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Kitchener drain isconsideredone of the largest drains in the Nile delta. The current study aimed to assess water quality and level of some chemical and biological pollutants in both the water and sediments of Kitchener drain. The studied water quality parameters included nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), in addition, water and sediment samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, total coliform (TC) bacteria, faecal coliform (FC) bacteria and Salmonella&Shigella (SS). The results showed that nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) concentrations in most sampling sides were within the permitted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for irrigation water. In addition, all the values of total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) in El-Gharbia governorate were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permitted limits. Bacteriological results revealed that most sampling sites were contaminated with both TC and FC bacteria where, the counts of them in the water samples exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml which is higher than the WHO limits. In addition, the counts of studied organisms in all examined sediment samples were higher compared to water samples. Based on these results the water in Kitchener drain is considered unsuitablefor domestic and agricultural purposes.

Kitchener drain is considered one of the largest drains in the Nile delta. The current study aimed to assess water quality and level of some chemical and biological pollutants in both the water and sediments of Kitchener drain. The studied water quality parameters included nitrate (NO3 - ), phosphate (PO43- ), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), in addition, water and sediment samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, total coliform (TC) bacteria, faecal coliform (FC) bacteria and Salmonella & Shigella (SS). The results showed that nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO4 3- ) concentrations in most sampling sides were within the permitted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for irrigation water. In addition, all the values of total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) in El-Gharbia governorate were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permitted limits. Bacteriological results revealed that most sampling sites were contaminated with both TC and FC bacteria where, the counts of them in the water samples exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml which is higher than the WHO limits. In addition, the counts of studied organisms in all examined sediment samples were higher compared to water samples. Based on these results the water in Kitchener drain is considered unsuitable for domestic and agricultural purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The River Ganga (2,525 km long) is the largest River basin in India, covering 26.2 percent of India's total geographical area and recently granted living entity status by the court. It is the holiest River and also among the dirtiest in the world. That’s why it is mandatory to maintain its water quality (WQ). Though, monitoring and assessment of WQ of a River is a very challenging task. In this research work, Soft Computing (SC) based popular and commononly used Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique has been used for modelling the WQ of the Ganga River by developing a prediction model based on six different training functions. Five sampling stations along this River stretch were selected from DEVPRAYAG to ROORKEE in the Uttarakhand state of India. The monthly data sets of five water quality parameters temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total coliform (TC) for the time period from 2001 to 2015 have been taken. The feed forward error back propagation neural network method has been used to develop the WQ-prediction model by conducting various experiments following a neural network structure of 5-10-1, 0.1 as a training goal and various training functions. Using the Mean square error (MSE) statistical method the prediction performance of the developed model was evaluated. The model developed with traincgp (Conjugate Gradient with Polak-Ribiere Restarts) comes out to be the worst one (MSE=0.786) while the other model with trainlm (Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation) rule proved to be the best one (MSE=0.163) among others. Consequently, it is found that ANNs are capable of predicting WQ of the River Ganga with acceptable results.

As a promising technology for wastewater reuse, direct rapid sand filtration has been widely used throughout the world, especially in arid developing and emerging countries. Retention factor describing the equilibrium between retained and mobile total coliform (TC) bacteria plays an important role in the model of TC removal in direct rapid sand filtration. Little attention has been given to the relationship between retention factor and loading rate as well as filter height, two critical parameters impacting retention factor. Therefore, the influence of loading rate as well as filter height on retention factor was discussed. Results showed that retention factor decreased dramatically with loading rate ranging from 9 to 15 m/h, but increased slightly as loading rate ranged from 5 to 9 m/h, which is a little different with the variation of suspended solids and total phosphorus removal efficiency. Retention factor decreased significantly with filter height of 0–30 cm and 120–150 cm, but reduced uniformly with filter height of 30–120 cm. It was deduced that the optimum loading rate and filter height may be 9 m/h and 90–120 cm, respectively. Increasing flocculant could overcome retention factor reduction resulted from higher loading rate or smaller filter height. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This study evaluated three different dehydrated media for simultaneous detection and enumeration of total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli in drinking water samples with a standard membrane filtration procedure. The experiment indicated that the differential coliform agar (DCA) medium was the most effective among the tested media in enumerating TC and E. coli, without the need for extensive accompanying confirmation tests. The results for DCA medium were highly reproducible for both TC and E. coli with standard deviation of 6.0 and 6.1, respectively. A high agreement (82%) was found between DCA and m-Endo media on 152 drinking water samples in terms of TC positive. The DCA medium also reduced concealment of background bacteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]