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動揺する船上においても太陽直達光を観測できるように，船舶用スカイラジオメータの太陽追尾性能を改良した．改良点は，太陽追尾精度の向上，測器視野角の拡大，太陽追尾速度の迅速化および測定手法の改良である．改良後の装置を用いて，第51次および第52次日本南極地域観測隊の本観測時に，南極観測船「しらせ」船上において太陽直達光および天空輝度分布を測定し，動揺した船上での直達光観測に成功した．直達光から算出された波長500nm における大気エアロゾルの光学的厚さは0.01-0.34であり，東南アジアおよび春季の西太平洋上で高い値を示した．オングストローム指数は－0.06～2.00の範囲であり，東南アジアおよびシドニー付近で最大を示した．今後，船舶用スカイラジオメータが，海洋上の大気エアロゾルに関する知見を深めると期待される．, The sun-tracking performance of a shipborne sky radiometer was improved to attain accurate aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from direct solar measurements on a pitching and rolling vessel. Improvements were made in the accuracy of sun-pointing measurements, field-of-view expansion, sun-tracking speed, and measurement method. Radiometric measurements of direct solar and sky brightness distribution were performed using the shipborne sky radiometer onboard the Antarctic research vessel (R/V) Shirase during JARE-51 (2009-2010) and JARE-52 (2010-2011). The temporal variation of signal intensity measured by the radiometer under cloudless conditions was smooth, demonstrating that the radiometer could measure direct sunlight onboard the R/V. AOT at 500 nm ranged from 0.01 to 0.34, and values over Southeast Asia and over the western Pacific Ocean in spring were higher than those over other regions. The Angstrom exponent ranged from －0.06 to 2.00, and values over Southeast Asia and off the coast near Sydney were the highest. The improved shipborne sky radiometer will contribute to a good understanding of the nature of aerosols over the ocean.

Practical and simple catalytic enantioselective hydrogenation reactions to synthesize N-unprotected β-amino esters have been developed: (1) asymmetric hydrogenation of N-unprotected β-enamine ester and (2) asymmetric direct reductive amination of β-keto esters using ammonium salts. A Ru–DM-SEGPHOS complex was used as the catalyst in both cases and gave high enantioselectivity, high reactivity, and wide substrate applicability. These protocols greatly reduced reaction time and waste compared to conventional synthetic routes. The direct reductive amination route was demonstrated on a >100 kg scale.

The baiu and Kuroshio Extension (KE) fronts, both zonally oriented and nearly collocated east of Japan, are the dominant summertime features of the atmosphere and ocean, respectively, over the midlatitude northwest Pacific. An atmospheric sounding campaign was conducted on board the R/V Roger Revelle during the 2005 summer. Transects of soundings across the KE front are analyzed to study its effects on the atmosphere, along with continuous surface meteorological and ceilometer cloud-base observations. While the KE front remained nearly stationary during the cruise, the baiu front displayed large meridional displacements that changed wind direction across the KE front. The presence of sharp sea surface temperature (SST) gradients anchored by the KE enhanced the thermal and moisture advection, causing substantial changes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) structure. When the baiu front was displaced north of the KE front, southwesterly winds advected warm, humid air from the subtropics over the cold water, producing a surface inversion favorable to fog formation. When the baiu front was to the south, on the other hand, northerly winds across the KE front destabilized the MABL, leading to the formation of a solid low-cloud deck beneath a strong capping inversion. The wind changes with the meridional displacement of the baiu front thus caused large variations in near-surface atmospheric stability and surface turbulent heat fluxes, with potential feedback on deep convection and fog/low-cloud formation around the front.

The eruption of the Mount Asama volcano on 16 September 2004 produced an ash cloud and led to ashfall in the Tokyo metropolitan area that lies on the Kanto Plain. Satellite images showed the ash cloud drifting toward the south in the morning but to the southeast in the afternoon. An aerosol lidar and a ceilometer, installed in the metropolitan area, continuously observed the southeastward-transported ash particles passing at altitudes of 2.6–4.5 km above mean sea level (MSL) in the nighttime. Results of meteorological analyses and numerical experiments showed that the south-to-southeasterly sea breezes and valley winds prevailed at altitudes below 1.5 km MSL over the Kanto Plain in the afternoon and the compensatory return flow (CRF) was formed aloft at altitudes of 1.5–4.5 km MSL as strong northwesterly winds, which were encouraged by a synoptic wind. The numerical experiments also showed that the direction of the ash transport turned from the south to the southeast following the formation of the northwesterly CRF. This demonstrates that the daytime ash transport was influenced by the CRF. The nocturnal ash transport, however, depended on the intensified synoptic wind. Thus, in addition to synoptic winds, the large-scale local wind circulation prevailing over the Kanto Plain can determine the direction of ash transport originating from the Mount Asama volcano and increase the possibility of ashfall in the Tokyo metropolitan area.

Tropospheric aerosols were investigated with a multi-wavelength Raman lidar system during two measurement periods: March 15th–April 16th, 2004 and May 23rd–June 9th, 2005 at the Korea Global Atmospheric Watch Observatory (KGAWO, 36.32°N, 126.19°E), Anmyeon Island, Korea. The extinction coefficient, backscattering coefficient and lidar ratio ( S a ) were measured at 355 and 532 nm with the Raman method. Wavelength-dependent lidar ratio data can be used to determine aerosol type. Average values of S a were 46.8 ± 6.5 and 71.1 ± 8.2 sr at 355 nm and 49.0 ± 12.2 and 78.6 ± 9.6 sr at 532 nm during the two observation periods in 2004 and 2005, respectively. HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis showed different pathways of air mass between the two observation periods. Air mass had moved to the measurement site from the Chinese continent by a northwesterly wind in 2004, whereas it moved rather slowly in an easterly direction over the Korean Peninsula in 2005. Raman lidar results obtained in this study can provide useful information on aerosol climatology and aerosol transport characteristics in Northeast Asia.

The hfs separation Δν of 126Cs( T 1 / 2 = 1.63 m ) in the 6s S 1 / 2 2 ground state was obtained in a precision measurement near zero magnetic field by means of atomic beam magnetic resonance with laser optical pumping on-line with the CERN-PSB-ISOLDE mass separator. The result, Δ ν = 3629.514 (0.001) MHz, corrects significantly a previous published value from a high-field experiment. With our result, the precision of the nuclear magnetic moment, μ ( Cs 126 ) ≈ 0.776 μ N , is now limited by the influence of extended nuclear structure on the hfs (the Bohr–Weisskopf effect).

Recently, applications of aluminum (Al) use have extended into the area of the lightening of machine parts. However, the hardness of Al is lower than that of the steel mainly used for these machine parts at present. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out surface modifications of Al in order to use it in sliding parts. By heating in a nitrogen plasma, ion nitriding forms a nitride layer on the steel surface. Ion nitriding is widely used as a processing tool to increase the fatigue and wear resistance of machine parts of carbon or alloy steels, etc. However, a dense oxide film exists on the surface of Al, which prevents the formation of a nitride layer by ion nitriding. Therefore, it is difficult to apply ion nitriding to Al alloys. In this study, an aluminum nitride (AlN) layer was first formed on the surface of Al in a fluidized bed filled with alumina (Al 2 O 3 )/aluminum magnesium (Al–Mg) alloy powder, and ion nitriding was thus enabled. In addition, the influence of process parameters on the film thickness and hardness of the AlN layer was examined. After nitriding, constituents of the modified layer were identified by XRD, the structure and thickness were observed by optical microscopy, and the hardness was measured by a micro Vickers hardness tester. The processing time for all conditions was 18.0 ks. The thickness of the AlN modified layer was compared for three nitriding methods: fluidized bed only; gas nitriding after fluidized bed; and ion nitriding after fluidized bed. After nitriding, there are two layers on the substrate, one is the modified layer composed of AlN, and the other is a deposited layer composed of Al 2 O 3 and AlN. With increasing time in the fluidized bed, the thickness of the modified and deposited layers increases. For the combined processes, the thickness of the modified layer is less than that carried out by fluidized-bed nitriding alone. In regions close to the deposited layer, AlN concentration and hardness in the modified layer are high. The thickness of the deposited layer increases only with increasing time in the fluidized bed. It is possible that only the thickness of the modified layer increases when gas or ion nitriding is used. In addition, the hardness of the modified layer formed by ion nitriding is higher than that formed by gas nitriding. The thickness of the modified layer formed by ion nitriding decreases, along with that formed by fluidized-bed nitriding.

We intensively observed the atmospheric boundary layer with a polarization lidar, a Sun photometer, and a high-volume sampler at a coastal area of Tokyo Bay. The purpose of the observation is to investigate a phenomenon discovered in the past summer: relatively high depolarization ratio events (≃ 10% at peak) in the lower atmosphere associated with sea breeze. From the chemical analyses of the simultaneously sampled aerosols, we found that the depolarization ratio might be related to crystallized sea salt and dust particles. A boundary structure was clearly revealed by the depolarization ratio in the lower atmosphere, which might correspond to the mixed layer (the internal boundary layer) or the sea breeze in which crystallized sea salt and/or dust particles were diffused. We also presented the first numerical calculation on the depolarization ratio of the cubic particles to apply crystallized sea-salt (NaCI) particles by the dipole discrete approximation (DDA) method: the calculation yields 8-22% of depolarization ratio for the effective size larger than 0.8 μm at the investigated wavelength (532 nm).

Asymmetric synthesis of ( S )- 5 has been accomplished with an excellent enantiomeric excess by hydrogenation of racemic 5 using ruthenium-BINAP-diamine-KOH system, followed by oxidation. Magnesium enolate of (2 S )-2-methoxycyclohexanone [( S )- 5 ] reacts with the 4-acetoxyazetidinone 4 to give the key intermediate 3 with high yield and diastereoselectivity for the synthesis of sanfetrinem 1 .

We have made high-resolution laser spectroscopy of the hyperfine structure of a radioactive isotope $^{179}\mathrm{Ta}$ (${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}=1.8$ y) using an argon-ion sputtering atomic-beam source. From hyperfine constants $A$ and $B$ of the atomic ground state ($^{4}F_{\frac{3}{2}}5{d}^{3}6{s}^{2}$), the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the nuclear ground state of $^{179}\mathrm{Ta}(I=\frac{7}{2})$ have been determined for the first time: ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}^{179}=2.289(9){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ and ${Q}_{s}^{179}=3.37(4)$ b. It is pointed out that magnetic moments of the ground and isomeric states in the region $N=102\ensuremath{-}112$ can be systematically described in terms of the presently available theory while the revealed systematic behavior of electric quadrupole moments is hardly reproduced by the theory.

The atmospheric boundary layer over the central area of Tokyo was studied by a Mie-scattering polarization lidar. Negative correlation of the depolarization ratio with relative humidity was observed in the lower atmosphere throughout the year. Contributions of hygroscopic or water-soluble and deliquescent aerosol particles, especially sea-salt particles to the depolarization ratio are discussed in the light of the chemical compositions of the surface aerosol in Tokyo.

The atomic-beam laser-rf double-resonance technique has been used to make precision measurements of the hyperfine structure (hfs) splittings in the 5${\mathit{d}}^{2}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{3}$${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{J}}$ (J=2\char21{}4) states in $^{177,179}\mathrm{Hf}$ i. By making corrections to the second-order hfs effects, magnetic dipole (A), electric quadrupole (B), and magnetic octupole (C) hfs constants are obtained for the $^{3}$${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{J}}$ states in $^{177,179}\mathrm{Hf}$: The constant C has a strong J dependence as well as does A and B; the isotopic ratio of the constant A between $^{177}\mathrm{Hf}$ and $^{179}\mathrm{Hf}$ has a significant J dependence, indicating J-dependent hyperfine anomalies, while that of the constant C is independent of J within experimental uncertainties, which is taken to be the ratio of the nuclear-ground-state magnetic octupole moments \ensuremath{\Omega}, i.e., \ensuremath{\Omega}${(}^{177}$Hf)/\ensuremath{\Omega}${(}^{179}$Hf)=-0.41(9). It is also pointed out that there is a clear indication of nuclear-spin dependence of the isotopic ratios of C. The single-electron hfs parameters of the 5d electron for the 5${\mathit{d}}^{2}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ configuration in Hf i are obtained, and the Sternheimer shielding factor ${\mathit{R}}_{5\mathit{d}}$=-0.397(8) is derived.

β-, γ-, and δ-Amino acids were easily cyclized in high yields to corresponding β-, γ-, and δ-lactams by treatment with N -alkyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide and triphenylphosphine.

Hyperfine structure of the 5${\mathit{d}}^{3}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{4}$${\mathit{F}}_{3/2}$ ground state in $^{180\mathit{m}}\mathrm{Ta}$ i was precisely measured by means of atomic-beam laser-rf double-resonance spectroscopy. Hyperfine-interaction constants A and B for the ground state $^{4}$${\mathit{F}}_{3/2}$ were determined with accuracies of 3 and 10 ppm, respectively. The nuclear electric quadrupole moment was derived, as well as a precise value of the magnetic moment for $^{180\mathit{m}}\mathrm{Ta}$ (${\mathit{I}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=${9}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$): the magnetic dipole moment is ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{I}}^{180\mathit{m}}$=+4.825(11)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{N}}$ and the spectroscopic quadrupole moment is ${\mathit{Q}}_{\mathit{s}}^{180\mathit{m}}$=+4.946(20)b.

Ar-ion sputtering is successfully used to produce intense atomic beams of refractory elements. The population in the ground and low metastable states of Ta 1 is investigated for the sputtered atoms. Isotope shifts and hyperfine structures of seven transitions have been measured for the stable isotopes of Hf, Ta and W. The hyperfine coupling constantsA andB are determined for eight atomic levels of177,179Hf,181Ta and183W.

A Simple, highly diastereoselective synthesis of the key 1β-methylcarbapenem intermediate 1 has been accomplished via a palladium catalyzed deallyloxycarbonylation of diallyl malonate derivative 4a which was readily prepared from (3S,4R)-4-acetoxy-3-[(R)-1-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-2-azetidinone 2 in two steps.

A high‐resolution laser spectroscopy system for refractory elements with an argon‐ion‐ sputtering atomic beam source was constructed, and it has been demonstrated that the sputtering method is extremely useful as an atomic beam source for high‐resolution laser spectroscopy to measure hyperfine structures and isotope shifts for refractory elements, such as Hf, Ta, and W. This source produced intense neutral atomic beams of more than 1010 atoms/s for these elements, and the yield was easily controlled by adjusting the argon‐ion current and the acceleration voltage. Resonance linewidths were 32, 66, and 48 MHz for Hf, Ta, and W, respectively, which are sufficient to measure the hyperfine structures and the isotope shifts in optical transitions. With this system, the signal‐to‐noise ratio reached more than 106. In addition, the temperature of the sputtered atoms found was rather low compared to the kinetic energy given to the atoms.

β-, γ-, and δ-Amino acids were easily cyclized in high yields to corresponding β-, γ-, and δ-lactams by treatment with N -alkyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide and triphenylphosphine.

Asymmetric synthesis of ( S )- 5 has been accomplished with an excellent enantiomeric excess by hydrogenation of racemic 5 using ruthenium-BINAP-diamine-KOH system, followed by oxidation. Magnesium enolate of (2 S )-2-methoxycyclohexanone [( S )- 5 ] reacts with the 4-acetoxyazetidinone 4 to give the key intermediate 3 with high yield and diastereoselectivity for the synthesis of sanfetrinem 1 .

The hyperfine anomaly gives an insight into the coupling of spin and orbital magnetic moments in the nucleus. More precisely, the nuclear magnetization is expressible through the nuclear wave functions with which is tested not only the magnetic moment operator, but also the tensor product [s×C2]1. The experiment can then be expected to be of value in testing the nuclear structure theory. The greatest value of these measurements is gained when these are made systematically over a large number of isotopes. We propose to initiate a program at ISOLDE to measure the hyperfine anomaly systematically in the heavy alkali elements. The experimental setup to achieve, in particular, a precise measurement of the nuclearg-factor is presented and the results on atomic beams of39K are discussed.

We have constructed a fast atomic-beam collinear laser spectroscopy system connected to the on-line isotope separator facility GARIS/IGISOL at RIKEN. This system is potentially powerful in studying refractory elements. To test the system, an off-line collinear experiment was made on stable Hf isotopes produced by means of laser ablation technique. For production of radioactive Hf isotopes, the use of the inverse kinematics of a fusion reaction,9Be(166Er,xn)175-xHf, was investigated. The radioactive isotope169Hf was successfully extracted from GARIS/IGISOL and accelerated up to 30 keV.

Radiation-detected optical pumping in solids has been developed to investigate the structure of unstable nuclei. Appreciable nuclear polarization of implanted or doped unstable-nuclei in a host crystal is achieved with the optical pumping in solids. The nuclear polarization achieved is enhanced/reduced by applying a radio-frequency magnetic field together with the optical pumping, radiation-detected magnetic resonance being thus observed to get information on electromagnetic properties of unstable nuclei. Two schemes have been successfully developed for the optical pumping of unstable nuclei in solids. One is to directly pump the atoms by the excitation from the ground state to a broad absorption band in visible and UV regions which shows a large magnetic circular dichroism. This scheme is applicable to many rare-earth atoms in alkaline-earth fluoride host. The other scheme is to pump the electrons in the conduction band of direct-type semiconductor and thus indirectly polarize the nuclei in the host material via a hyperfine interaction between the nuclei and the polarized conduction electrons. This scheme can be especially applied to the III to VI families of atoms in direct-type semiconductors. Principle of the methods, on-line experimental system, and a few examples of the results obtained so far are presented and discussed.

An on-line system of optical pumping in solids for the study of unstable nuclei was developed. The system is operated in connection with mass separators on line. The mass-separated unstable isotopes are implanted into a host crystal set at the focal position of the separator and then spin-polarized with laser optical pumping in the crystal. The crystal can be cooled down to 20–100 K with a cold finger attached to a liquid He bath. The achieved nuclear polarization/alignment is detected by observing the asymmetry/anisotropy of the emitted beta-/gamma-radiation with scintillation/Ge counters. Nuclear magnetic resonances are observed by detecting the destruction and/or enhancement of the asymmetry/anisotropy distribution with an applied rf magnetic field. The system has been applied to the study of unstable Tm and Si isotopes. Apparatus and performance of the on-line system are described together with some of the results obtained.

The velocity distribution of an ion beam from an IGISOL ion guide isotope separator on-line was measured directly by means of laser spectroscopy and compared with that estimated from the mass spectrum. The latter is found to be more than two times broader than the former. The emittance of the ion beam as well as its velocity spread was also studied with laser beams. It is noted that the emittance affects the mass spectrum considerably, resulting in a poor resolving power for the net velocity spread. Laser spectroscopy of radioactive atoms with the IGISOL, especially of refractory elements, seems promising.

A direct measurement of the velocity distribution of ion beams from an ion-guide isotope separator on-line (IGISOL) was carried out at RIKEN with a technique of laser spectroscopy. The skimmer-potential and gas-cell pressure dependence of the velocity distribution were also measured. The velocity distribution was found to be about two times narrower than that estimated from the mass resolving power (MRP). It is pointed out that the velocity spread deduced from MRP is considerably overestimated at various conditions. The way of improvement to make the velocity distribution of the ion beam from the IGISOL narrower and the feasibility of fast atomic-beam collinear laser spectroscopy are discussed.

Numerical analyses have been conducted on radiative heat transfer from hypersonic, non-equilibrium air shock layers over a reentry body. The band method developed here enables one to conduct wavelength-dependent, three-dimensional radiative transfer calculation in which self-absorption effect is taken into account. The radiative heat transfer calculated here was found comparable with convective one. Atomic species and N2+ were found to be dominant radiators. Electrons play an essential role in determining radiative emission power. Due to a high electron temperature, a peak in emission power exists immediately behind the shock. At a high Mach number, since electron density is at a high level, another peak appears near the wall, thereby enhancing the radiative heat transfer at the stagnation point and enlarging the half-width of the radiative heat flux to the wall.

[1] Measurements of the major reactive nitrogen species (NOy)i (NOx, peroxyacyl nitrates, HNO3, and particulate nitrate (NO3−)), total reactive nitrogen (NOy), volatile organic compounds, OH and HO2, and organic aerosol were made near the urban center of Tokyo in different seasons of 2003–2004 to study the processes involving oxidized forms of reactive nitrogen and O3. Generally, NOx constituted the dominant fraction of NOy throughout the seasons. The NOx/NOy and HNO3/NOy ratios were lowest and highest, respectively, in summer, owing to the seasonally high OH concentration. The fraction of NOy that remained in the atmosphere after emission (RNOy) decreased with the decrease in the NOx/NOy ratio in summer and fall. It is likely that the median seasonal-diurnal variations of Ox = O3 + NO2 were controlled by those of the background O3 levels, photochemical O3 formation, and vertical transport. Ox showed large increases during midday under stagnant conditions in mid-August 2004. Their in situ production rates calculated by a box model were too slow to explain the observed increases. The high Ox was likely due to the accumulation of Ox from previous days in the upper part of the boundary layer (BL) followed by transport down to near the surface by mixing after sunrise. Considering the tight correlation between Ox and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), it is likely that SOA also accumulated during the course of sea-land breeze circulation in the BL.

Angular distributions of the differential cross section σ (θ), analyzing power Ay (θ), spin-flip probability S(θ) and spin-flip asymmetry e (θ) in the excitation of the first 2+ states in 48Ti and 50Ti were measured at incident energies of 11 and 18 MeV using (p, p' γ) coincidence technique with polarized proton beam. The results were analyzed in terms of a macroscopic coupled channels method based on the vibrational model and of the microscopic distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) based on shell-model wave functions and effective nucleon-nucleon interactions.

Angular distributions of the differential cross section, analyzing power, spin-flip probability, and spin-flip asymmetry in the excitation of the first 2{sup +} states in {sup 48}Ti and {sup 50}Ti were measured at incident energies of 11 and 18 MeV using the ({ital p},{ital p}{prime}{gamma}) coincidence technique with a polarized proton beam. The angular distributions show strong incident energy and target dependence. The results were analyzed in terms of a macroscopic coupled-channels method based on the vibrational model and of the microscopic distorted wave Born approximation based on shell-model wave functions and effective nucleon-nucleon interactions. The spin-flip asymmetry is quite sensitive to the spin-dependent part in the interaction that causes inelastic scattering.

The hyperfine structure of the radioactive isotope {sup 175}Hf has been measured by means of laser spectroscopy. The magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of {sup 175}Hf are determined: {ital {mu}{sub I}={minus}0.62(3){mu}{sub N}} and {ital Q{sub s}}=+2.6(2) b; the sign of {mu}{ital {sub I}} has been shown to be negative. It has been shown that {sup 175}Hf has almost the same nuclear charge radius as {sup 174}Hf. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

[1] In the spring of 2003, we observed lofted Asian dust and Siberian forest-fire smoke plumes in the free troposphere over Tokyo, Japan with a dual-wavelength Raman lidar. These data show clear signatures of the optical characteristics depending on the aerosol type. The Asiandust layer shows that the particle depolarization ratio (PDR) at 532 nm is 20%, and the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) at 355 nm is 49 sr, which is close to 43 sr measured at 532 nm. On the contrary, the smoke layers show that the PDR is as small as 5–8% or less, and the lidar ratio at 355 nm is 40 sr, which is considerably lower than 65 sr which was measured at 532 nm. We also applied an inversion algorithm for the smoke case. The effective radius was 0.22 mm and the single-scattering albedo at 532 nm was 0.95. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere— constituent transport and chemistry; 0394 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques.

On five occasions spanning the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) field campaign in spring 2001, the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer spaceborne instrument took data coincident with high-quality observations by instruments on two or more surface and airborne platforms. The cases capture a range of clean, polluted, and dusty aerosol conditions. With a three-stage optical modeling process, we synthesize the data from over 40 field instruments into layer-by-layer environmental snapshots that summarize what we know about the atmospheric and surface states at key locations during each event. We compare related measurements and discuss the implications of apparent discrepancies, at a level of detail appropriate for satellite retrieval algorithm and aerosol transport model validation. Aerosols within a few kilometers of the surface were composed primarily of pollution and Asian dust mixtures, as expected. Medium- and coarse-mode particle size distributions varied little among the events studied; however, column aerosol optical depth changed by more than a factor of 4, and the near-surface proportion of dust ranged between 25% and 50%. The amount of absorbing material in the submicron fraction was highest when near-surface winds crossed Beijing and the Korean Peninsula and was considerably lower for all other cases. Having simultaneous single-scattering albedo measurements at more than one wavelength would significantly reduce the remaining optical model uncertainties. The consistency of component particle microphysical properties among the five events, even in this relatively complex aerosol environment, suggests that global, satellite-derived maps of aerosol optical depth and aerosol mixture (air-mass-type) extent, combined with targeted in situ component microphysical property measurements, can provide a detailed global picture of aerosol behavior.

Cloud is an important factor for the radiation budget through reflection of solar radiation and absorption of terrestrial radiation. Climate change is dependent on these two effects and focusing on an aerosol-cloud interaction. In East Asian region, consumption of fossil fuels is increasing and emits many kinds of gas and particles in addition of natural sources. The indirect effect of aerosol depends on the aerosol characteristics and weather conditions. The particle size and chemical features of aerosols affect cloud formation and particle size. Therefore, it is interesting to understand cloud properties such as a liquid water path ( LWP ) and cloud effective radius ( Reff ). This study is to estimate these two parameters with ground-based observations. In the paper a method to estimate a cloud effective radius and optical thickness is proposed using a combination of corrected LWP and the downward solar radiation. It is useful for continuous observation, especially LWP can be estimated for all day.

[1] The regional-scale aerosol transport model Chemical Weather Forecasting System (CFORS) is used for analysis of large-scale dust phenomena during the Asian Pacific Regional Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive observation. Dust modeling results are examined with the surface weather reports, satellite-derived dust index (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Aerosol Index (AI)), Mie-scattering lidar observation, and surface aerosol observations. The CFORS dust results are shown to accurately reproduce many of the important observed features. Model analysis shows that the simulated dust vertical loading correlates well with TOMS AI and that the dust loading is transported with the meandering of the synoptic-scale temperature field at the 500-hPa level. Quantitative examination of aerosol optical depth shows that model predictions are within 20% difference of the lidar observations for the major dust episodes. The structure of the ACE-Asia Perfect Dust Storm, which occurred in early April, is clarified with the help of the CFORS model analysis. This storm consisted of two boundary layer components and one elevated dust (>6-km height) feature (resulting from the movement of two large low-pressure systems). Time variation of the CFORS dust fields shows the correct onset timing of the elevated dust for each observation site, but the model results tend to overpredict dust concentrations at lower latitude sites. The horizontal transport flux at 130°E longitude is examined, and the overall dust transport flux at 130°E during March–April is evaluated to be 55 Tg.

[1] Continuous observations of aerosols in China and Japan were made by polarization lidars during March to May 2001, corresponding with the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) field campaign period. Lidars in Beijing, Nagasaki, and Tsukuba were continuously operated regardless of weather conditions. Scatterers in the atmosphere were categorized for all vertical profiles, and occurrence frequencies of dust, spherical aerosols, and clouds up to 6 km were calculated. The frequency of dust was highest in Beijing for the whole height range. There was a peak of dust occurrence near the ground in Nagasaki. Dust was frequently detected in the free troposphere in Tsukuba. The contributions of dust and spherical aerosols to the total backscattering coefficient were estimated from the depolarization ratio with the assumption of the external mixture of both kinds of aerosols. Vertical profiles of backscattering by dust and by spherical aerosols represented the different characteristics of these aerosols. The monthly averaged backscattering coefficients by dust near the surface were 0.003/km/sr in Beijing, 0.001–0.002/km/sr in Nagasaki, and 0.0006/km/sr in Tsukuba. The backscattering coefficients by spherical aerosols near the surface were 0.002–0.004/km/sr at all three observatories. We compared the derived backscattering coefficients with aerosol mass concentrations calculated by a numerical model, Chemical Weather Forecasting System (CFORS). CFORS reproduced well the vertical structures of the tall dust events and the enhancements of spherical aerosols throughout the observation period. A specific dust event on 16–19 May 2001 was analyzed by using five lidars in Japan, and its fine structure is described.

Asian dust aerosol layer of 4-6 km altitude accompanied by low clouds was observed with a LIDAR in Tokyo urban area on April 10 2001. In addition, column-integrated size distribution of aerosol was measured with a SkyRadiometer. To synthesize the top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, radiative transfer simulation was conducted assuming aerosol/cloud vertical structure and aerosol size distribution that were estimated after the ground observations. The refractive index of Asian dust was derived from a laboratory measurement of sampled Chinese soil particles. The synthesized TOA reflectance was compared to the SeaWiFS-derived one sampled at the low cloud pixels whose airmass is the same as the one passed at the observation site. TOA reflectance of the one of Asian dust models compare generally well with few percent difference in reflectance. We estimated an affect of Asian dust aerosol to ocean color remote sensing. Simulated TOA radiance absorbed by Asian dust was 20.0 W/m 2 /μm/sr in 443 nm. It is suggest that the existence of Asian dust occurs to dervie negative water-leaving radiance.

[1] During the ACE-Asia intensive observation period (IOP), an intercomparison experiment with ground-based lidars and aircraft observations was conducted near Tokyo. On 23 April 2001, four Mie backscatter lidars were simultaneously operated in the Tokyo region, while the National Center for Atmospheric Research C-130 aircraft flew a steppedascent profile between the surface and 6 km over Sagami Bay southwest of Tokyo. The C-130 observation package included a tracking Sun photometer and in situ packages measuring aerosol optical properties, aerosol size distribution, aerosol ionic composition, and SO2 concentration. The three polarization lidars suggested that the observed modest concentrations of Asian dust in the free troposphere extended up to an altitude of 8 km. We found a good agreement in the backscattering coefficient at 532 nm among lidars and in situ 180� backscatter nephelometer observations. The intercomparison indicated that the aerosol layer between 1.6 and 3.5 km was a remarkably stable and homogenous in mesoscale. We also found reasonable agreement between the aerosol extinction coefficients (sa � 0.03 km � 1 ) derived from the airborne tracking Sun photometer, in situ optical instruments, and those estimated from the lidars above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). We also found considerable vertical variation of the aerosol depolarization ratio (da) and a negative correlation between da and the backscattering coefficient (da) below 3.5 km. Airborne measurements of size-dependent optical parameters (e.g., the fine mode fraction of scattering) and of aerosol ionic compositions suggests that the mixing ratio of the accumulation-mode and coarse-mode (dust) aerosols was primarily responsible for the observed variation of da. Aerosol observations during the intercomparison period captured the following three types of layers in the atmosphere: a PBL (surface to 1.2–1.5 km) where fine (mainly sulfate) particles with a low da (

Observations of aerosols and clouds have been conducted in the Pacific with a ship-board Mie scattering lidar using the research vessel Mirai. The purpose of the observations is to obtain global distribution of aerosols and clouds over the Pacific Ocean for climatology and studies of radiative processes and ocean-atmosphere interaction. The data are used also in the study of data reduction and utilization methods for the space-borne lidars. The lidar for R/V Mirai is a two-wavelength Miescattering lidar (532 nm and 1064 nm) using a flashlamp pumped Nd:YAG laser. It has a depolarization receiver at 532 nm. We have performed observations in six cruises of R/V Mirai since 1999. Cloud distribution, cloud phase, vertical distribution of aerosol, wavelength dependence of aerosol backscatter, etc. have been analyzed. The parameters measured with the lidar, i.e. backscatter at two wavelengths and depolarization, are similar to space-borne lidars such as PICASSO and the Japanese "A-lidar". The results of the observations demonstrate the usefulness of a two-wavelength polarization lidar.

We sometimes observed ice clouds (cirrus) that coexisted with an Asian-dust layer in the upper troposphere by a polarization lidar during Asian dust events over Tokyo, Japan in the springs of 1998 to 2000. Here we present such lidar observations during spring 2000. We discussed qualitatively a mechanism of the formation of the cirrus clouds combined with imageries of Geostationally Meteorological Satellite 5 (GMS-5) and the nearest radiosonde data. The water-vapor channel imagery indicates that the cirms was formed or enhanced over a high mountain area in the middle of Japan. The cirrus that we observed over Tokyo was a part of the cirrus flowed by the westerly wind. Asian dust particle seems to act as ice nuclei in the upper troposphere if the air mass merged with a humid air mass during the transportation.

Since the winter of 1995, we have routinely performed combined measurements with polarization lidar, sun-photometer, and filter-sampling. Such a so-called closer experiment is necessary and useful to cope with the variety of boundary- layer aerosols. The aims of the observation are as follows: (1) study of the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) by lidar, (2) use of depolarization ratio measurement for the study of the ABL and the characterization of aerosols, (3) to clarify the relationship between depolarization ratio and chemical component of the aerosol in the ABL, (4) comparison between the optical thicknesses derived from the lidar and the sun-photometer measurements, (5) diurnal and seasonal changes of the above items, etc. We will present an overview of the study until now.

The atmospheric boundary layer over the central area of Tokyo was studied by polarization lidar. Some results in the summer of 1995 are presented. The relationship between the depolarization ratio and the meteorological condition in the lower atmosphere is discussed.

Isotope shifts and hyperfine structures of four transitions in W i have been measured as well as isotope shifts in Lu i by means of atomic-beam laser spectroscopy. Magnetic-dipole hyperfine constants A of $^{183}\mathrm{W}$ are determined for the atomic states $^{7}$${\mathit{D}}_{1}$, $^{7}$${\mathit{F}}_{1}$, and $^{7}$${\mathit{F}}_{3}$ of the 5${\mathit{d}}^{4}$6s6p configuration. The nuclear parameters \ensuremath{\lambda} and \ensuremath{\delta}〈${\mathit{r}}^{2}$〉 are derived for W stable isotopes. J dependences of the isotope shifts are observed for the $^{2}$D term of the 5d6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ configuration in Lu i and the $^{5}$D term of the 5${\mathit{d}}^{4}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ configuration in W i. Parameters ${\mathit{z}}_{5\mathit{d}}$ of the crossed-second-order effects are derived for the Lu i 5d6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ and W i 5${\mathit{d}}^{4}$6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ configurations, and ${\mathit{z}}_{5\mathit{d}}$/\ensuremath{\lambda} is found to be 411(26) MHz/${\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ for W. A systematic behavior of the normalized parameter ${\mathit{z}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{l}}$/\ensuremath{\lambda}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{l}}$ is discussed.

Extinction-to-backscatter ratio or lidar ratio is a key parameter in the issue of backscatter-lidar inversions. The lidar ratio of Asian dust was observed with a high-spectral-resolution lidar and a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar during the springs of 1998 and 1999. The measured values range from 42 to55 sr in most cases, with a mean of 51 sr. These values are significantly larger than those predicted by the Mie computations that incorporate measured Asian dust size distributions and a range of refractive index with a typical value of 1.55-0.005i. The enhancement of lidar ratio is mostly due to the nonsphericity of dust particles, as indicated by the T-matrix calculations for spheroid particles and a number of other theoretical studies. In addition, possible contamination of urban aerosols may also contribute somewhat in optically thin cases. Mie theory, although it can well describe spherical particle scattering, will not be sufficient to represent the scattering characteristics of irregular particles such as Asian dust, especially in directions larger than approximately 90 degrees when the size parameter is large.

Differential cross section and all four analyzing powers iT 11 , T 20 , T 31 and T 22 have been measured for deuteron elastic scattering from 208 Pb at incident energies from 10 to 23 MeV. The energy dependence of the tensor analyzing powers was investigated. A considerable deviation of the data from optical-model calculations including a T r -type tensor potential is found near the Coulomb barrier.