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4. FENCING DISTANCE.

Author

Toran, Giancarlo

Abstract

The article offers the views of Giancarlo Toran, president of the Italian Fencing Masters Association, on fencing distance. He says that fencing distance during a bout must be carefully evaluated by knowing what distance to maintain, managed by controlling when to enter or exit the right distance, and predicted by foreseeing an opponent's intention and action. He also states that the fencer who will prevail is the one who can accurately determine the exact moment when to enter into distance when the opponent is unprepared.

Published
2008

5. Functional Cortico-Muscular Coupling During Upright Standing in Athletes and Nonathletes: A Coherence Elec encephalographic-Electromyographic Study.

Author

Vecchio, Fabrizio, Marzano, Nicola, Aschieri, Pierluigi, Cabras, Jessica, Babiloni, Claudio, Del Percio, Claudio, Fiore, Antonio, Toran, Giancarlo, Gallamini, Michele, Rossini, Paolo Maria, and Eusebi, Fabrizio

Subjects
*ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY, *MOTOR ability, *DIAGNOSIS of brain diseases, *ELECTRODIAGNOSIS, *ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, *VISUAL evoked response
Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that functional cortico-muscular coupling of brain rhythms is implied in the control of lower limb muscles for upright standing. Electroencephalographic (EEG; Be-plus Eb-Neuro) and electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded in 18 fencing and 19 karate elite athletes, 14 karate amateurs, and 9 non-athletes, during quiet upright standing with open and closed eyes conditions. Cortico-muscular coupling was evaluated by computing EEG-EMG spectral coherence and directed transfer function (DTF). Body sway area did not differ among the groups. In non-athletes, the EEG-EMG coherence (gastrocnemius lateralis) at centro-parietal and parasylvian alpha rhythms (about 8-12 Hz) was higher during the open than closed eyes condition. This was not true in the elite athletes. At the same alpha rhythms, the sport amateurs presented values halfway between the non-athletes and elite athletes. Finally, the DTF was higher for cortico-muscular than muscular-cortical direction. These results suggest that visual information affects cortico-muscular coherence at 8-12 Hz in non-athletes and amateur athletes but not in elite athletes. In elite athletes, this might be due to a long training for the control of equilibrium based on proprioceptive and tactile inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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