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The impact of parental involvement in a child’s academic success has been well-documented; however there is considerably less research that focuses specifically on Latino parent engagement and its potential to improve schools given the rising numbers of Latino students attending U.S. schools. Few studies have focused on the strengths that Latino families pass onto their children and how those strengths can be leveraged to better connect schools with Latino parents and develop schools where students feel their parents are respected (Rioja-Cortez & Bustos Flores, 2009). This research study set out to explore Latino parent engagement through the eyes of Latino parent leaders within one school district. The purpose of this research study was to identify and analyze how and why Latino parents become engaged within a school and district culture; in addition to learning what potential factors may exist that move Latino parents along a continuum of involvement and engagement into leadership and change agency. The researcher was interested in learning about Latino parent leadership, based on a hypothesis that Latino parent leadership may have the potential to impact the schooling experiences for Latino children and their families. A review of existing literature on parental engagement among Latinos, helped to develop a conceptual framework where four major themes emerge: 1.) Parent engagement produces more positive outcomes than traditional types of parent involvement; 2.) School personnel and Latino parents differ in their perceptions regarding what constitutes as parent involvement; 3.) Latino parents utilize culturally embedded strategies to promote their children’s education; and 4.) Home-based forms of engagement have been found to be more effective than school-based involvement. The four themes came together to shape a conceptual framework where whenever Latino parent backgrounds were valued and treated as legitimate sources of strength and when these Latino parents could identify with these strengths and use these strengths to connect with new forms of school information and knowledge, Latino parent leadership could be born and develop. In short, this study seeks to better understand Latino parent engagement and leadership as experienced by a group of Latino parent leaders in one school district.

Carla Torre,1,2 José Guerreiro,1 Patrícia Longo,1 João Filipe Raposo,3,4 Hubert Leufkens,5 Ana Paula Martins2,6 1Centre for Health Evaluation& Research (CEFAR), National Association of Pharmacies, Lisboa, Portugal; 2Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; 3Nova Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; 4Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), Lisboa, Portugal; 5Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; 6Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal Purpose: Several methods have been developed for assessing medication-taking behavior; understanding the determinants and variability in estimates obtained is crucial in interpreting results. We estimated persistence and adherence levels to new glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using different methods: through the collection of pharmacy records and combining pharmacy records with self-reported data.Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of T2DM patients initiating a new GLD. Data were collected at baseline through interviews (demographic and clinical data). Follow-up data included pharmacy records (refill dates and medication possession) and telephone questionnaires (self-declared monitored GLD refill in another pharmacy, reasons for drug withdrawal). The cohort was divided into incident and prevalent new users. Persistence and adherence (proportion of days covered) were estimated for patients using pharmacy records exclusively (Method 1) and ≥1 self-declared statement of being persistent (Method 2). Log-rank tests were used to compare Kaplan–Meier curves of time to nonpersistence.Results: A total of 1,328 patients were recruited. When considering Method 1, 38.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 36.0–41.5) of patients were persistent, whereas combining with self-reported information, this estimate increased to 65.6% (95% CI: 62.9–68.2). Using Method 1, the risk of persistence failure was associated with using an oral GLD, living alone and living in a suburban/urban setting. Three hundred and twenty-seven (24.8%) patients stopped to use the inception GLD.Conclusion: Regardless of the method used, results indicated low levels of persistence and adherence to a new GLD; however, when combining self-reported information, higher estimates were obtained. Considering pharmacy records exclusively, prevalent new users, who were more complex patients in terms of T2DM disease but more likely to be pharmacy-loyal patients, were significantly more adherent than the incident new users. Barriers and reasons leading to GLD withdrawal, namely adverse drug event management, should be addressed, since they represent half of the reasons for treatment switching or discontinuation. Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, medication use behavior, discontinuation, daily practice&nbsp

Community Pharmacies’ legal framework (regulated by the decree-law nº 307/2007, 31st August) established the possibility of provision of pharmaceutical services to promote health and well-being by pharmacies. Due to its characteristics in terms of access and geographical distribution, pharmacies are health providers which can contribute to increase the immunization coverage with benefits in terms of public health. In this article, it is described the national and international framework of the implementation of vaccination services in pharmacies and the results of its implementation. It is also conducted a reflection on strengthening the role of pharmacies and its contribution to the national targets for immunization coverage and public health.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-30T18:51:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carla Lieko Della Torre.pdf: 1852525 bytes, checksum: db416b0a6fe4435a764893198350dbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carla Lieko Della Torre.pdf: 1852525 bytes, checksum: db416b0a6fe4435a764893198350dbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Enzymes of the xylanolytic complex, from microorganisms, have been an increasingly important biotechnological tool mainly in industrial processes that require high temperatures, such as in the baking industry, animal feed, textile, pulp and cellulose. Among the fungi producing thermostable enzymes, Thermomyces lanuginosus has been evidenced as a good producer of xylanases. In this context, xylanase from the recently isolated thermophilic fungus of the Paraná Atlantic Forest, T. lanuginosus, was purified, biochemically characterized, as well as a structureactivity correlation study of the enzyme was investigated through circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Extracellular xylanase was purified after four steps of ion exchange chromatographic columns and molecular filtration. The purity and molecular mass (21.3 kDa) of the enzyme were determined by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS. The xylanase is highly specific to the beechwood xylan substrate and generated mainly xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3), products characteristic of the action of endoxylanase. The enzyme was able to cleave the xylooligosaccharides xylotetraose and xylopentaose, except xylobiose and xylotriose. It exhibit higher activity at pH 6.5 and temperature of 75°C, with stability between pH 5.0-8.0 for 100 hours and thermostability between 40 and 75°C for 5 hours. The deconvolution of the circular dichroism spectrum (CD) enzyme revealed a secondary conformation rich in β-structures with transition midpoint temperature (Tm) of 73.0  0.2°C. In this structural study, xylanase reveals that to perform high enzymatic activity, it was necessary a conformational change. Its secondary structure is conserved even at pH extremes at temperatures up to 70°C and in the presence of MnCl2 (1 mM), DTT (5 mM) and high concentration of guanidine (6 M). Intrinsic fluorescence reveals that the tertiary structure is influenced by pH, guanidine (1 M) associated with temperature and in the presence of MnCl2 and DTT, whereas extrinsic fluorescence, using the ANS probe, shows changes in pH extremes and in the presence of MnCl2 and DTT. Fluorescence results suggest that both the increased enzymatic activity in the presence of cofactors and the loss of activity at extreme pH values are related to changes in the tertiary structure of the enzyme. Thus, T. lanuginosus xylanase has interesting biochemical characteristics for application in several industrial sectors that mainly use high temperature conditions. As enzimas do complexo xilanolítico, provenientes de microrganismos, têm se tornado uma ferramenta biotecnológica cada vez mais importante, principalmente em processos industriais que requerem temperaturas elevadas, como na indústria de panificação, de rações animais, têxtil, polpa e celulose. Dentre os fungos produtores de enzimas termoestáveis, Thermomyces lanuginosus tem se destacado como bom produtor de xilanases. Nesse contexto, a xilanase do fungo termofílico recentemente isolado da Mata Atlântica do Paraná, T. lanuginosus, foi purificada, caracterizada bioquimicamente, bem como um estudo de correlação estruturaatividade da enzima foi investigado através das espectroscopias de dicroísmo circular e fluorescência. A xilanase extracelular foi purificada após quatro etapas cromatográficas envolvendo colunas de troca iônica e filtração molecular. A pureza e massa molecular (21,3 kDa) da enzima foram determinadas por SDS-PAGE e MALDI-TOF/MS. A xilanase é altamente específica para o substrato xilano de beechwood e gerou principalmente xilobiose (X2) e xilotriose (X3), produtos característicos da ação de endoxilanase. A enzima foi capaz de clivar os xilooligossacarídeos xitotetraose e xilopentaose, exceto a xilobiose e xilotriose. Exibe maior atividade em pH 6,5 e temperatura de 75°C, com estabilidade entre os pH 5,0-8,0 durante 100 horas e termoestabilidade entre 40 e 75°C durante 5 horas. A deconvolução do espectro de dicroísmo circular (CD) da enzima revela uma conformação secundária rica em estruturas-β, com temperatura do ponto médio da transição (Tm) de 73,0  0,2°C. Neste estudo estrutural, a xilanase revelou que, para desempenhar elevada atividade enzimática, foi necessário ocorrer mudança conformacional. Sua estrutura secundária é conservada mesmo em extremos de pH, em temperaturas até 70°C e na presença de MnCl2 (1 mM), DTT (5 mM) e elevada concentração de guanidina (6 M). A fluorescência intrínseca revela que a estrutura terciária sofre influência do pH, guanidina (1 M) associado à temperatura e na presença de MnCl2 e DTT, enquanto a fluorescência extrínseca, utilizando a sonda ANS, revela mudanças em extremos de pH e na presença de MnCl2 e DTT. Os resultados da fluorescência sugerem que tanto o aumento da atividade enzimática na presença dos cofatores quanto a perda da atividade em valores extremos de pH relacionam-se às alterações da estrutura terciária da enzima. Dessa forma, a xilanase de T. lanuginosus possui características bioquímicas interessantes para aplicação em diversos setores industriais que utilizam principalmente condições de temperatura elevada.

List of primary studies included in each review. (DOCX 26 kb)

Search Strategies. (DOCX 19 kb)

Prisma Checklist. (DOCX 14 kb)

Summary results from ROBIS evaluation performed by two assessors (MC&RF). (DOCX 13 kb)

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Farmacoepidemiologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2018 Submitted by Amelia Janeiro (ajaneiro@reitoria.ul.pt) on 2018-08-30T15:51:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd731977_td_Carla_Torre.pdf: 9941838 bytes, checksum: 80c8c18f9f93ea9779855b57ee200013 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T11:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd731977_td_Carla_Torre.pdf: 9941838 bytes, checksum: 80c8c18f9f93ea9779855b57ee200013 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018

[PT] As toxinfecções alimentares (TIAS) são um problema de saúde pública, com consequências graves nos idosos, crianças, grávidas e imunocomprometidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a exequibilidade das farmácias enquanto fonte de informação de TIAS e dos seus fatores associados. O estudo transversal decorreu entre 18 de agosto e 15 de novembro de 2014. Dados sociodemográficos, sintomas, alimentos suspeitos, local de consumo, local onde os doentes se costumam dirigir, medicamentos tomados, entre outros, foram recolhidos por inquérito nas farmácias participantes, a indivíduos com sintomas de TIAS. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva no programa SAS versão 9.1. Nas 249 farmácias participantes foram recrutados 527 indivíduos. A maioria dos participantes era do género feminino (61,3%), dos quais 1,3% grávidas. O sintoma mais frequentemente reportado foi a diarreia (86,0%), 75,6% dos indivíduos dirigiram-se em primeiro lugar à farmácia e a maioria dos participantes (58,0%) referiu tomar medicamentos antidiarreicos. A carne foi o alimento mais reportado (25,0%) como estando associado às TIAS. O local de consumo mais frequente do alimento suspeito, foi a casa (47,5%). Os resultados são coincidentes com os dados nacionais oficiais publicados. As farmácias revelam-se uma fonte informação, vigilância e educação para a saúde da população, contribuindo para a prevenção das TIAS. [EN] Foodborne Outbreaks (FBO) are a public health issue, with high risk in the elderly, children, immunocompromised individuals and pregnant. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using community pharmacies network as a source of information of FBO and related factors. A cross sectional study was conducted between 18th of August and 15th of November 2014. Data were collected from participants recruited through pharmacies included food involved, its confection type and acquisition place as well as the main symptoms reported and pharmacological treatment. Descriptive analysis was performed using SAS Enterprise Guide v4.1. A total of 527 subjects were recruited from 249 participant pharmacies. The majority of participants were women (61.3%) and 1.3% were pregnant. Diarrhoea (86.0%) was the most frequent symptom reported, 75.6% of the participants resorted to the pharmacy and the majority took antidiarrheal drugs (58.6%). Participants reported meat as main cause (25.0%) of FBO. Almost half (47.5%) reported to have consumed the suspect food at home. The findings are coincident with the Portuguese FBO investigation. Pharmacies can be a valuable source of information and also a vehicle for food safety education supporting the prevention of FBO.

Introdução: As toxinfeções alimentares (TIAS) constituem um problema de saúde pública, podendo ser uma causa importante de morbilidade e mortalidade, com consequências mais graves nos idosos, crianças, grávidas e imunocomprometidos. A vigilância integrada de TIAS, com o envolvimento de agentes de saúde e autoridades de segurança alimentar, permite conhecer os veículos alimentares e fatores contributivos associados, possibilitando a gestão do risco destas infeções com vista à minimização da sua ocorrência. A rede nacional de farmácias, quer pelos recursos humanos e tecnológicos, quer pela sua abrangência geográfica e frequentemente primeira porta de entrada no sistema de saúde, pode contribuir para o aumento da informação de TIAS disponível, por norma, frequentemente subnotificadas, e deste modo, apoiar na sua vigilância epidemiológica. Objetivo: Avaliar a exequibilidade do recurso às farmácias enquanto fonte geradora de informação sobre TIAS, com vista à identificação dos alimentos e outros fatores associados à sua ocorrência, por forma a poder contribuir para a tomada de medidas preventivas que visem minimizar o impacto deste problema de saúde pública.

O regime jurídico das farmácias de oficina, previsto no Decreto-Lei n.º 307/2007, de 31 de agosto, consagrou a possibilidade de as farmácias prestarem serviços farmacêuticos de promoção da saúde e do bem-estar dos utentes. As farmácias, pelas suas características em termos de acessibilidade e distribuição geográfica, são espaços de saúde que podem contribuir para o aumento da cobertura vacinal da população com benefícios em termos de saúde pública. No presente artigo faz-se o enquadramento internacional e nacional da implementação do serviço de vacinação das farmácias e seus resultados, bem como reflexões sobre o reforço do papel da farmácia e o seu contributo para promover o alinhamento entre a intervenção de proximidade e a qualidade das farmácias com os objetivos nacionais de cobertura vacinal e de saúde pública., Revista Portuguesa de Farmacoterapia, v. 7 n. 3 (2015): Julho