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Objectives: Lorlatinib, a third-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, causes distinct adverse events (AEs), including hyperlipidemia and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although dose modifications are recommended to manage these AEs, whether dose modifications can achieve optimal blood lorlatinib concentrations and reduce the incidence of lorlatinib-induced AEs remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the association between lorlatinib exposure and AEs in each patient., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with advanced ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer treated with lorlatinib between November 2018 and July 2022. Serum lorlatinib concentrations were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All AEs were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0., Results: The median age of the 55 eligible patients was 59 years (range: 23-79 years). All patients were administered lorlatinib after first line ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitor failure. Grade ≥ 3 AEs occurred in 25 patients (25/55, 45 %), including hyperlipidemia in 17 (17/55, 31 %), CNS disorders in 7 (7/55, 13 %), and edema in 6 (6/55, 11 %). Dose modification was required in 23 patients (23/55, 42 %). Among the 36 patients with available data on serum lorlatinib levels at day 28 (±14) and no drug dose modifications, lorlatinib serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with grade ≥ 3 AEs than in those without AEs (median: 462 ng/mL vs. 177 ng/mL, p < 0.01). In eight patients with data on serial lorlatinib serum concentrations following dose modifications, lorlatinib serum concentrations were effectively reduced, facilitating the ongoing administration of lorlatinib. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the landmark analysis of progression-free survival between patients with dose modification within the first 16 weeks and those without (median: 24.8 months vs. 10.1 months, p = 0.46)., Conclusion: Dose modification of lorlatinib was associated with successful management of AEs and decreased serum concentration of lorlatinib., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic disease associated with the functional tumour suppressor genes TSC1 and TSC2 and causes structural destruction in the lungs, which could potentially increase the risk of lung cancer. However, this relationship remains unclear because of the rarity of the disease., Methods: We investigated the relative risk of developing lung cancer among patients diagnosed with LAM between 2001 and 2022 at a single high-volume centre in Japan, using data from the Japanese Cancer Registry as the reference population. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in cases where tumour samples were available., Results: Among 642 patients diagnosed with LAM (sporadic LAM, n = 557; tuberous sclerosis complex-LAM, n = 80; unclassified, n = 5), 13 (2.2%) were diagnosed with lung cancer during a median follow-up period of 5.13 years. All patients were female, 61.5% were never smokers, and the median age at lung cancer diagnosis was 53 years. Eight patients developed lung cancer after LAM diagnosis. The estimated incidence of lung cancer was 301.4 cases per 100,000 person-years, and the standardized incidence ratio was 13.6 (95% confidence interval, 6.2-21.0; p = 0.0008). Actionable genetic alterations were identified in 38.5% of the patients (EGFR: 3, ALK: 1 and ERBB2: 1). No findings suggested loss of TSC gene function in the two patients analysed by NGS., Conclusion: Our study revealed that patients diagnosed with LAM had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer. Further research is warranted to clarify the carcinogenesis of lung cancer in patients with LAM., (© 2024 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)

Introduction: Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is a predictive biomarker for the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death receptor-1/PD-L1 antibodies in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although several assays have been approved for evaluating PD-L1 expression status, inter-assay discordance has been observed between some assays. The clinical significance of these discrepancies is still unclear., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed treatment-naïve NSCLC patients whose PD-L1 expression was evaluated using both 22C3 and SP142 assays. Among those, efficacy analysis was performed for patients with PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50 % (22C3), who had received first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy. Additionally, transcriptome analysis was conducted in the available tumors with TPS ≥ 50 % to investigate the distinct immune profiles that accompany inter-assay discordance., Results: In total, 611 patients were eligible. Among 198 patients with TPS ≥ 50 %, 91 (46 %) had tumor cell score ≤ 1 (SP142, i.e., inter-assay discrepancy). In the 52 patients who received first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy, treatment efficacy was significantly lower in patients with the discrepancy than that in those without (objective response rate: 18 % vs. 83 %, p < 0.001; median progression-free survival [months]: 3.2 vs. 8.3, p < 0.001). Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly more CD274 splice variants with aberrant 3'-terminal sequences in tumors with the inter-assay discrepancy than in those without., Conclusion: The inter-assay discrepancy in the PD-L1 status of tumor cells between the 22C3 and SP142 assays, reflecting an imbalance in the CD274 splice variants, could be a biomarker for primary resistance against pembrolizumab monotherapy in high PD-L1-expressing NSCLCs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Traditionally, relapsed SCLC has been classified as "sensitive" or "refractory" on the basis of cutoff values (60 or 90 d) for the duration between the last chemotherapy and disease progression. Nevertheless, these cutoff values are not derived from rigorous analytical methods, and their applicability to contemporary treatments remains uncertain., Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study on patients with extensive-stage SCLC who underwent second-line therapy after platinum-doublet chemotherapy with or without immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) resistance before (pre-ICI cohort) and after (post-ICI cohort) approval of combination immunotherapy. We selected the optimal platinum-free interval cutoff value with the lowest two-sided p value in the multivariable Cox regression model for second-line overall survival. The internal validity of the chosen cutoff value was assessed using twofold cross-validation., Results: There were 235 and 98 patients in the pre-ICI and post-ICI cohorts, respectively. In the pre-ICI cohort, the optimal cutoff was 59 days (p = 0.0001); the hazard ratio calculated using twofold cross-validation was 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.95-1.82]). In the post-ICI cohort, although the 60- and 90-day cutoff values could predict prognosis (60 d; p = 0.002, 90 d; p = 0.005), the optimal cutoff value was 75 days (p = 0.0002), which resulted in a median second-line overall survival of 15.9 and 5.0 months for patients with sensitive and refractory relapse, respectively (hazard ratio = 2.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.56-4.93)., Conclusions: We clarified the previously ambiguous cutoff values for classifying relapsed SCLC and revealed that the 75-day cutoff most accurately predicts subsequent prognosis than the traditional cutoffs in the post-ICI era., (Copyright © 2023 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Risk factors for predicting pneumonitis during durvalumab consolidation after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) are still lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication and are potential diagnostic tools for various diseases., Methods: We retrospectively collected predurvalumab treatment serum samples from patients treated with durvalumab for LA-NSCLC, isolated EVs using anti-CD9 and anti-CD63 antibodies, and performed proteomic analyses. We examined EV proteins that could predict the development of symptomatic pneumonitis (SP) during durvalumab treatment. Potential EV-protein biomarkers were validated in an independent cohort., Results: In the discovery cohort, 73 patients were included, 49 with asymptomatic pneumonitis (AP) and 24 with SP. Of the 5797 proteins detected in circulating EVs, 33 were significantly elevated (fold change [FC] > 1.5, p < 0.05) in the SP group, indicating enrichment of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Patients with high levels of EV-RELA, an NF-κB subunit, had a higher incidence of SP than those with low levels of EV-RELA (53.8% vs. 13.4%, p = 0.0017). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, EV-RELA demonstrated a higher area under the curve (AUC) than lung V20 (0.76 vs. 0.62) and was identified as an independent risk factor in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (p = 0.008, odds ratio 7.72). Moreover, high EV-RELA was also a predictor of SP in the validation cohort comprising 43 patients (AUC of 0.80)., Conclusions: Circulating EV-RELA may be a predictive marker for symptomatic pneumonitis in patients with LA-NSCLC treated with durvalumab., (© 2023 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Background: Sequential tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) following immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs). However, the factors and the types of TKIs that affect the incidence of SAEs remain unknown., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received sequential TKIs following ICIs between November 2015 and April 2021. All AEs were evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) ver 5.0., Results: Among 1,638 NSCLC patients who received ICIs, 63 patients received sequential TKIs following ICIs. The types of TKIs included EGFR-TKIs in 48 patients, ALK-TKIs in 10 patients, and others in 5 patients. The median dosing interval was 57 days (range: 7-698). Eighteen (28.6%) patients developed SAEs (Grade 3/4 or hospitalized). The incidence of SAEs and withdrawal of TKIs due to AEs were significantly higher in patients (n = 40) who initiated TKI treatment within 3 months after ICIs than in patients (n = 23) who initiated TKI treatment 3 months after ICIs (SAEs, 40.0% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.01; withdrawal rate: 57.5% vs. 21.7%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of SAEs and withdrawal rate due to AEs between EGFR-TKIs and other TKIs (SAE, 22.9% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.20; withdrawal rate: 41.7% vs. 53.3%, p = 0.55)., Conclusion: The dosing interval from last ICI to the initiation of TKI treatment can affects the incidence of SAEs and the withdrawal rate due to AEs regardless of the types of TKIs., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: It is still unclear whether patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with disease progression after initial immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, would benefit from ICIs readministration., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively collected data from patients with advanced NSCLC who received ICI retreatment. Depending on the disease status at the discontinuation of the initial ICI therapy, the patients were divided into two groups: with disease progression (PD group) and without disease progression (Without PD group). Patients in the Without PD group were required to experience disease progression during the treatment-free period. Efficacy was assessed by measuring the objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival in retreatment (PFS-R), while safety was assessed using the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs)., Results: 30 (46.7%) of 64 eligible patients were included in the PD group and 34 (53.1%) in the Without PD group. Patients in the Without PD group had better clinical outcomes than those in the PD group (ORR, 29.4% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.03, median PFS-R, 4.1 months vs. 2.2 months, hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-1.04; p = 0.07). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that patients in the Without PD group had significantly longer PFS-R than those in the PD group (HR 0.42, 95% CI, 0.21-0.85; p = 0.015). In terms of safety, 28.1% of patients observed irAEs during ICI retreatment, and the incidence rate of grade 3 or higher irAEs was 7.8%. Specifically, of the 28 patients who discontinued their initial ICI treatment because of irAEs, 35.7% developed irAEs, and 28.6% experienced relapsed irAEs during ICI retreatment., Conclusion: Immune checkpoint inhibitor retreatment demonstrated efficacy in patients who discontinued initial ICI therapy for reasons other than disease progression. However, ICI retreatment was ineffective in patients with disease progression during the initial ICI treatment., (© 2023 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Administration of 400 mg pembrolizumab every 6 weeks (400 mg Q6W) has been approved on the basis of the results of simulated pharmacokinetic modeling and exposure-response analyses. Nevertheless, the safety of switching dosage from 200 mg every 3 weeks (Q3W) to 400 mg Q6W during treatment remains unclear., Methods: This study involved patients (N = 45) with advanced NSCLC, in whom the pembrolizumab dosage was switched from 200 mg Q3W to 400 mg Q6W between August 2020 and November 2021 in our institute., Results: At the time of switching, the median age of the patients was 71 (range: 32-84) years, and 32 patients (71.1 %) were males. The median number of cycles of 200 mg Q3W before switching was six (range: 1-31). After switching, new or worsening immune-related adverse events (irAEs) occurred in 17 of the 45 patients (37.8%) within three cycles. The irAEs were pneumonitis in 11 patients (24.4%), diarrhea in three patients (6.7%), renal dysfunction in two patients (4.4%), adrenal dysfunction in two patients (4.4%), a skin rash in one patient (2.2%), fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus in one patient (2.2%)., Conclusions: The switching of pembrolizumab dosage from 200 mg Q3W to 400 mg Q6W resulted in the occurrence of new or worsening irAEs, in particular, pneumonitis, in the early cycles even in patients who had received stable treatment with 200 mg Q3W., (Copyright © 2022 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The effectiveness of PD-1 blockade therapy in advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited. We investigated whether patient characteristics, PD-L1 expression, and immune cell (IC) status in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were associated with PD-1 blockade therapy outcomes., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with PD-1 blockade (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) between January 2016 and March 2018. The PD-L1 expression tumor proportion score (TPS) and types and distribution of ICs (CD8, PD-1, CD204, tumoral, and stromal) in the TME were analyzed., Results: Among 57 EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients treated with PD-1 blockade, 39 patients had sufficient tissues for analyzing the TME. The overall response rate (ORR) of PD-1 blockade was 12.3%. Only tumoral CD8 positive (CD8 + ) IC status was significantly associated with the response (median tumoral CD8 + ICs: 299/mm 2 vs. 115/mm 2 , P < .01). Among the 6 patients with concurrent high PD-L1 expression (TPS: ≥ 50%)/high tumoral CD8 + ICs (≥ 205/mm 2 ), 5 (83.3%) showed a response and a significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) (PFS: 9.4M vs. 1.8M, P < .01). In contrast, none of the 7 patients with high PD-L1 expression/low tumoral CD8 + ICs (<205/mm 2 ) showed a response., Conclusion: Concurrent high PD-L1 expression and high tumoral CD8 + ICs could predict the response and longer PFS of PD-1 blockade therapy in EGFR-mutant patients., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: Nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been the standard of care in patients with previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of nivolumab and pembrolizumab., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of advanced NSCLC patients with PD-L1 (Programmed death-ligand 1) [clone:22C3] positive tumors (Tumor proportion score [TPS] ≥ 1%) who had been treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab as second- or subsequent line from 2015 to 2021.Propensity score matching was performed to reduce potential selection bias. We analyzed the clinical outcomes including objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and immune-related adverse events (irAEs)., Results: Among a total of 202 eligible patients, 72 pairs of patients from each group were identified after propensity score matching. There were no significant differences in ORR, PFS, and OS between the two agents (nivolumab vs. pembrolizumab: ORR, 23.6% vs. 20.8%, median PFS, 3.7 months vs. 4.6 months, hazard ratio [HR] 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 1.46; p = 0.92, and median OS, 27.4 months vs. 19.6 months, HR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.20; p = 0.24). Additionally, PFS was similar between the treatments in the PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% subgroup (median PFS, 3.7 months vs. 4.6 months, HR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.59; p = 0.82) and PD-L1 TPS 1-49% subgroup (median PFS, 3.7 months vs.4.6 months, HR 1.13; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.85; p = 0.61). There was also no significant difference in the frequency of grade ≥ 3 irAEs (9.7% vs. 11.1%; p = 1.0)., Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the efficacy and safety between nivolumab and pembrolizumab in advanced NSCLC patients with PD-L1-positive tumors in the subsequent line setting., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Computed tomography-guided needle biopsy (CT-GNB) has a high diagnostic yield for lung cancer but higher complication rates compared to those of other biopsy modalities. We sought to clarify in which thoracic lesions we could achieve a quick pathological diagnosis using CT-GNB, considering the risks and benefits. We retrospectively enrolled 110 patients who underwent CT-GNB and 547 patients who underwent transbronchial biopsy (TBB) for parenchymal lung lesions in clinical practice. The diagnostic rates of CT-GNB and TBB were 87.3% and 75.3%. After failed diagnosis with other biopsy modalities, 92.3% of patients were finally diagnosed using CT-GNB and 65.8% using TBB. In cases with a negative bronchial sign, there was a statistically higher diagnostic rate with CT-GNB than with TBB ( p < 0.001: 89.4% vs. 0%). Complication rates were higher with CT-GNB (50.9%) than with TBB (16.3%). However, there were lower rates of complications in cases with inhomogeneous tumors, subpleural lesions, and when more than 15 mm of the punctured needle length was within the target. We conclude that CT-GNB is an effective biopsy modality with a high diagnostic rate that is especially recommended when the bronchus sign is negative. It can be safely performed if risk factors for complications are taken into account.