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School dropout is a pressing social problem that stems from systemic inadequacies in the education system and socio-economic background. The aim of this study was to analyze how the travel time and financial difficulties impact school dropout in satellite towns near Bucharest, the capital of Romania. Data on dropout rates in recent years were provided by the Ilfov County General School Inspectorate and were supplemented by 30 semi-structured interviews with the parents, caregivers, or the legal representatives of students who have dropped out of school or are at risk of dropping out. The study's findings reveal significant correlations between the travel time to school, familial financial situation, and attitudes towards education, impacting dropout rates across various satellite towns. Addressing the challenge of school dropout promises societal improvement and empowers policymakers to enact more inclusive policies benefiting all members of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores what needs to be done to better address the growing and substantial inequalities in the UK and how the 'Levelling Up' policy that seeks to address them could be improved. It argues that a much longer-term vision and a sharper, cross-government focus on fewer challenges is required to make a more tangible impact. Four key findings are identified: a focus on health and education is fundamental for our social and economic prosperity; there is a need for greater devolution of power, with transparent and robust accountability; an open, nationwide knowledge base to share what works and what does not, and the lessons learned from innovative pilots, is required; and a more holistic approach is needed to support businesses and provide them with better-quality support. This paper argues that without these issues being taken into consideration, the lives and well-being of our disadvantaged citizens, our children and our economy will continue to worsen. It concludes that making economic development a statutory function, putting it at the very heart of our public services, is needed to ensure that the levelling up outcome is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen En la Geografía argentina hay una producción académica importante sobre calidad de vida y bienestar, desarrollada en distintas escalas de análisis, como son provincias, partidos/ departamentos o radios censales. En este artículo el objetivo es analizar el bienestar de la población residente en los pueblos pequeños y grandes de la provincia de Buenos Aires en 2010 y explorar su asociación con otras variables, como la tasa anual de crecimiento intercensal y la accesibilidad a una ciudad de 50.000 habitantes o más. Para la medición del bienestar la principal fuente de datos es el Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de 2010. A esta se suman el informe elaborado por el Defensor del Pueblo de la Nación (2010) y el SINAGIR (2018). Estas han sido el insumo para la obtención de un índice de bienestar de los pueblos bonaerenses (IBPB) mediante la aplicación de técnicas cuantitativas. Además, se ha utilizado un Sistema de Información Geográfica para la construcción de cartografía temática y el análisis espacial. Los resultados muestran marcadas desigualdades, pero con predominio de poblados en situación intermedia. Se ha advertido la existencia de un vínculo estadístico medio entre nivel de bienestar y tasa anual de crecimiento pero una conexión alta con el tiempo de viaje a una ciudad de 50.000 habitantes o más, definiendo las peores condiciones en las localidades con menor accesibilidad. Abstract In Argentine geography there is an important academic production about quality of life and well-being, developed at different scales of analysis, such as provinces, districts/departments or census radii. The aim of this article is to analyze the well-being of the population living in small and large towns in the province of Buenos Aires in 2010 and to explore its association with other variables, such as the annual rate of intercensal growth and accessibility to a city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. For the measurement of well-being, the main source of data is the 2010 National Census of Population, Households and Housing. Added to this is the report prepared by the National Ombudsman (2010) and SINAGIR (2018). These have been the input for obtaining an index of well-being of the peoples of Buenos Aires (IBPB) through the application of quantitative techniques. In addition, a Geographic Information System has been used for the construction of thematic cartography and spatial analysis. The results show marked inequalities, but with a predominance of villages in intermediate situations. The existence of a medium statistical link between the level of well-being and the annual growth rate has been noted, but a high connection with travel time to a city of 50,000 inhabitants or more, defining the worst conditions in localities with less accessibility.

Efficient space utilization to address territorial imbalances is one of the key conditions for ensuring Russia’s national security. Achieving balanced spatial development necessitates tapping into and consolidating the potential of diverse types of locales. However, a substantial portion of the economic bonds forged during the Soviet era, particularly along the “city-village” axis, have been lost. The negative consequences of these processes have been acutely felt in the small towns of the North, which represent the predominant settlement type in this region. This article seeks to evaluate the state of affairs and establish the priorities for modernizing the economies of small Northern towns through the activation of intermunicipal economic ties. Methodologically, the study draws upon principles from regional, spatial, and urban economics, and harnesses data from Rosstat, SPARK and Contour.Focus databases, and local government reports. The article is based on case study, historical, economic, and statistical research methods. The novelty of the study lies in its assessment of the emergence and trajectory of economic relationships among small Northern towns in Russia. It unveils that in the post-Soviet period, city economies underwent simplification due to the collapse of certain specialized sectors at regional and local levels and the disintegration of economic ties between small towns and villages. However, cities embedded within networks of large vertically integrated corporations and exhibiting robust industrial connections with urban agglomerations possess the potential for modernization. Conversely, detachment from these networks can cause economic stagnation. The article underscores the priorities and instruments for revitalizing small towns, aimed at diversifying their economies by intensifying economic collaborations with major cities and rural areas within both traditional (industrial) and innovative economic sectors. The research results can serve as a scientific and methodological foundation for crafting development strategies and programs for small Northern towns. Further research avenues include substantiating promising city specializations at the macro and national levels.

Many of the waterbird species are generally thought to be threatened mainly or at least partly by over hunting. This paper provides novel information on the causal factors that lead to hunting and illegal trade of waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus in a remote villages of district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data were collected by adopting a mix scientific approach including Participants' observations, interviews and structured questionnaire. Our results showed that the local villagers of the remote area of district Mardan were the active observers of trapping, over hunting and trading of waterhen in the study area. The structured interviews with locals revealed striking facts about ongoing hunting and illegal trade by hunters and traders. The two tribes namely Ottomankhail of district Swabi and Mamund of district Buner were identified to be involved in illegal trafficking and trading of waterhen from the study area. The locals revealed that traders and hunters entered the area through two main routes of Sarmalang and Narangi. The hunters and traders of the neighboring districts visit the study area throughout the year, in heavy monsoon rain and even at night. The locals revealed that the local hunters used variety of trapping and hunting tools including traditional traps made up of clothes, smaller pinch traps and bamboo cages, air rifles, shotguns (single and double barrel) and sometimes for full entertainment Kalashnikovs were also used for the killing of medium-sized and large mammals (golden jackal and wild boar) in the study area. Summer appeared to be the best season for hunting. The interviews with locals revealed that the main purpose of trading and hunting of waterhen includes hunting for entertainment purpose, high economic value of waterhen meat in black market, use as a food item and medicine and game hunting. The local politicians, criminal groups and village headmen provide cover to hunters and traders that enable them to continue illegal trade in black market. The ground survey shows that waterhen is facing extreme threats from hunting and illegal trading. The government wildlife department is less equipped to tackle the hunters in the area. We outline a strategic plan for conservation of birds, other wild animals and their habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to analyze the legal and actual situation of Jews in Volyn in the early modern period and to find out their place in the region society of that time. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity, and comprehensiveness. Historicalcomparative, problem-chronological, and retrospective methods were also used in the work. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive study of the source base (both published and scripted) and the historiography of the problem, which made it possible to present a spectrum of Jewish life in Volyn more broadly. Conclusions. A thorough study of the sources made it possible to prove the exceptional role of Jews in the life of Volyn at the specified time. The Jews used the privileges granted to them by the kings / grand dukes and the owners of the cities in which they lived. Royal privileges were often granted to boThentire urban communities and individual Jews. The norms of Lithuanian Statutes and Seim constitutions influenced the life of Jews. Jews used the right to move freely from one settlement to another. In the royal cities, agreements were often concluded between the townspeople and Jews regarding their occupations in craft s and trade, and Jews also tried to participate in the tax and financial life of the city. There are known cases of Jews conversions to Christianity. Jewish communities were su bordinated to governors and elders and, in private cities, to the owners of these settlements, who took care of the Jewish justice system. There was also a Jewish court for petty cases. Despite the "infidelity", the jurat of the Jews was recognized in court. Sources prove that it was quite possible for Jews to find justice in city and town courts. There are well-known cases of banishment of burghers and nobility as a result of lawsuits by Jews against them. Litigations between Jews, in the case of the impossibility of solving them in the Jewish court were considered in the city court. As we know from sources, Jews were also in the service of the nobility. Christians (burghers and peasants) were hired by Jews. There was tension in the relations between the clergy (Catholic and Orthodox) and the Jews. The sources confirm the presence of certain restrictions on Jews, but do not provide grounds to claim that the Jewish population of Volyn was deliberately persecuted or humiliated during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School dropout is a pressing social problem that stems from systemic inadequacies in the education system and socio-economic background. The aim of this study was to analyze how the travel time and financial difficulties impact school dropout in satellite towns near Bucharest, the capital of Romania. Data on dropout rates in recent years were provided by the Ilfov County General School Inspectorate and were supplemented by 30 semi-structured interviews with the parents, caregivers, or the legal representatives of students who have dropped out of school or are at risk of dropping out. The study’s findings reveal significant correlations between the travel time to school, familial financial situation, and attitudes towards education, impacting dropout rates across various satellite towns. Addressing the challenge of school dropout promises societal improvement and empowers policymakers to enact more inclusive policies benefiting all members of society.

The 21st century has seen the rise of a new phenomenon – the creation of statues and monuments celebrating the lives of entertainers. Drawing on debates about popular culture, placemaking and heritage, and in the context of recent controversies about the politics of statues and memorials, this paper examines a manifestation of this phenomenon as represented by statues of comedians erected in the towns of Northern England. The paper begins by sketching the characteristics of the statues and their subjects. It proceeds by reflecting on their emergence in the context of debates about the contested place of nostalgia in social and cultural theory. The paper uses a strategically selected sub-set of the statues to reflect on the emerging cultural and political imaginary of towns as sites of contemporary political struggles. It concludes by asserting that the significant affective investment into statues projects and the progressive potential of popular cultural nostalgia offer an important corrective to crude assumptions about the cultural lives of towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic unit of rural revitalization is the village. Rural revitalization can be comprehensively promoted by using rural typology as an instrument for rural zoning planning, which is a significant factor. This study clarified the relationship between rural revitalization and basic public services, constructed evaluation index systems, and analyzed the symbiotic mode. The comprehensive development level and the symbiotic mode were incorporated to determine the type of village. The results showed the following: (1) The thriving industry and affluent life of Tangfang Town obviously contributed to its rural revitalization; the achievement of basic environmental improvement was eminent. (2) There are differences in the comprehensive development level of rural revitalization and basic public services among administrative villages, with an overall trend of "high in the north and low in the south", corresponding to the industrial layout of "north industry and south agriculture" in Tangfang Town. (3) The symbiosis coefficients of all the administrative villages in Tangfang Town were between 0 and 0.5, and there was a positive symmetric mutualism relationship overall, indicating that basic public services have a significant impact and can effectively promote the process of rural revitalization. (4) Villages in Tangfang Town are divided into five functional areas—the comprehensive coordination area, potential improvement area, restricted development area, unbalanced allocation area, and backward guarantee area—and various types of optimization development strategies are proposed. As one of the top 100 demonstration towns for rural revitalization in Shaanxi Province, Tangfang Town plays a leading and exemplary role. Within the context of rural revitalization strategies, solving the problem of how to realize differentiated development in the next five years has become urgent. This study aimed to effectively promote the process of rural revitalization, provide theoretical guidance for scientific development in Tangfang Town, and promote research ideas for other towns in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic processes in well-developed countries constitute an urgent research problem especially in terms of developmental opportunities of local settlements. It is an important issue in tourist regions which allows to conduct appropriate population policy. If the impact of demographic factors on economic development turned out to be significant, it should become a subject of scientific and practical analyses. Pomerania Province is one of the most profitable tourist regions in Poland. The summer season and leisure tourism at the seaside are of the utmost importance. The analysis concerned the towns of Pomerania Province in terms of demographic changes and their impact on the economic development. The analysis was conducted in the years 1995-2020 and it covered the changes that had taken place before Poland joined the EU (2004) as well as the period of fully functioning market economy. Apart from the time period which gives a picture of trends and intensity of the changes, the towns were also distinguished in terms of size showing various trends in big cities and medium-size and small towns.

The first information about the Amur peoples appeared in the mid-17th century in the reports of Russian pioneers. For the Daurians, accommodation was indicated along the Amur and Zee. It was noted that the Daurians had towns and fortresses, and a military-administrative system under the control of local princes. Unlike the Tungus-Manchus, the Daurians were not the indigenous inhabitants of the Amur region. Their relocation to the Amur was regarded as a military and political act of the Yuan Dynasty, which was assigned the function of Mongolian occupation troops. A series of archaeological sites identified as Daurian has been discovered in the Western Amur region. It has been established that the settlements of the Daurian type belong to the valley type, and have a square shape with 1–2–3 ramparts, corner towers and ditches. Settlements and underground burial grounds were located near the Daurian towns. The earliest Daurian towns and burial grounds date back to the period of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). The late Daurian monuments date back to the 17th century. During the Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the Mongol-speaking Daurians lived in parallel with the aboriginal Tungus-Manchu tribes.

The town of Dubreuilville, with a population of just under 1,000, is located in Northern Ontario, Canada, approximately one thousand kilometers North-West of Toronto. The region was previously known for lumber production. When the Canadian lumber market collapsed due to the imposition of duties by Washington, the local mill shut down. Large gold deposits were found nearby, and Dubreuilville became a mining town almost overnight. Half of the population had left by the time the mine opened, and part of the workforce commutes from cities located up to six-hour drives away. With the opening of a second gold mine in the area planned for 2023, Dubreuilville had to prepare to attract and retain more workers for the project to succeed and for the town to prosper. Below is the strategic plan that was prepared by Mayor Nantel and Economic Development Officer Melanie Pilon, with the help of a Laurentian University Management professor and three students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia z Dziejów Panstwa i Prawa Polskiego is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research in historical periods has always had a strong tradition in Finnish archaeology. Past studies and archaeological fieldwork have mostly focused on medieval times; however, in the past 20 years, investigations of early modern towns (1520-1721 AD) have taken place more often in Finland and have changed the tide. Most archaeological excavations in Finland are currently carried out owing to infrastructure and construction projects and can therefore be regarded as contract archaeology. First, this article aims to examine and provide an overview of past research in Finnish urban archaeology focused on early modern towns. Second, current research trends are discussed with an emphasis on the possibilities offered by multidisciplinary approaches. Recent research conducted in Turku serves as a case study to illustrate these developments. The article concludes by touching upon the persistent challenges faced by research, primarily stemming from the contractual nature of most archaeological investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English local authorities manage services including education, refuse, libraries, social services, housing and social care. Central government grants provide most of the income for these services and grants have been cut due to austerity measures. Attracting increased interest since austerity measures were implemented in 2010, place-based working aims to streamline services to reduce expenditure, improve effectiveness and value for money. This article adds to the literature on austerity, local government and place-based working. It examines the perspectives of fifteen staff who were involved with a local authority's place-based working pilot initiative that was implemented in a market town serving a rural area in northern England. Findings suggest that place-based connections may influence engagement with, and attitudes towards, place-based working. These connections may be enhanced in small towns and rural areas. This article extends considerations of place-based working beyond discussions of place leadership, away from institutions towards the personal, embedded connections of people and the relational dynamics existing at the interface between people, place and policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of En la España Medieval is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regarding the most important towns in 16th century from Wallachia we don't have much demographic information and for the 17th century, it is mostly based on foreign travelers' reports. Documentary information from the 17th-18th centuries provides a somewhat richer perspective on the demography of Wallachia compared to the previous period. Even if the available data do not allow a precise estimate of the inhabitant's number in the region between the Carpathians and the Danube, we can nevertheless observe that the towns in Wallachia were wide and their population was not very numerous. The town's population could fluctuate temporarily, increasing during periodic fairs that attracted foreign merchants and inhabitants from the surrounding areas, or decreasing due to negative demographic factors such as armed invasions, periods of drought and famine, epidemics or locust invasions. These factors had a negative impact on the population of the country and, by extension, of the cities. In Wallachia, the urban population was diverse in terms of the origins and occupations of its inhabitants. Documents mention, as early as the 15th century, the significant presence of foreign merchants settled in the southern Carpathian towns. Unfortunately, the lack of precise data on the number, density and structure of the population, as well as demographic fluctuations, prevents us from accurately reconstructing the demographic landscape of Wallachia during the 16th-17th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial behavior in towns and cities is mainly divided into formal and informal behavior. Rapid urbanization has enabled formal commerce to develop more and more perfectly in towns, basically meeting the living needs of residents. However, because of problems such as urban history and management mechanism, informal commercial behavior formed by floating stallholders and other employed people is widespread in towns. Due to the characteristics of instability, flexibility and richness, informal commerce has gradually developed into an important business to attract residents and tourists. In this paper, the general characteristics of informal commercial behavior in towns, the characteristics of the urban public space bearing this kind of commerce, and residents' demand for informal commercial space were summarized, and then the optimization strategies of this kind of public space were put forward to help towns make full use of their scattered space, create diversified commercial places, and add vitality to urban space while providing residents and tourists with daily life needs and convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing provides livelihoods and food for millions of people in the Global South yet inland fisheries are under-researched and neglected in food and nutrition policy. This paper goes beyond the rural focus of existing research and examines how urban households may use fishing as a livelihood strategy for coping with food insecurity. Our study in Brazilian Amazonia is based on a random sample of households (n = 798) in four remote riverine towns. We quantitatively examine the inter-connections between fishing and food insecurity, and find that fishing is a widespread coping strategy among disadvantaged, food insecure households. Fisher households tend to be highly dependent on eating fish, and for these households, consuming fish more often is associated with a modest reduction in food insecurity risks. Fishing provides monthly non-monetary income worth ≤ USD54 (equivalent to ∼12% of mean monetary income), potentially reducing food insecurity risks almost as much as the conditional cash transfer Bolsa Família. We estimate that nearly half a million inhabitants of the region's remote, riverine urban centres are directly dependent on a household member catching fish, a nutritious and culturally preferred food. Consequently, small-scale urban fishers must be recognised in policy debates around food and nutrition security and management of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex processes of nineteenth-century nation-state building included ways of settling prerogatives between national, provincial and municipal governments. This article focuses on the tensions generated by the government of the rural towns between the Estado de Buenos Aires and the Confederación Argentina at a time of debates and confrontations over the organisation of the national state in the mid-nineteenth century. The aim is to analyse the different changes of authorities generated in the rural towns as a resonance of the confrontations over the constitution of the nation state and as an expression of tensions over the self-government of local communities. A significant number of cases are reconstructed and articulated in order to consider the interests and actions adopted by different actors in the different changes of authorities around the battle of Cepeda. We consider the disputes over the appointment of authorities in the towns as issues of representation and self-government typical of the nineteenth century that were articulated with policies of domination deployed at a time of armed clashes and tensions in the relations between the capital city and the rural towns.

The main objective of this article is to show the spatial distribution of Spanish cities according to the degree of their cinematographic projection. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 178 feature films was selected. After viewing each of them, 3,071 exterior clips from these movies were geo-localized. Using this methodology has enabled us to circumvent the feature film as a unit of analysis, and instead focus attention on the clips, understood as such as sequences shot in exteriors, with their precise duration and geo-localization. The article describes and differentiates between three large territorial areas for filming: the Autonomous Regions of Madrid, Spain’s coastal cities, and Spain’s interior cities, examining factors that explain the distribution of the shootings, whether geographic, cinematographic or administrative-economic. Information from the highest-rated movies reveals a group of Spanish cities with limited cinematographic dissemination, for which some recommendations are made for improving the projection of the city’s image.

The lack of written sources and the difficulties of establishing close chronologies from archaeological material mean that it is difficult to identify initiatives other than the commissioning of Hadrian's Wall that can confidently be attributed either to the emperor's visit to Britain in 122 or to his reign more generally. However, the early second century presents several archaeological proxies which point to a quickening of economic activity integrating the frontiers of Wales and the north of Britain with the civil zone of the south. Developments in the countryside hint at the growth of larger estates, including the emergence of larger, 'complex' farms, villages and better communications, together assuring the province's sustained ability to feed both military and civilian populations. At the same time there is evidence for public building across the towns of the south, especially of forum basilicas, which may be linked to administrative reforms including the establishment of new civitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to show the spatial distribution of Spanish cities according to the degree of their cinematographic projection. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 178 feature films was selected. After viewing each of them, 3,071 exterior clips from these movies were geo-localized. Using this methodology has enabled us to circumvent the feature film as a unit of analysis, and instead focus attention on the clips, understood as such as sequences shot in exteriors, with their precise duration and geo-localization. The article describes and differentiates between three large territorial areas for filming: the Autonomous Regions of Madrid, Spain's coastal cities, and Spain's interior cities, examining factors that explain the distribution of the shootings, whether geographic, cinematographic or administrative-economic. Information from the highest-rated movies reveals a group of Spanish cities with limited cinematographic dissemination, for which some recommendations are made for improving the projection of the city's image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ukrainian Historical Journal / Ukraïnsʹkij Ìstoričnij Žurnal is the property of Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The basic unit of rural revitalization is the village. Rural revitalization can be comprehensively promoted by using rural typology as an instrument for rural zoning planning, which is a significant factor. This study clarified the relationship between rural revitalization and basic public services, constructed evaluation index systems, and analyzed the symbiotic mode. The comprehensive development level and the symbiotic mode were incorporated to determine the type of village. The results showed the following: (1) The thriving industry and affluent life of Tangfang Town obviously contributed to its rural revitalization; the achievement of basic environmental improvement was eminent. (2) There are differences in the comprehensive development level of rural revitalization and basic public services among administrative villages, with an overall trend of “high in the north and low in the south”, corresponding to the industrial layout of “north industry and south agriculture” in Tangfang Town. (3) The symbiosis coefficients of all the administrative villages in Tangfang Town were between 0 and 0.5, and there was a positive symmetric mutualism relationship overall, indicating that basic public services have a significant impact and can effectively promote the process of rural revitalization. (4) Villages in Tangfang Town are divided into five functional areas—the comprehensive coordination area, potential improvement area, restricted development area, unbalanced allocation area, and backward guarantee area—and various types of optimization development strategies are proposed. As one of the top 100 demonstration towns for rural revitalization in Shaanxi Province, Tangfang Town plays a leading and exemplary role. Within the context of rural revitalization strategies, solving the problem of how to realize differentiated development in the next five years has become urgent. This study aimed to effectively promote the process of rural revitalization, provide theoretical guidance for scientific development in Tangfang Town, and promote research ideas for other towns in China.

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Medieval is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Demographic processes in well-developed countries constitute an urgent research problem especially in terms of developmental opportunities of local settlements. It is an important issue in tourist regions which allows to conduct appropriate population policy. If the impact of demographic factors on economic development turned out to be significant, it should become a subject of scientific and practical analyses. Pomerania Province is one of the most profitable tourist regions in Poland. The summer season and leisure tourism at the seaside are of the utmost importance. The analysis concerned the towns of Pomerania Province in terms of demographic changes and their impact on the economic development. The analysis was conducted in the years 1995-2020 and it covered the changes that had taken place before Poland joined the EU (2004) as well as the period of fully functioning market economy. Apart from the time period which gives a picture of trends and intensity of the changes, the towns were also distinguished in terms of size showing various trends in big cities and medium-size and small towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This forum includes three assessments of Emma Hart's Trading Spaces: The Colonial Marketplace and the Foundations of American Capitalism and a response by the author. These analyses consider the book's tracking of the formation of an American commercial system that, it argues, occurred in conjunction with the creation of the independent United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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For the purpose of this paper, we have set out to answer some key questions of the debate, mainly relating to the timing and cause of the arrival of the Jews in individual smaller urban locations. We have selected smaller cities where the Jewish presence is recorded in the documents as prime examples. We have to note that the role of the sovereigns, especially the Habsburgs, has proved to be crucial in encouraging and supporting the Jews in their decision to settle in a particular place. This is probably most evident in the different histories of the two border towns of Ormož and Brežice, both of which are owned by the Archbishop of Salzburg. Both towns are therefore owned by the Archbishop of Salzburg, but while Ormož was largely owned by the Ptuj family and their close ties with Salzburg were largely shaken due to their support on Styrian Dukes, the subjugation of the Salzburg rule in Brežice remained very pronounced. This is also shown by the fact that Ormož (though relatively short-lived) experienced the formation of the Jewish community of Ormož, while there is nothing comparable in Brežice. However, the commitment of Styrian Dukes seems to be best in the case of the (Slovenian) Bistrica, where it is clear that their interest that has not only made the arrival of Jews in the town possible, but also largely regulated their activities. The case of Slovenj Gradec also points to a similar pattern. Here, too, the influence of the landed gentry is decisive for the arrival of the Jews in the city, but in this case it is indirectly expressed through the actions of the Aufensteiner landed gentry, which was undoubtedly entirely in the spirit of their master, the Duke of Carinthia. From the overall picture, the example of Dravograd stands out most, where we are dealing with a rather unusual moment when the Jews from Styria (at least as the fact that they are subject to the judge for the Jews of Graz) settle down in one place. Especially the example of Dravograd shows how small the amount of data is, because neither the time of arrival and thus the longevity of the data is clear, nor the connection of Dravograd Jews with potential communities from Carinthia or Styria. The fate of Jew David from Dravograd in Vienna only shows that the connection with Dravograd was very tight and had to go beyond a purely short-term stay. In any case, it can be concluded that it was not only the role of Provincial Lords that largely controlled the presence or absence of Jews in individual places, but that the role of the Habsburgs (and Tyroleans as Dukes of Carinthia) as Styrian sovereigns is also particularly exposed. Different approaches to the (non-)presence of Jews can be seen in the comparison of the Salzburg town of Brežic, where Jews are freely sought, and the Salzburg town of Ormož, where they were freely sought in the 14th century. The emphasis on the Habsburgs is also brought to our attention by the analysis of the material of the town Slovenska Bistrica In any case, this analysis must be added for further answers in a similar way for the Kranjska region and for the Goriška and Istra regions.

Biomass energy is the most likely new energy source to replace fossil fuels. This study presents a prediction method for biomass energy supply-demand and changes in supply-demand patterns that connects the past and future. In the study, carbon peaking and carbon neutrality are taken as the time base. The FLUS model is used to simulate future land allocation in four basic scenarios: natural development scenario, agricultural development scenario, low-carbon development scenario and industrial development scenario; and townships, towns, and subdistricts are taken as the basic statistical unit. Based on this, we have examined the suitability of future development of biomass energy in rural and urban areas in each scenario, as well as its contribution to the future energy system transformation that substitutes for fossil energy. This method has been applied to the case study of townships, towns, and subdistricts in Harbin City in China. The study results show that: The degrees to which biomass energy potential can substitute for fossil energy in the four scenarios in 2030 reach 4.21%, 5.62%, 5.47%, and 3.82%, respectively. Under agricultural development scenario, the supply-demand balance areas account for 48.94%, meaning this scenario has the largest potential for energy development and transition; low-carbon development scenario sees the highest degree of spatial supply-demand match, and thus enjoys the most advantages in energy transportation. The degrees to which biomass energy potential can substitute for fossil energy under the four scenarios in 2060 reach 2.01%, 6.96%, 5.35%, and 1.26% respectively. Agricultural development scenario still has the largest development potential, with the proportion of supply-demand balance areas jumping to 50.46%; Finally, low supply-high demand mismatch clusters are mainly concentrated in the main urban area and the central areas of townships, towns, and subdistricts. The high supply-low demand mismatch clusters are mainly distributed in the northeast. Under low-carbon development scenario, the low supply-high demand mismatch ratio has been reduced to 0.92%, the lowest supply-demand mismatch among all scenarios. Therefore, low-carbon development scenario enjoys the most spatial match advantages. This study will serve as an assessment method to advance the spatial development of biomass, and provide a geospatial basis for optimizing the layout of future energy development. Compared with previous studies, it has more spatial attributes, better reflects the complexity of biomass energy changes and is more connected with the measurement results and future policy making. In future research, we will combine multiple types of clean energy into the comparison and combined use to form a more comprehensive and specific research framework for new energy conversion. Longer-term macro-planning will go beyond the application boundaries of this research. • The FLUS model is used to simulate future land allocation changes in the four scenarios. • The future population spatial distribution is simulated based on urban spatial simulation results and random forest model. • The future contribution of biomass energy to fossil fuel substitution is estimated. • A biomass energy spatial evaluation framework connecting the past and the future is built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial governance on land development in the urban-rural fringe has raised increasing widespread concern for curbing urban sprawl and promoting rural revitalization. This study explores the heterogeneities of land development in the administrative ranking system and realizes the justification of the administrative spillover effect on land development at the township level, using urban-rural fringe areas in Wuhan and neighboring cities in China as the case study area. Multi-schemes of spatial adjacencies among the subdistricts and towns have been devised to probe into the differences in their synergies and cooperations in developing land. Land development intensity gauged by the proportion of construction land has shown great spatial heterogeneity between subdistricts and towns, with a high impervious and urbanized land proximate to the urban center. Spatial interaction is more pronounced when two subdistricts are adjacent in the same municipality and is the least powerful when the subdistrict is adjacent to the town, verifying the close horizontal relationships of the local governments, as well as the administrative barriers at the different administrative ranks in the spatial governance system. In addition, local socio-economic development and the locational preferences for political centers and medical facilities have been identified as important influencing factors. The results of the spatial governance system in the current administrative hierarchy have provided valuable insights into the driving mechanism of administrative restructuring, as well as the reshaping and optimization of land use pattern in urban-rural fringe areas in the future. • The administrative spillover effect is integrated into the spatial governance system at the township level. • Multi-schemes of spatial adjacencies have been devised to explore the synergies and tradeoffs in developing land. • It is revealed that spatial interaction is more pronounced when two subdistricts are adjacent in the same municipality. • The administrative barriers at the different administrative ranks in the spatial governance system is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]