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Many research and development institutions advocate the integration of economic sectors to markets to benefit from them and reduce poverty. This is not so simple for Sahelian pastoralists living in uncertainty and absence of contingent markets. Sahelian pastoralists use livestock markets but these markets don’t systematically influence their production and marketing decisions. Based on the case of Senegalese Sahel, we use a spatial panel model to estimate the magnitude impacts of spatial and time factors on pastoral income generation. Then, we extent discussions to show that Sahelian livestock keepers alternate homo oeconomicus and bounded behaviours vis-à-vis the markets that they know well even if markets don't know much about them - and that is one reason it can be hard for a real structural transition. The problems of pastoral marketing systems are still examined from the perspectives of infrastructure buildings while it is also necessary to reduce transaction costs and information asymmetry to boost livestock sales and purchases.

International audience

International audience; Le Projet régional d’appui au pastoralisme au Sahel (PRAPS) fait partie de l’Initiative Sahel lancée par la Banque mondiale (BM). D’un montant de 248 millions de Dollars US, le projet regroupe 6 pays (Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Sénégal, Tchad) et est coordonné au niveau régional par le Comité permanent inter- Etats de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS) sous le leadership politique de la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) et de l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest- Africaine (UEMOA). Le PRAPS, qui entame sa première année de mise en œuvre, investira dans les infrastructures d’élevage et fournira des services afin d'améliorer la santé animale, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l’accès aux marchés et les mécanismes de gestion et de prévention des crises pastorales. Le Projet va soutenir l’amélioration de la productivité, la durabilité, la résilience des moyens de subsistance d’au moins deux millions de pasteurs, en ligne avec les priorités définies par la « Déclaration de Nouakchott sur le Pastoralisme ». Le projet prévoit des investissements stratégiques dans les zones marginales, transfrontalières et le long des axes de transhumances historiquement défavorisées, peuplées en grande partie de ménages pauvres et vulnérables aux chocs externes tels que les catastrophes naturelles et les conflits. A ce titre, le PRAPS à travers ces quatre composantes techniques prend en compte plusieurs dimensions de la multifonctionnalité du pastoralisme à savoir : (i) les préoccupations environnementales en lien avec l’atténuation des effets du changement climatique et l’amélioration de la biodiversité , (ii) la mise en valeur et perpétuation du savoir-faire des pasteurs et agropasteurs tout en intégrant les progrès techniques disponibles dans la conduite de l’élevage, la gestion et la gouvernance des parcours ; (iii) l’amélioration des revenus des pasteurs et le renforcement de leur résilience par la diversification et la promotion d’activités génératrices de revenus ; (iv) le renforcement de l’intégration régionale pour faciliter une transhumance apaisée.

International audience; The future of pastoral systems and their interactions with territories are the subject of considerable debate in the scientific literature and are still insufficiently documented. Assessing the sustainability of pastoral systems and their interactions with the sustainability of territories is thus a complex task. We proposed in this study a method to assess the sustainability of pastoral systems within their territories. After reviewing the literature, we conducted interviews with pastoralism experts in France and in Africa on the subject of sustainability in general and pastoral systems in particular. We designed our grid according to the principles-criteria-indicators approach and included 10 principles grouped into three major fields: ‘Availability of resources in the territory’, ‘Properties of the system’, and ‘Extended sustainability’. Understanding the strategies used in pastoral systems enabled us to propose a set of specific criteria per principle. Finally, we compared our grid with other methods used to assess sustainability.; El futuro de los sistemas pastoriles y sus interacciones con territorios son el foco de un debate considerable en la literatura científica y se encuentran aún insuficientemente documentados. Asesorar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas pastoriles y sus interacciones con la sustentabilidad de los territorios es por lo tanto una tarea compleja. Proponemos en este estudio un método para asesorar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas pastoriles dentro de sus territorios. Después de revisar la literatura, condujimos entrevistas con expertos en pastoreo en Francia y África sobre el tema de la sustentabilidad en general y en sistemas pastoriles en particular. Diseñamos nuestra cuadrícula según un enfoque en los principios-criterios-indicadores e incluimos 10 principios agrupados en tres campos mayores: la disponibilidad de los recursos en el territorio, las propiedades del sistema y la sustentabilidad duradera. Comprender las estrategias utilizadas en los sistemas pastoriles nos permitió proponer un set de criterios específicos por principio. Finalmente comparamos nuestra cuadrícula con otros métodos utilizados para asesorar la sustentabilidad.; L’avenir des systèmes pastoraux et leurs interactions avec les territoires sont au coeur de débats majeurs dans la littérature scientifique et sont encore insuffisamment documentés. Evaluer la durabilité de ces systèmes pastoraux et leurs interactions avec la durabilité des territoires est donc une tâche complexe. Nous proposons dans cette étude une méthode pour évaluer la durabilité des systèmes pastoraux dans leurs territoires. Suite à un travail de synthèse bibliographique, nous avons conduit des entretiens auprès d’experts du pastoralisme en France et en Afrique sur le sujet de la durabilité de manière générale et de celle des systèmes pastoraux en particulier. Nous avons conçu une grille sur la base de l’approche principes-critères-indicateurs, en incluant 10 principes autour de trois thèmes majeurs que sont la disponibilité des ressources dans le territoire, les propriétés des systèmes, et la durabilité étendue. La compréhension des stratégies utilisées dans le cadre de l’activité pastorale nous a permis de proposer un jeu de critères spécifiques par principe. Enfin, nous discutons de cette nouvelle méthode au regard d’autres méthodes utilisées pour évaluer la durabilité.

National audience; We propose a flexible and adaptable framework to assist the quick design of models dealing with the durability of the extensive livestock systems at the territorial scale. This metamodel results from the collaborative design starting from MAS developed on 7 sites in Latin America, France and Senegal. It is composed of four packages: Agent, Community, Space and Vegetation-Herd. We illustrate these packages with examples extracted from the various models. The role of this tool is discussed in order to show its advantages and its limits

Mention d'édition : Collection Update Sciences & Technologies; National audience

International audience

International audience; Pastoral systems play a predominant part in the economy of Sahelean countries by contributing to the food security of rural as well as urban households. But this breeding system based on managing natural routes cannot yet successfully adapt itself to the current context characterised since the 1970’s by great agricultural - ecological and institutional changes. The endogenous evolution of these systems needs to be supported to better meet these changes and the implementation of adapted policies is needed to avoid crises and conflicts. Some research work has been carried out by various organisms on this major economics. The one led by LEAD (Livestock, Environment And Development Initiative) has contributed to the understanding of the biological phenomena involved in breeding - environment interactions. The renewed understanding of breeding - environment interactions, the dynamics of current initiatives and new pastoralism diagnosis and evaluation tools laid the foundations of SIPSA (Information System on Pastoralism in the Sahel) that was launched in 2002 to promote the taking into account of pastoralismenvironment interactions in extensive livestock breeding policies and practices in Sahelean arid zone. This information and early warning system is today displayed in six Sahelean countries and has, in the future, to put an end to the lack of indicators and information specific to pastoral systems to make it possible for breeders and political makers to better manage spaces, resources and societies. This paper describes the implementation of this decision making help system in Senegal by a national coordination committee (CNC), hard data to indicators and information products co-built with different actors.

Prospects for Livestock-Based Livelihoods in Africa’s Drylands examines the challenges and opportunities facing the livestock sector and the people who depend on livestock in the dryland regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. It presents a novel way of thinking about pastoral development, grounded in a conceptual framework that focuses on the multiple shocks that drylands livestock keepers face and how those shocks can be addressed, drawing on a state-of-the-art literature review carried out by scientists of leading research institutes and development organizations, and integrating the results of an innovative approach to modeling development options for the drylands livestock sector. Looking to the future, the picture is mixed. On the positive side, demand for red meat is expected to strengthen in domestic and regional markets, suggesting that livestock keepers will have good market opportunities. On the negative side, a large majority of livestock keepers are classifi ed as poor, and the natural (feed) resource base is likely to be suffi cient to enable improved meat and milk production for the growing human population. Prospects for the livestock sector through 2030 vary by aridity zone. In arid and semi-arid zones, a reasonable goal for 2030 is to have land use, training, and microfi nance systems established that promote an appropriate balance between human and livestock carrying capacities, featuring mainly grassland/pastoral systems that reliably and sustainably satisfy the minimum income needs of herder households, produce at least a signifi cant part of the demand in local markets for animal source food, and provide environmental services for which livestock keepers receive compensation. The goal includes signifi cant employment generation outside the sector. In the higher rainfall zones of the semi-arid areas, and in the subhumid zones, a reasonable goal for 2030 is to have intensifi ed production systems established, featuring mainly mixed livestock/arable farming or agro-pastoral systems that are closely linked to nearby grassland/pastoral systems and that consistently generate marketable surpluses of differentiated red meat and livestock products that can compete not only in the expanding domestic market but also in selected regional markets.