differences affected the various association features of the P-fraction with the soil constituents. The NH4F-P fraction (isolated with 0.5 M NH4F, pH 8.2) is defined by the contents of the main metals of the oxide-hydroxide- clay associations (Al, Fe,Mn) or by the the redox potential (Eh) of Mn. The accumulation of NaOH-phosphorus (extractable with 0.1M NaOH) depended on the constituents of the oxide-hydroxide-clay association, the humic substances and Eh-related factors. In those soils in which NaOH-Pis defined by the oxide-hydroxide-clay association, the participation of Fe as a bridge-forming metal is proposed. The main part of total P, i.e., ∆P = TP - (NH 4F-P + NaOH-P) is defined by the status of Mn- and Fe-humic complexes or by the concentration of hydroxyl-ions., Iz tri visoko-krečnjačka zemljišta (prosečni sadržaj CO 3 2- 24.9 ± 4.8%, pH 8.0 - 8.2), sa lokacija sa sredozemnom klimom, izolovane su frakcije fosfora sekvencijalnom ekstrakcijom. U cilju obezbeđivanja pouzdanije osnove za definisanje dobijenih frakcijafosfora (P-frakcija), primenjena je analiza principalne komponente (PC-analiza). Među 14 hemijskih karakteristika zemljišta, izdvojene su one koje definišu sadržaj pojedinih P-frakcija i prirodu njihove asocijacije sa sastojcima zemljišta. Frakcija NH 4-P (izolovana sa 0,5M NH 4F, pH = 8,2) definisana je sadržajem glavnih metala oksidne-hidroksidne-glinene asocijacije (Al, Fe, Mn) ili Eh-statusom izraženim sadržajem Mn. Akumulacija NaOH-P (ekstrahovanog sa 0,1 M NaOH) zavisila je od sastojaka oksidne-hidroksidne-glinene asocijacije, od huminskih supstanci i od faktora koji stoje u vezi sa Eh. U onim zemljištima u kojima je NaOH-P definisana sastojcima oksidne-hidroksidne-glinene asocijacije, pretpostavljeno je vezivanje fosfora preko Fe-mostova. Glavna količina fosfora ∆P = TP - (NH 4F-P + NaOH-P), u pojedinim zemljištima definisana je ili statusom Mn- i Fe-huminskih kompleksa, ili pH-vrednošću.