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La receta médica o prescripción médica es un documento que acompaña al actuar del médico desde sus inicios; se encontraron registros en el Antiguo Egipto en el cual aparecía en la iconografía la letra ̈R ̈ con un ̈círculo superior ̈ por encima, en los escritos y preparados que trataban de infundir a los pacientes protección, cura y lo relacionaban con los ̈Dioses ̈. En la edad media, la iglesia católica queriendo interrumpir esa injerencia pagana en las recetas, obligó a los mé- dicos que estaban en los países bajo su influencia a cambiar al símbolo Rp/ (responsum raphaelis) que es el que persiste hasta la actualidad en la receta.

Breast milk is a fluid of vital importance during the first stages of life of the newborn since, in addition to providing nutrients, it also contains cells and molecules of the immune system, which protect the neonate from infection and, at the same time, modulate the establishment of the microbiota. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is relevant in preventing disease and sepsis in neonates. Therefore, the following work aimed to demonstrate the presence of BPI in the different stages of breast milk and its possible immune functions. Our results demonstrate for the first time the presence of soluble BPI and leukocytes and epithelial cells containing it, primarily in the colostrum stage. Using BPI at concentrations typical of colostrum, we observed that it reduces the growth of two distinct E. coli strains, enhances the uptake of these bacteria by monocytes, and suppresses the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8 in infected intestinal cells. These findings suggest that BPI transferred via colostrum from mother to newborn may play a significant role in providing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protection during the early stages of life.

A partir de la literatura internacional que aborda las brechas de género en la ciencia, este artículo presenta una revisión bibliométrica sobre la representatividad de las investigadoras en la Educación Física. Se analizaron 532 documentos relacionados con este ámbito en el periodo comprendido del 2013 al 2023 en la base de datos Dialnet. Una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión, quedó una muestra de 73 documentos. El tratamiento de la información se llevó a cabo en dos fases, en primer lugar, un mapeo científico del área, a través de un análisis bibliométrico de la producción académica. En segundo lugar, se realizó un análisis con estadística descriptiva. Los resultados evidencian la brecha de género en la producción científica en el área en cuestión. Bajo este abordaje, se busca hacer un llamado para establecer pautas sobre futuras investigaciones, y se insta a una mayor exploración de las barreras específicas que enfrentan las mujeres en la Educación Física. Además, se señala la importancia de acciones específicas para disminuir esta desigualdad sistémica, no solo en términos de participación, sino de representación en los espacios académicos.

Objective(s): Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology with a high mortality rate. Renal crisis has been reported as one of the predictors of early mortality in these patients. The present study was performed to evaluate bleomycin-induced SSc using an osmotic minipump as a possible model for the analysis of renal damage in SSc.Materials and Methods: Male CD1 mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps loaded with saline or bleomycin and sacrificed at 6 and 14 days. Histopathological analysis was performed through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining. The expression of endothelin 1 (ET-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results: The administration of bleomycin induced a decrease in the length of Bowman’s space (3.6 μm, P

Precipitation is a fundamental component of the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Therefore, monitoring precipitation is paramount, as accurate information is needed to prevent natural hydrological disasters, such as floods and droughts. However, measuring precipitation using rain gauges is complicated due to their sparse spatial distribution. Satellite precipitation products (SPPs) are an alternative source of rainfall data. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of PERSIANN-CCS and PDIR-Now SPPs over the Tulijá River Basin (Chiapas, Mexico) using scatter plots, categorical statistics, descriptive statistics, and decomposing total bias. Additionally, bias correction was performed using the quantile mapping (QM) method. QM is a technique used to improve the fit of SPPs with respect to rainfall observations through a transfer function, aiming to reduce systematic errors in SPPs. The results indicate that the PDIR-Now product tends to overestimate rainfall to a large extent, thus showing better performance in detecting rain events. Meanwhile, PERSIANN-CCS underestimates precipitation to a lesser extent. The findings of this study demonstrate that correcting the bias of SPPs improves estimations of rainfall records, thereby reducing the percentage bias and root mean square error.

Sickle cell anemia has been classified as a noninfectious neglected tropical disease and, although not exclusively, affects African descendants more frequently. This study aimed to detect asymptomatic sickle cell hemoglobin carriers (HbAS) in marginalized and vulnerable populations during a public health screening in African descendants from Oaxaca, Mexico, and to validate an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR methodology to detect fetal-hemoglobin (HbF)-regulating genetic variants in BCL11A toward affordable routine association of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with HbF concentrations. To this aim, hemoglobin variants were detected by acidic citrate agar and alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoreses. SNVs in the hemoglobin subunit beta gene (HBB) were identified by the β-globin mutation detection assay (β-GMDA) and ARMS-PCR, respectively, and validated by Sanger sequencing. The association between genotypes and HbF concentrations was evaluated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The results obtained during a directed screening in 140 self-identified African descendants revealed 42 HbS-carriers (30%), of which 39 showed normal total hemoglobin concentrations (92.8%), only 3 presented anemia (7.2%), and 9 showed quantifiable HbF concentration (21.4%). As validated by Sanger sequencing, the designed ARMS-PCR efficiently detected homozygous and heterozygous variants in BCL11A. In a cohort of 42 heterozygous (HbAS) and 27 healthy (HbAA) individuals from the same population, only one SNV (rs766432) showed statistically significant association with increasing HbF concentration, and two new unrelated homozygous silent variants were identified. This study reveals the need to raise coverage of HbS screening in vulnerable populations and shows a feasible low-cost ARMS-PCR methodology to determine the presence of SNVs in quantitative trait loci affecting HbF.

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) techniques aim to accurately recognize sequences of characters in input manuscript images by training artificial intelligence models to capture historical writing features. Efficient HTR models can transform digitized manuscript collections into indexed and quotable corpora, providing valuable research insight for various historical inquiries. However, several challenges must be addressed, including the scarcity of relevant training corpora, the consequential variability introduced by different scribal hands and writing scripts, and the complexity of page layouts. This paper presents two models and one cross-model approach for automatic transcription of Latin and French medieval documentary manuscripts, particularly charters and registers, written between the 12th and 15th centuries and classified into two major writing scripts: Textualis (from the late-11th to 13th century) and Cursiva (from the 13th to the 15th century). The architecture of the models is based on a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) coupled with a Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) loss. The training and evaluation of the models, involving 120k lines of text and almost 1M tokens, were conducted using three available ground-truth corpora : The e-NDP corpus, the Alcar-HOME database and the Himanis project. This paper describes the training architecture and corpora used, while discussing the main training challenges, results, and potential applications of HTR techniques on medieval documentary manuscripts.

Pesticides increase agricultural productivity worldwide. Unfortunately, these pesticides put public health and the environment at risk. This study aimed to document the presence of pests and diseases in tomato crops, the range of pesticides used, and acute pesticide poisoning symptoms (APP) among producers from various municipalities in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Surveys were applied from 2019 to 2021. The information was examined through a descriptive analysis. The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s Rho correlation established differences between groups and associations. The main pests were the white fly, various worms, blight, mildew, and weeds. Fifty-five active ingredients (AI) were identified, predominantly Toxicological Category (TC) IV, such as insecticides and fungicides, as well as TC III herbicides. Factors associated with a greater diversity of AI were 1 ha. Up to six APP symptoms occurred in 60.6% of the producers, and 58.2% of the AI identified are considered hazardous pesticides. Highlights: • Fifty-five active ingredients were identified in tomato crops, predominantly insecticides and fungicides. • More than fifty percent of the active ingredients identified are considered hazardous pesticides. • Up to six acute pesticide poisoning symptoms occurred in 60.6% of the producers.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are vital players in antiviral immune responses because of their high levels of IFN-α secretion. However, this attribute has also implicated them as critical factors behind the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and no currently available therapy can efficiently inhibit pDCs’ aberrant activation. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess stromal immunomodulatory functionality, regulating immune cell activation through several mechanisms, including the adenosinergic (CD39/CD73/adenosine) pathway. The IFN-γ preconditioning of bone marrow MSCs improves their inhibitory properties for therapy applications; however, isolating human gingival tissue-derived MSCs (hGMSCs) is more accessible. These cells have shown better immunomodulatory effects, yet the outcome of IFN-γ preconditioning and its impact on the adenosinergic pathway has not been evaluated. This study first validated the immunoregulatory properties of primary-cultured hGMSCs, and the results showed that IFN-γ preconditioning strengthens CD39/CD73 coexpression, adenosine production, and the regulatory properties of hGMSC, which were confirmed by describing for the first time their ability to reduce pDC activation and their IFN-α secretion and to increase the frequency of CD73+ pDC. In addition, when CD73′s enzymatic activity was neutralized in hGMSCs, adenosine production and the IFN-γ preconditioning effect were restrained. This evidence might be applied to design hGMSCs- and adenosine-based immunotherapeutic strategies for treating inflammatory disorders that are associated with pDC overactivation.

The development of fine motor skills is crucial for children's autonomy, especially for those with special educational needs. This study examines how play can be an effective tool for fostering these skills. A qualitative approach and a descriptive design were used, employing observation methods to analyze five children with special needs aged 4 to 7 years in an inclusive educational setting. Through direct observations over four weeks, significant improvements were recorded in areas such as hand-eye coordination, object manipulation, scissor cutting, and participation in symbolic play, with a noted increase of 30% in each area. Similarly, there was a 30% rise in the children's self-esteem and emotional well-being. These findings indicate that playful activities not only enhance motor skills but also contribute to emotional and social development. The conclusion emphasizes that integrating play into the school curriculum is essential for promoting the holistic development of children with special needs, suggesting that play should be regarded as a vital component of their education and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk is a fluid of vital importance during the first stages of life of the newborn since, in addition to providing nutrients, it also contains cells and molecules of the immune system, which protect the neonate from infection and, at the same time, modulate the establishment of the microbiota. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is relevant in preventing disease and sepsis in neonates. Therefore, the following work aimed to demonstrate the presence of BPI in the different stages of breast milk and its possible immune functions. Our results demonstrate for the first time the presence of soluble BPI and leukocytes and epithelial cells containing it, primarily in the colostrum stage. Using BPI at concentrations typical of colostrum, we observed that it reduces the growth of two distinct E. coli strains, enhances the uptake of these bacteria by monocytes, and suppresses the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8 in infected intestinal cells. These findings suggest that BPI transferred via colostrum from mother to newborn may play a significant role in providing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protection during the early stages of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La presente investigación explora los hallazgos de la neurociencia y la pertinencia que puede tener en lo educativo, considerando la influencia de distintos contextos socioculturales sobre la práctica docente. Existen hallazgos cada vez más concretos sobre el funcionamiento del cerebro y lo educativo, lo que lleva a investigar este campo en la Educación Física. En esta investigación se busca realizar un análisis regional del ejercicio profesional de la Educación Física desde una perspectiva basada en los Estudios Regionales. Se realizó mediante una metodología en Investigación Acción Participativa. Se inició con un cuestionario exploratorio sobre la acción docente para posteriormente continuar con el desarrollo de cuatro ciclos de investigación. El primero basado en un análisis y construcción de la realidad docente. El segundo requirió un plan emergente derivado de la situación de pandemia. El tercero buscó la reflexión de los docentes para la acción. El cuarto develó las posibilidades y realidades de una neuroeducación física. A partir de los resultados de estos ciclos se construyó una región socio-epistémica que hace referencia a los discursos horizontales y verticales en la acción docente. En conclusión, se sugiere ir más allá de solo reconocer los hallazgos relevantes de la cognición sino de reconocer y reflexionar sobre las realidades socioculturales del docente de Educación Física para con ello buscar las mejores herramientas que abonen a la acción educativa desde el conocimiento del cerebro. Palabras clave: Neuroeducación; Formación Docente, Educación Física; Estudios Regionales Abstract. The current research explores the neuroscience findings and their possible relevance in the educational field, considering the influence of different sociocultural backgrounds in the teaching practice. More and more concrete discoveries about the brain's functioning and its relation with education led this research into the physical education field. This research was intended to carry out a regional analysis regarding the professional practices of physical education from a perspective based on the regional studies approach. The methodology applied for this purpose was Participatory Action Research. It started with an exploratory questionnaire concerning the teaching action to later continue with the development of four investigation cycles. The first one was based on analyzing and constructing the teaching reality. The second one required an emergent plan due to the world pandemic situation. The third one was aimed at a reflection done by the professors to take action. And, the fourth one unveiled the possibilities and realities of physical neuroeducation. From the results of these cycles, a socio-epistemic region was constructed that refers to the horizontal and vertical discourses in the teaching action. In conclusion, it is suggested to go further than just recognizing the findings regarding cognition. But to recognize and reflect on the sociocultural realities of the Physical Education teacher to find the best tools to support educational activities from the knowledge of the brain. Keywords: Neuroeducation; Teacher Training, Physical Education; Regional studies

Volcano monitoring in Peru is carried out by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), through its Centro Vulcanológico Nacional (CENVUL). CENVUL monitors 12 out of 16 volcanoes considered as historically active and potentially active in southern Peru and issues periodic bulletins about the volcanic activity and, depending on the alert-level of each volcano, also issues alerts and warnings of volcanic unrest, ash dispersion, and the occurrence of lahars. The information generated by CENVUL is disseminated to the civil authorities and the public through different information media (newsletters, e-mail, website, social media, mobile app, etc.). The IGP volcanology team was formed after the eruption of Sabancaya volcano in 1988. Since then, geophysical and geological studies, volcanic hazards assessments, and multidisciplinary monitoring realized by the IGP, have provided a comprehensive understanding of volcanic activity in Peru and forecast future eruptive scenarios. Currently, 80% of the historically active and potentially active volcanoes in Peru are equipped with networks of multiparameter instruments, with the seismic monitoring being the most widely implemented. In this report, we present the situation of volcanic monitoring in Peru, the monitoring networks, the techniques employed, as well as efforts to educate and inform the public and officials responsible for disaster risk management.

This paper presents a model aiming to automatically detect sections in medieval Latin charters. These legal sources are some of the most important sources for medieval studies as they reflect economic and social dynamics as well as legal and institutional writing practices. An automatic linear segmentation can greatly facilitate charter indexation and speed up the recovering of evidence to support historical hypothesis by the means of granular inquiries on these raw, rarely structured sources. Our model is based on a Bi-LSTM approach using a final CRF-layer and was trained using a large, annotated collection of medieval charters (4,700 documents) coming from Lombard monasteries: the CDLM corpus (11th-12th centuries). The evaluation shows a high performance in most sections on the test-set and on an external evaluation corpus consisting of the Montecassino abbey charters (10th-12th centuries). We describe the architecture of the model, the main problems related to the treatment of medieval Latin and formulaic discourse, and we discuss some implications of the results in terms of record-keeping practices in High Middle Ages.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most frequent and severe idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. It is a chronic and progressive disease with a poor prognosis and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This disease has no cure; therefore, there is a clinical need to search for alternative treatments with greater efficacy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Zingiber officinale (EVZO) in a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF administered through an osmotic minipump. EVZO had an average size of 373 nm and a spherical morphology, as identified by scanning electron microscopy. Label-free proteomic analysis of EVZOs was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and 20 proteins were identified. In addition, we demonstrated the protease activity of EVZO by gelatin-degrading zymography assay and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of EVZO by an enzymatic assay. In the BLM-induced IPF mouse model, nasal administration of 50 μg of EVZO induced recovery of alveolar space size and decreased cellular infiltrate, collagen deposition, and expression of α-SMA-positive cells. Additionally, EVZO inhibited inflammatory markers such as iNOS and COX-2, lipid peroxidation, and apoptotic cells. These results show that EVZO may represent a novel natural delivery mechanism to treat IPF.

El artículo pretende resaltar en forma escueta las principales enfermedades que afectaron a los habitantes de la ciudad de México entre 1912 y 1920. Además, se propone mostrar cómo estos problemas generaron una amplia respuesta por parte de los médicos y los higienistas de la época, consistente tanto en medidas prácticas -por ejemplo, campañas y brigadas-, como en actividades de divulgación -tales como cursos, charlas y conferencias-, las cuales procuraban generar hábitos higiénicos y una conciencia de prevención de la enfermedad entre la población. Y, por último, desde un enfoque metodológico, ofrece una perspectiva centrada primordialmente en la mirada de la prensa, y en algunas publicaciones de la época.

La enfermedad cerebrovascular es una de las causas de muerte y discapacidad en el adulto. Las actividades de la vida diaria, se encuentran reducidas por la debilidad muscular o espasticidad. La terapia robótica en la neurorehabilitación del miembro superior hemipléjico, promueve la rehabilitación funcional y facilita el proceso de neurogénesis. Con el objetivo de profundizar en los beneficios de la combinación de la tecnología robótica y la rehabilitación convencional en la recuperación del miembro superior hemipléjico, se realizaron búsquedas en bibliotecas, revistas médicas nacionales y extranjeras indexadas en Scielo, Imbiomed y Pubmed, de los últimos 10 años; de información relacionada con la terapia robótica como tratamiento coadyuvante a la terapia convencional en el miembro superior hemipléjico. Se concluye que la combinación entre un tratamiento convencional de movimiento pasivo con uno asistido por un dispositivo robótico genera beneficios en las condiciones mioarticulares y en la recuperación funcional del miembro superior hemipléjico.

Introducción:El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica que afecta a múltiples órganos y puede asociarse a otras patologías autoinmunes como la Enfermedad tiroidea autoiunme. El hipotiroidismo es la afectación más frecuente dentro de las patologías tiroideas. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia y las concentraciones en sangre de los anti TPO en pacientes con LES. Establecer si las concentraciones elevadas de anticuerpos anti TPO están relacionadas con mayor nivel de actividad lúpica medida por SLEDAI. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, descriptivo con componente analítico. Muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia de casos consecutivos. Población enfocada: Pacientes con LES que tengan o no enfermedad tiroidea conocida. Se incluyeron pacientes de ambos sexos mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de LES según los criterios del ACR/EULAR, con duración de la enfermedad mayor a 12 meses. Resultados: Se incluyó a 54 pacientes con LES con un valor de la media de la edad de 37,40 ± 12,86 años, en los cuales se encontró una prevalencia de 20,37 % de pacientes con anti- TPO positivos. El valor de la media de las concentraciones de anti TPO en los pacientes que resultaron positivos fue de 58,9 mU/l. En relación al perfil tiroideo de los pacientes con anti TPO positivo, el 55 % de ellos tenían niveles de TSH elevados con un valor de la media de las concentraciones de la TSH de 27,48 ± 4,4 mnU/l. De los 11 pacientes con niveles de anti-TPO positivo y LES, el 45,45 % presentó concentraciones de las hormonas tiroideas compatibles con hipotiroidismo. Conclusión: Este estudio constató una prevalencia de coexistencia de LES y Enfermedad Tiroidea Autoinmune del 38,8%. Estos pacientes presentaban un perfil tiroideo comptible con hipotiroidismo en su mayoría. No se encontró relación entre tener anticuerpos anti-TPO positivos y la actividad del LES, así como tampoco con los demás indicadores de actividad.

Unexpected anti-red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies are routinely investigated in immunohematology and blood banking since their existence in pregnant women may induce haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn, and their presence in donors may induce haemolytic transfusion reactions or hyperacute rejection in solid organ transplantation. Unexpected anti-RBC alloantibodies may target antigens of the most blood types excluding the expected antibodies targeting the ABO antigens. Their incidence in humans was originally linked to alloimmunization events such as blood transfusions, transplants, or pregnancies. But later, many findings revealed their existence in pathogenic processes such as malignancies, infections, and autoimmune diseases; and usually (but not always) associated to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). Nevertheless, unexpected anti-RBC autoantibodies are also occasionally found in healthy individuals in the absence of AIHA and with no history of alloimmunization or the associated pathologic processes. Hence, they are generally known as non-clinically significant, are excluded for typification and called “silent red blood cell autoantibodies (SRBCAA)”. This review highlights evidence related to genetic predisposition, molecular mimicry, immune dysregulation, and immune tolerance loss surrounding the existence of anti-RBC antibodies, describing the presence of SRBCAA as possible early witnesses of the development of autoimmune diseases.

Platelets are anucleate cells that have a role in several innate immune functions, including the secretion of proteins with antimicrobial activity. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of platelets to secrete thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins and antimicrobial peptides, like hBD-1. However, the expression and secretion of defensins of the alpha family by platelets have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of defensin alpha 1 (DEFA1) in human platelets and megakaryocytes. Our data indicate that DEFA1 mRNA and protein are present in peripheral blood platelets and in the megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line (MEG-01). DEFA1 co-localize with α-granules of platelets and MEG-01 cells, and was also detected in cytoplasm of MEG-01 cells. The assay of our in vitro model of platelet-like particles (PLPs) revealed that MEG-01 cells could transfer DEFA1 mRNA to their differentiated PLPs. Furthermore, platelets secreted DEFA1 into the culture medium when activated with thrombin, adenosine diphosphate, and lipopolysaccharide; meanwhile, MEG-01 cells secreted DEFA1 when activated with thrombopoietin. Platelet’s secreted DEFA1 can rebind to platelet’s surface and have antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In summary, our data indicate that both, human platelets and megakaryocytes, can express and secrete DEFA1. These results suggest a new role of platelets and megakaryocytes in the innate immune response.

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a tumoral microenvironment can exert different functions by transferring their content, which has been poorly described in cervical cancer. Here, we tried to clarify the proteomic content of these EVs, comparing those derived from cancerous HPV (+) keratinocytes (HeLa) versus those derived from normal HPV (–) keratinocytes (HaCaT). We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis, using LC-MS/MS, of the EVs from HeLa and HaCaT cell lines. The up- and downregulated proteins in the EVs from the HeLa cell line were established, along with the cellular component, molecular function, biological processes, and signaling pathways in which they participate. The biological processes with the highest number of upregulated proteins are cell adhesion, proteolysis, lipid metabolic process, and immune system processes. Interestingly, three of the top five signaling pathways with more up- and downregulated proteins are part of the immune response. Due to their content, we can infer that EVs can have a significant role in migration, invasion, metastasis, and the activation or suppression of immune system cells in cancer.

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Precipitation is a fundamental component of the Earth's hydrological cycle. Therefore, monitoring precipitation is paramount, as accurate information is needed to prevent natural hydrological disasters, such as floods and droughts. However, measuring precipitation using rain gauges is complicated due to their sparse spatial distribution. Satellite precipitation products (SPPs) are an alternative source of rainfall data. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of PERSIANN-CCS and PDIR-Now SPPs over the Tulijá River Basin (Chiapas, Mexico) using scatter plots, categorical statistics, descriptive statistics, and decomposing total bias. Additionally, bias correction was performed using the quantile mapping (QM) method. QM is a technique used to improve the fit of SPPs with respect to rainfall observations through a transfer function, aiming to reduce systematic errors in SPPs. The results indicate that the PDIR-Now product tends to overestimate rainfall to a large extent, thus showing better performance in detecting rain events. Meanwhile, PERSIANN-CCS underestimates precipitation to a lesser extent. The findings of this study demonstrate that correcting the bias of SPPs improves estimations of rainfall records, thereby reducing the percentage bias and root mean square error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Buschke–Löwenstein tumor comes from the confluence of multiple condyloma acuminata and is clinically manifested by warty, exophytic, ulcerated lesions, with aggressive behavior, rapid growth, invasion and destruction of adjacent structures. Case presentation A 57-year-old man with type II diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and a history of high-risk sexual behavior with multiple partners was evaluated in the urology department for multiple penile lesions of verrucous appearance and fetid odor of 10 months of evolution. Biopsy of the lesion was performed revealing a giant condyloma acuminatum. Conclusions Radical surgical excision with wide surgical margins remains the first line of treatment. Close follow-up of these patients is crucial given the complexity and tumor recurrence.