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Bu çalışmada, seramik atıklarının karıştırmalıdeğirmende öğütülmesinde karıştırmahızına, öğütme süresine ve numunenin tane boyutuna bağlı olarak kırılmadavranışı incelenmiştir. Seramik atıklarının karıştırmalı değirmendeöğütülmesinde; çalışılan dar tane boyut gruplarında seramik atığının kırılmahızı, tane boyutuna bağlı olarak farklılık sergilemiştir. Tane boyutu büyüdükçekırılma hızının yavaşladığı, büyük dar tane boyut gruplarında ilk 1 dakikaiçinde hızlı başlayan kırılma olayının, öğütme süresindeki artışla değişerekkırılma hızının azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Yaklaşık 1 dakikalık öğütme süresisonunda kırılma hızlarının yavaşladığı belirlenen -2360+1700 µm ve -1180+850 µmboyut gruplarında kırılma davranışı doğrusal değildir. -425+300 µm boyutgrubunda kırılma davranışı doğrusal olup, bu tane boyutunda diğer iki boyutgrubuna göre daha hızlı bir kırılma olayı gerçekleşmiştir.

This study focused on the thermal gravimetric characterization of Turkish bituminous coals for combustion. The combustion properties considered were based on the burning profile of coal samples and their chars produced in a PL 1500 TGA apparatus. The coal seam samples used in the study were obtained from TTK (Turkish Hardcoal Enterprise) mines as channel samples. The majority of the samples from 12 seams were medium-volatile bituminous and only three of them were high-volatile bituminous. Combustion profile parameters of coal samples and chars were correlated with petrographic, proximate and ultimate analysis data in order to establish the combustion differences of the samples. The results indicated that only the combustion profile parameters of ignition and burnoff temperatures of coal were correlated with H/C ratio, fuel ratio and petrofactor. The amount of total reactive macerals showed a strong relationship with char reactivity for the same rank coal samples. However, the same result was not obtained for the whole range of coal samples, since rank effect was not included. The petrofactor, combining both effects of petrographic composition and reflectance data, showed a strong relationship with char reactivity for the whole range of coal samples.

This study is aimed at describing in detail the working principle of a Cyclojet cell developed by the Department of Mining Engineering of Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Turkey, and testing it to nd out whether it can be used in cleaning bituminous coal slimes. 80% of the bituminous coal slime used in the tests was ner than 53 m and it had an ash content of approximately 49%. By using the Cyclojet, the coal slimes yielded clean coal products having 11,32% ash content with 72,80% combustible matter recovery. Tests conducted in the Jameson cell with the same coal slimes produced clean coals having an ash content of 14,40% with 73,82% combustible matter recovery. A release test was also applied to the coal slimes in a mechanical cell in order to assess the otation performance of the Cyclojet cell and compare it with that of Jameson cell. In conclusion, it has been established that the Cyclojet cell produces cleaner products than the Jameson cell with approximately the same otation yields. The underlying reason is the cyclonic jet action (by centrifugal forces) occurring in the Cyclojet cell and a vortex ow on the cell surface, Bu çalışmada, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Maden Mühendisliği Bölümünde geliştirilmiş olan Siklojet hücresinin çalışma ilkeleri ayrıntılı olarak anlatılmış ve bitümlü kömür şlamlarının temizlenmesi için denenmiştir. Deneylerde kullanılan bitümlü şlam kömürün %80’i 53 mikronun altında olup kül içeriği yaklaşık %49’dur. Söz konusu şlam kömürlerden Siklojet hücresi ile %11,32 küllü temiz kömür %72,80 yanabilir madde verimi ile kazanılmıştır. Aynı kömürlerle Jameson hücresinde yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda %14,40 küllü temiz kömür, %73,82 yanabilir madde verimi ile kazanılmıştır. Ayrıca, Siklojet hücresinin flotasyon performansının değerlendirilebilmesi ve Jameson hücresi ile karşılaştırılabilmesi için mekanik hücrede kömür şlamlarına “release test” uygulanmıştır. Sonuçta, Siklojet hücresinin Jameson hücresine göre daha temiz ürünler verdiği ve flotasyon veriminin ise yaklaşık olarak aynı olduğu saptanmıştır. Bunun arkasında yatan temel neden, Siklojet hücresindeki siklonik jet hareketi (santrifüj kuvvetleri ile) ve hücre yüzeyinde meydana gelen girdap akımıdır

In this study, dry grinding of Armutçuk coal (d50 1 mm) were investigated in a laboratory scale pin-type vertical stirred mill. Grinding experiments were carried out with various diameter steel beads (6.5, 5.5, 4.5, 3.5 mm) at various grinding times (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 120, 240 s). Then, the results were plotted to see the effect of grinding time and bead size on the product fineness. The results showed that the products, median size (d50) became finer (19, 18, 16, 11 m) as the media sizes decreases (6.5, 5.5, 4.5, 3.5 mm) in 60 s grinding time. The efficiency of the stirred mill reduced dramatically after the 60 s grinding time and the fine particles were hardly ground after the 120 s grinding time., Bu çalışmada, ortalama tane boyutu 1 mm olan Armutçuk kömürünün laboratuar ölçekli dikey pinli bir karıştırmalı değirmende kuru olarak öğütülmesi araştırılmıştır. Öğütücü ortam olarak 4 farklı çapta (6.5, 5.5, 4.5, 3.5 mm) granüle çelik bilyalar kullanılmış ve değişik sürelerde (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 120, 240 saniye) öğütmeler yapılmıştır. Daha sonra bilya boyutunun ve öğütme süresinin ürün inceliği üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Çapları 6.5, 5.5, 4.5 ve 3.5 mm olan bilyalarla 60 saniye öğütme sonucunda elde edilen ürünlerin d50 boyutları sırasıyla 19, 18, 16 ve 11 m bulunmuştur. Öğütme süresi 60 saniyenin üzerine çıkarıldığı zaman öğütme verimi dramatik şekilde azalmış ve özellikle 120 saniyeden sonra tanelerin neredeyse hiç öğütülmediği görülmüştür.

ÖZET Bu araştırma, Amasra Bölgesinde üretim faaliyeti sürdürülen üç kömür sahasından alınan temsili numunelerin fiziksel, kimyasal, pet rografik özellikleri; yıkanabilme, flotasyon ile zenginleştirme; kö mür kül içeriğinin koklaşma özellikleri üzerine yaptığı etkilerin sap tanması ve kömür karışımlarının koklaştırılmasında, karışıma ilave edilebilecek maksimum Amasra kömürü miktarının saptanması için yapılan deneyleri ve deneylere ait değerlendirmeleri kapsamaktadır. Amasra, Kurucaşile ve Azdavay kömürlerinin kül İçeriği metalur- jik kok üretimi için çok yüksek değerde olduğu için bu iri boyutlu kö mürlerin (-100+0.5 mm boyut aralığı) fiziksel yöntemlerle, 0.5 mm al tı kömürlerin ise flotasyonla zenginleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yı kanabilme özelliklerinin saptanması için yüzdürme-batırma deneyleri yapılmış ve elde edilen ürünlerin kimyasal ve koklaşma özellikleri tes- bit edilmiştir. Kül içeriğinin koklaşma özelliklerini olumsuz yönde etkilediği gözlenmiş ve külün % 1 oranında artmasının toplam dilatas- yonda % 10 oranında bir azalmaya neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kokla- şabilir özellik gösteren Azdavay ve Kurucaşile kömürleri % 9 'un üze rinde kül içerdiklerinde koklaşma gücü olarak tariflenen `G` faktörü değerinin l'ın altına düştüğü görülmüştür. Ayrıca Kurucaşile, Azdavay ve Zonguldak kömürlerine karıştırıla- bilecek maksimum Amasra kömürünü saptamak üzere deneyler de yapılmış ve Amasra kömürü, Azdavay kömürü ile en çok % 20 oranında, Zonguldak kömürü ile de en çok % 23 oranında karıştırıldığında metalurjik kok elde edilebileceği saptanmıştır. Amasra kömürüyle, Kurucaşile kömü ründen harman kok elde etmek için yapılan deneylerde; metalurjik pro sesler için mekanik dayanımı yeterli kok üretilmesine karşın, Kuruca şile kömürünün kükürt içeriğinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, bu harman kokun demir-çelik endüstrisinde kullanılamayacağı anlaşılmıştır. -V- SUMMARY Bituminous coal deposits in Turkey are found in the Zonguldak Basin which extends eastward from Ereğli on the Black Sea coast to Kurucaşile, Amasra. Coal produced in the Kozlu, Üzülmez and Karadon districts of the Zonguldak Basin exhibits good coking properties, while the Armutçuk and Amasra coals are of pcor coking quality. Turkey has reserves of about 1.4 billion tons of bituminous coal out of which Amasra and Armutçuk coals constitute approximately thirty percent of the total reserves. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to utilize Turkish coals of poor ccking quality for the production of metallurgical coke. This study evaluates the coking properties of Amasra, Kurucaşile and Azdavay coal, producing areas in Amasra Region. The evaluation has been performed in three major steps: (i) the washability, flotation and coking properties of coals, (ii) the effect of ash content of coals on the coking capacity, and (iii) the maximum amount of Amasra coals for producing coal blends with Kurucaşile, Azdavay and Zonguldak coal. The raw coal from the Amasra Coal Bed assays 6.10 % moisture, 47.60 % ash, 1.00 % total sulphur, 51.30 % volatile matter ( Dry and Ash-Free Basis) and 25.52 % fixed carbon with 6392 kcal/kg (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) upper calorific value. The raw coal from the Kurucaşile Coal Bed assays 6.90 % moisture, 40.35 % ash, 2.43 % total sulphur, 43.27 % volatile matter (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) and 33.84 % fixed carbon with 7711 kcal/kg (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) upper calorific value. The raw coal from the Azdavay Coal Bed assays 4.40 % moisture, 42.45 % ash, 1.30 % total sulphur 29.68 % volatile matter (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) and 40.47 % fixed carbon with 7976 kcal/kg (Dry and Ash-Free Basis) upper calorific value. The proximate analysis, reveals that the coals in Amasra Region are not suitable for metallurgical coke manufacturing as they contain high ash. Since those coals sampled from the three coalbeds exhibit different petrographic and proximate features, each has been upgraded by different techniques. The flaot-and-sink technique on 0.5 mm ma terials has been performed to determine the most suitable process for upgrading those coals. Flotation applied on minus 0.5 mm coal produced a clean coal with very low ash content. The following results have been obtained on the washability characteristics of coals. The size range of -100 + 50 mm of Amasra coal was washed at 1 75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 48.45 % to 18 95 with 46.7 % yield whereas the ash content of clean coal washed -VI-at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 10.44 % with 24.9 % yield. The size range of -50 + 1 9irm of Anasra coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 48.5 % to 17.54 % with 50.9 % yield whereas the content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 spe cific gravity was reduced to 10.33 % with 32.8 % yield. The size range of -19 + 6 mm of Amasra coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 43.50 % to 15.09 % with 55.7 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at f.45 specific gravity was reduced to 8.75% with 39.2 % yield. The size range of -6 + 0. 5 mm of Amasra coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 45.34 % to 12.35 % with 51.6 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gra vity, was reduced to 6.93 % with 39.2 % yield. When the washability curves of Amasra coal was interpolated to the.size range of -100 + 0.5 mm. These coals were found to be washable in specific gravities higher than 1.70. For this reason, if the coal was washed of 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 46.4 % to 16.12 % with 51.0 % yield whereas the coal was washed at 1.45 specific gravity the ash content in the clean coal was reduced to 9.06 % with 33.5 % yield. The size range of -50 + 19 mm of Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 41.04 % to 18.59 % with 60.7% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 12.84 % with 38.3 % yield. The size range of -19 + 3.36 mm of Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 32.26% to 10.62% with 68.7% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 8.21 % with 59.6 % yield. The size range of -3.36 + 1.0 mm of Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 34.31 % to 11.46% with 67.1% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gratiy was reduced to 7.83 % with 56.6 % yield. The size range of - 1 + 0.5 mm Kurucaşile coal was washed at 1.75 spe cific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 43.96 % to 12.81 % with 53.1% yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific fravity was reduced to 8.72 % with 43.6 % yield. When the washability curves of Kurucaşile coal was interpolated to the size range of -50 + 0.5 mm. There coals were found to be washable in spe cific gravities higher than 1.70. For this reason, if the coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity the ash content could be reduced from 37.0 % to 13.17 % with 63.8 % yield whereas the coal was washed at 1.45 specetic gravity the ash content in the clean coal was reduced to 9.13 % with 51.2 % yield. The size range of -50 + 19 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be roduced from 35.39 % to 14.80 % with 68.7 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity as reduced to 10.47 % with 53.7 % yield. The size range of -19 + 9 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 41.91 % to 15.71 % with 57.4 % yield whereas the ash content of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 8.94 % with 41.4 % yield. -VII-The size range of -9 + 3.36 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 speci fic gravity, the ash could be reduced from 49.54 % to 15.03 % with 46.2 % yield whereas the ash content of tbe clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 7.37 % with 32.2 % yield. The size range of -3.36 + 0.5 mm of Azdavay coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, the ash content could be reduced from 44.08 % to 10.46 % with 52.0 % yield whereas the ash con tent of the clean coal washed at 1.45 specific gravity was reduced to 5.72 % with 42.2 % yield. When the washability curves of Azdavay coal was interpolated to the size range of -50 + 0.5 mm. These coals were found to be washable in specific gravities higher than 1.70. For this reason, if the coal was washed at 1.75 specific gravity, to the ash content could be reduced from 42.45 % to 14.23 % with 56.6 % yield whereas the coal was washed at 1.45 specific gravity the ash content in the clean coal was reduced to 8.51 % with 42.7 % yield. Flotation tests conducted at minus 0.5 mm material produced the following results: Minus 0.5 mm Amasra coal using 90 % kerosene plus 10 % iso octa- nol mixture resulted in 18.2 % of the clean coal recovery assaying 12.06 % ash with 36.5 % yield. However, the flotation tests carried out with Montanol 551 reagent, 31.0% of the clean coal contained 16.81 ash with the yield of 58.9 %. Minus 0.5 mm Kurucaşile coal using 90 % kerosene plus 10 % iso octanol mixture resulted in 45.9 % of clean coal recovery assaying 18.54 % ash with 72.7 % yield. However, the flotation tests carried out with Montanol 551 reagent, 19.0 % of the clean coal contained 14.08 % ash with the yield of 31.7 %. Minus 0.5 mm Azdavay coal using 90 % kerosene plus 10 % iso octo- nol mixture resulted in 59.6 % of clean coal recovery assaying 14.70 % ash with the yield of 90.4 %. However, the flotation test carried out with Montanol 551 reagent, the 58.7 % of clean coal contained 13.71 % ash with the yield of 89.5%. In order to evaluate the coking properties of the coals in three regions at different size ranges and also ash contents (float-and-sink experiments' products) a number of coking experiments have been perfor med. The results for each coal are summarized below. The coking experiments were done with Amasra coal in the size ranges of -100 + 50 mm, -50 + 19 mm, -19 + 6 mm and -6 + 0.5 mm. It has been determined that the Amasra Coal is High Volatile Bituminous Coal according to ASTM classification and its code number is 700 ac cording to International Classification and exhibits non - coking properties tests conducted on the float-and- sink products that are highly low in ash contents slow only contraction in the dilatation experiment. In this respect, it has been recognized that it is not possible to coke Amasra coals even upon reducing the ash level to a minumum. -VIH-The coking experiments with Kurucaşile coal in the size ranges -50 + 19 mm, -19 + 3.36 mm, -3.36 + 1.0 mm and -1.0 + 0.5 mm resulted in the following: This coal is a High Volatile Bituminous A Coal according to ASTM Classification and its code number is 634 according to International Classification. The more the ash content of values obtained from the float - and - sink experiments the more decrease the Free Swelling Index (FSI) and Coking - Capasity (G Factor). It has been observed that in the case of ash values exceeding the 12 % the coking capacity will be rapidly decreased. The coking experiments with Azdavay coal between the size ranges -50 + 19 mm, -19 + 9 mm, -9 + 3.36 mm and -3.36 + 0.5 mm resulted in the following: This coal is a medium Volatile Bituminous Coal according to ASTM Classification and its code number is 434 according to International Classification. The coking capacity (G Factor) will be 0.98 if the ash content of the pro ducts recovered from the float-and-sink experiments is about 6.0 %. But when the ash content of the clean coal is over 12.0 % the decrease G factor also accelerates. The effect of ash content in coal over the coking properties has been determined with samples of varying ash content. In these experi ments -19 + 3.36 mm size fraction in Kurucaşile coal and -9 + 3.36 mm size fraction in Azdavay coal are used. The samples ore prepered sepe- rately and the float - and - sink experiments are done with 1.30, 1.35, 140, 1.45, 1.50, 1.60, 1.75, and 1.90 specific gravity. The coking ex periments for each product resulted in the following: While the ash content of coal increases there is not any change in the volatile matter content. However, Free Swelling index (FSI) and Coking - Capacity (G Factor) decreases. Increasing the rate of ash content of coal over 1 % causes a decrease in the dilatation by 10 %. This decrease in dilatation affects adversely the physical properties of coke and presents the use of coals with low or medium coking proper ties. In Kurucaşile coal, the ash content is 6.5 %, factor G is 1.040 and the coke strength M4« value ranges between 82.5 and 87.5. The factor G of this coal will decrease to 0.96 if the ash content is 9.5 % ( M4o> 78). According to this utilization, the ash content of Kuru caşile coal has to be kept at a maximum value of 9.5 when it's used for metallurgical coke production alone. In Azdavay coal the ash content is 5 %, factor G is 1.040 and the coke strength M^ value ranges 82.5 and 87.5. The ash content dec reases the factor G to 0.98 if the ash content is 9.0 % (M4Q>78). So the ash content of this coal has to be greater than 9.0 % for metallur gical processes -IX-It is rare to use a single coal for coke making and normally several coals are blended to obtain a compromise between coke quality, economy and availability. It is not uncommon to add 10-15 % of a non coking coal to a blend depending on the local coal supply situation and other blend constituents. Evaluation of any coal property should be done in relation to its behoviour as a blend component. However, it is usual to assess first the properties of a coal by itself. In an ideal coal or blend the specification would be approxima tely as follows: Mineral Matter (or ash) 10 % Volatile Matter 20-26 % (dry basis) Moisture (as received) 6 - 7 % Sulphur 0.5 % - 0.7 % Free Swelling Index 6 Grey King Coke Type G Mean Maximum Reflectance 1.2 - 1.3 Fluidity (Minimum) 1000 (dmm) G Factor 0.95 - 1.10 Amasra coal that doesn't show coking property has to be blended with the other coals that have coking properties suitable for the metallurgical coke production. To achieve this, a series of experi ment was done to determine the quantity of Amasra coal that can be blended with Kurucaşile, Azdavay and Zonguldak good coking coals. The results showed that: In Kurucaşile - Amasra blended coals the increase in quantity of Amasra coal affects negativelly the coking properties. Increasing the rate of the quantity approximately 5 % also causes to dilatation to decrease at the same rate. This decrease of dilatation affects the factor G (Coking - Capacity) //ery much and value of factor G beco mes zero when 40 % of Amasra coal is added to Kurucaşile coal. The examination of factor G curves depends on the blending rate of Kuruca şile - Amasra coal shows that a maximum of 28 % Amasra coal will be able to blend with Kurucaşile coal. In Azdavay-Amasra blended coals, the increase in quantity of Amasra coal decreases free swelling index (FSI) and total dilatation. In order to produce good quality coke for metallurgical processes, 20 % of Amasra coal should be blended with Azdavay coal. In Zonguldak-Amasra blended coals, increasing the quality of Amasra coal decreases free swelling index (FSI) and total dilation. In order to produce metallurgical coke, 23 % of Amasra coal should be blended with Zonguldak coal (Neomi seam coal). The applications of Basic Blending, Stamping or Briquet Charge Methods, are expected to decrease the import rate of coking coal by 65 % when Amasra bad coking coals and Armutçuk low coking coals are blended with good coking coals. - x - 139

Bu çalışmada Eren Enerji termik santralinin pulverize kömür yakma esasına dayalı yakma kazanları olan ikinci ve üçüncü üniteden elde edilen uçucu küllerin beton yapımına etkisi incelenmiştir. mevcut koşullarda uçucu kül örnekleri alınmış ve sırası ile kimyasal, boyut dağılımı ve kızdırma kaybı değerlerindeki farklılıklara göre incelenmiştir. Daha sonra da bu farklılıklar uçucu kül ilavesi ile elde edilen betonların dayanaımları ile ilişkilendirilmişlerdir. In this study,the effect to the concrete production of fly ash samples obtained from second and third units of Eren Energy coal fired power station, depending on combustion of pulverized coal, has been investigated. In the exist conditions, some of fly ash samples were taken and investigated according to their differences of chemical,size distrubution, lose of ignition and other properties respectively. then these differences have been associated with the strength of the concrete manufactured by fly ash addition. 84

Bu çalışmada, Marfam Mermer'in fabrikasından alınan parça mermer atıkları 1 mm'nin altına kırılmıştır ve laboratuar ölçekli dikey pinli bir karıştırmalı değirmende kuru olarak öğütülmesi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma parametrelerinden; karıştırma hızı, doluluk oranı ve karıştırma süresinin, ürün inceliğine etkisi incelenmiştir. Tüm çalışma parametreleri için farklı deneyler yapılmıştır. Öğütücü ortam olarak 3,5-2,00 mm arası çapta zirkon bilyalar kullanılmıştır. Karıştırma hızının ve süresinin öğütmeye olan etkisi 5 farklı hızda (360, 540, 720, 1080 ve 1440 dev/dk) yapılan deneylerle belirlenmiştir. Doluluk oranının etkisinde 4 farklı doluluk oranlarında (%60, %80, %100 ve %140), değişik sürelerde deneyler yapılmıştır. Mikronize öğütülmüş mermer atıklarının boyut analizleri ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Mermer atıklarının endüstriye yeniden kazandırılması için, kullanım alanlarının standartlara uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. In this study, waste marble pieces taken from Marfam Marble?s factory were crushed below 1 mm and then dry grinding properties were investigated in a laboratory scale pin-type vertical stirred mill. Operating parameters such as stirring speed, filling rate and stirring time have a considerable effect on the fineness of the product were investigated. Different grinding experiments were carried out for all operating parameters. Zircon beads with diameters of 3,5-2,00 mm were used as the grinding media. The effect of stirring speed and stirring durations determined by grinding at different five speeds (360, 540, 720, 1080 and 1440 rotation per minute. Under the effect of filling rate of four different filling rates (%60, %80, %100 and %140), experiments were carried out in different times. Size analyzes and chemical properties of micronize milled marble wastes were determined. It was investigated to acceptability of the marble wastes area of usage in order to regain the marble wastes to industry. 100

TV ÖZET Bir cevher hazırlama cihazının etüdünde ve model lemes inde kütle ko- runumunu saklayacak verilerin elde edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu veri ler, hem doğal farklılıklar, numune alma hataları, cihaz okumaların- daki güvensizlikler ve laboratuvar anal izlerindeki hatalardan dolayı gerçek değerlerden sapmakta, ve hem de bilinmeyenleri çözmek için gerektiğinden fazla miktardadır. Bundan dolayı, verilerin en az hata verecek şekilde kullanımını sağlayacak bir optimizasyona ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada malzeme dengesi eşitliklerini sağlayacak güve nilir değerler, tek bir cihaz için 10 (on) kol ve 10 (on) analiz de ğeri üzerinden hesaplanabilmektedir. Başlangıçta, analiz değerleri sabit kabul edilerek malzeme dengesi es itlikler indeki hata paylarını minimum düzeyde tutacak akis kolu miktarları en küçük kareler yönte miyle bulunmakta; daha sonra bulunan bu akis kolu miktarlarına göre analiz değerlerinin malzeme dengesi eşitliklerini sağlayacak şekilde düzeltmeleri yapılmaktadır. Malzeme dengesi kısıtları altındaki ku- adratik amaç fonksiyonunun akis kolu miktarlarının belirlenmesini sağlayacak çözümünde, Lagrange çarpanları yöntemi kullanılmıştır. A- kıs kolu miktarlarının belirlenmesinden sonra aynı yöntemle malzeme dengesi eşitliklerinin kısıtlaması altında analiz değerlerinde yapı lacak düzeltmelerin kareleri toplamı minimize edilmiştir. Ayrıca ge liştirilen yöntemin PASCAL dilinde bilgisayar programı (MALDEN) ha line getirilmiş kodu ekte verilmektedir. Program akis kollarını he sapladıktan sonra analiz değerlerini düzeltmekte ve sonuçta akis ko lu miktarlarını, düzeltilmiş analiz değerlerini ve metalurjik denge çizelgesini görüntülemektedir. V SUMMARY In evaluation or modelling of a mineral processing unit it is neces sary to obtain the data to satisfy the mass conservation equations. Since the data obtained from plants or process units are redundant and erroneous due to natural disturbances, sampling errors, unreli able instrument measurements and laboratory analyses inaccuracies they must be corrected. In this study, the reliable values which satisfy the mass baslance equations can be calculated for a process ing unit dealing with upto 10 (ten) flow streams and 10 (ten) analy ses. At first, assuming the analyses are correct, by a least squares adjustment procedure the best fit flow rates are found from the min imisation of errors on mass conservation equations. Afterwards, analyses values are corrected according to these flow rate values under the constraint of mass balance equations. Lagrange method was used in solution of the quadratic objective function under the con straints of mass balance equations to determine the flow rate val ues,. After the determination of the flow rates, the squared summa tion of adjustments to be made on analyses values are minimised through the same method under the constraints of mass balance equa tions. The algorithm using the developed technique was coded in PAS CAL as a computer program: MAIDEN. The program, following determina tion of the flow rates, calcutates the adjustments to be made on the analyses and outputs the flowrates, adjusted values of the analyses and metallurgical balance table on the screen. 48