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Nototriton oreadorum sp. nov. Pico Bonito Moss Salamander Figure 6 B Nototriton barbouri: McCranie (1996: 28), Nototriton barbouri (in part): McCranie & Wilson (2002: 143), McCranie & Casta��eda (2005: 7; 2007: 108). Nototriton sp. (in part): Townsend et al. (2010: 3). Nototriton cf. barbouri: K��hler (2011: 78). Nototriton sp. A.: Townsend et al. (2011a: 277), Rafa��lli (2013: 368), Townsend et al. (2013: 360). Nototriton (Bryotriton) barbouri (in part): Dubois & Raffa��lli (2012: 141), Rafa��lli (2013: 368). Holotype. USNM 497552, an adult female from the south slope of Cerro B��falo (15.66��N, 86.79��W), 1,540 m elevation, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Departamento de Atl��ntida, Honduras; collected 30 May 1996 by S. Gotte and J.R. McCranie; original field number LDW 10 724; GenBank accession number AF199137 (cyt b). Paratype. USNM 339712, an adult female from Quebrada de Oro (15.64��N, 86.80��W), 1,210 m elevation, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Departamento de Atl��ntida, Honduras; GenBank accession numbers AF199201 (16S), AF199136 (cyt b). Diagnosis. A member of the genus Nototriton diagnosed by possessing 13 costal grooves (>16 costal grooves in Oedipina), the presence of a sublingual fold and hands and feet longer than broad (sublingual fold absent and hands and feet broader than long in Bolitoglossa), and small nares (NL/SVL 0.006���0.009; NL/SVL 0.017���0.029 in Cryptotriton and Dendrotriton). Phylogenetic analysis supports inclusion of N. oreadorum in the subgenus Bryotriton, and is recovered as a member of the northern clade with N. brodiei, N. nelsoni, and N. stuarti (Fig. 1). From the other species of the northern clade of Bryotriton, N. nelsoni can be distinguished from N. brodiei in having a relatively shorter tail (TL/SVL 0.117���0.122, versus 1.420���1.440 in N. brodiei), relatively longer front limbs (FLL/SVL 0.158���0.178, versus 0.148���0.151 in N. brodiei), relatively shorter hind limbs (HLL /SVL 0.190��� 0.222, versus 0.166���0.180 in N. brodiei), and fewer maxillary teeth (47���52, versus 60���62 in N. brodiei); from N. nelsoni in having a relatively shorter and narrower head (HL/SVL 0.178���0.182 and HW/SVL 0.117���0.122, versus 0.185���0.226 and 0.127���0.142 in N. nelsoni), relatively shorter front limbs (FLL/SVL 0.158���0.178, versus 0.173��� 0.198 in N. nelsoni), and a higher average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (6.0 [�� 0.7], versus 4.9 [��1.4] in N. nelsoni); and from N. stuarti by having a relatively narrower head (HW/SVL 0.117���0.122, versus 0.138 in N. stuarti), shorter tail (TL/SVL 1.111���1.169, versus 1.264 in N. stuarti), longer hind limbs (0.190���0.222, versus 0.178 in N. stuarti), smaller nares (NL/SVL 0.006���0.009, versus 0.012 in N. stuarti), and more maxillary teeth (47���52, versus 36 in N. stuarti). From the remaining species of Bryotriton, N. oreadorum can be differentiated from N. barbouri in having relatively broader hind feet (HFW /SVL 0.056���0.057, versus 0.034���0.052 in N. barbouri); from N. lignicola in having relatively broader hind feet (HFW /SVL 0.056���0.057, versus 0.035���0.046 in N. lignicola); from N. limnospectator in having a higher average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (6.0 [�� 0.7], versus 4.4 [��0.8] in N. limnospectator); from N. mime in having a relatively longer and broader head (HL/SVL 0.178��� 0.182 and HW/SVL 0.117���0.122, versus 0.182���0.201 and 0.121���0.138 in N. mime), a relatively longer tail (TL/ SVL 1.111���1.169, versus 0.698���1.117 in N. mime), relatively shorter limbs (FLL/SVL 0.158���0.178 and HLL /SVL 0.190���0.222, versus 0.195���0.246 and 0.224���0.254 for N. mime), more maxillary teeth (47���52, versus 27���46 in N. mime), and a higher average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (6.0 [�� 0.7], versus 4.8 [��0.4] in N. mime); and from N. picucha in having a relatively shorter and narrower head (HL/SVL 0.178���0.182 and HW/SVL 0.127���0.142, versus 0.197���0.198 and 0.140���0.148 in N. picucha), shorter limbs (FLL/SVL 0.158���0.178 and HLL / SVL 0.190���0.222, versus 0.195���0.246 and 0.224���0.254 for N. picucha), more maxillary and vomerine teeth (47��� 52 maxillary teeth and 20���22 vomerine teeth, versus 41 maxillary teeth and 16���19 vomerine teeth for N. picucha), and a higher average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (6.0 [�� 0.7], versus 4.0 [��0.7] in N. picucha). One species of Bryotriton, N. tomamorum, is unique among members of the subgenus in having syndactylous feet (well-differentiated digits in N. oreadorum) and large nares (NL/SVL 0.018, versus 0.006���0.009 in N. oreadorum). Nototriton oreadorum can be distinguished from N. saslaya, the only species of the subgenus Nototriton found in the Chort��s Highlands, by having more maxillary and vomerine teeth (47���52 maxillary teeth and 20���22 vomerine teeth, versus 17���22 maxillary teeth and 3���11 vomerine teeth in N. saslaya). The four species of the northern clade of Bryotriton are all allopatric, and are further differentiated from all other species of Nototriton in the Chort��s Highlands by model-corrected genetic distances (Table 2), being 1.5% (16S) and 6% (cyt b) divergent from its closest relative, N. brodiei, and 2.3% (16S) and 5.4���5.7% (cyt b) divergent from samples from N. nelsoni, the species with the most geographically proximate population. Description of holotype. An adult female (SVL = 33.7 mm, total length = 73.1 mm) with a slender body and reduced limbs. The head is slightly rounded and slightly broader than the body; nostrils are relatively small (NL/ SVL=0.009), and the snout is rounded and of moderate length. Shallow nasolabial grooves are present, with nasolabial protuberances also apparent but not pronounced. The eyes are relatively large and protuberant. There are 47 maxillary teeth, 4 slightly enlarged premaxillary teeth in continuous line with the maxillaries, and 22 vomerine teeth in two well-defined arches. The limbs are short (CLL/SVL=0.37), with approximately five costal grooves between the adpressed limbs. The hands and feet are narrow with well-defined digits that bear subdigital pads. The relative length of the digits is IMeasurements of holotype (in mm). SL 33.7; AG 19.5; TW 4.9; HL 6.0; HW 4.1; TL 39.4; HLL 6.4; FLL 6.0; CLL 12.4; FFW 1.0; HFW 1.9; NL 0.3; eyelid length 1.7; eye width 1.2; interorbital distance 1.3; anterior rim of orbit to snout 1.5; distance separating internal margins of nares 1.1; distance separating external margins of nares 1.6. Coloration. Color in life of the female paratype (USNM 339712) as described by McCranie & Wilson (2002: 144) is as follows (color names follow Smithe 1975 ���1981): dorsal surface of body Mars Brown (223A), all lateral surfaces Mars Brown (223A) with silver flecks; dorsal surface of tail Verona Brown (223B); ventral and subcaudal surfaces Raw Unber (223) with pale gold flecking. Osteology. Based on examination of digital radiographs for the holotype (Fig. 6 B), Nototriton oreadorum is a typical member of the genus possessing a single cervical vertebra, 14 trunk vertebrae (13 of which bear ribs), and 2 caudosacral vertebrae; a partially fused skull roof formed through contact of the frontal and parietal bones, with the anterior portion of the frontals unfused and creating a narrow suture; frontal processes of premaxilla fused at point of origin and separate immediately dorsoposterior to origin; preorbital vomerine processes well-developed into a pair of symmetrical elongate arches, each bearing a single row of numerous teeth, extending beyond the outer margins of the choanae; columella absent; phalangeal formulae 1-2-3-2 and 1-2-3-3-2; penultimate phalanges reduced, equaled or exceeded in length by terminal phalanges on digits II, III, and IV of the forelimbs and digits II, III, IV, and V of hind limbs; terminal phalanges slightly expanded at distal tips, expansion more pronounced in digit III of forelimbs and digit III of the hindlimbs; mesopodial elements not mineralized. Examination of radiographs of the paratype (USNM 339712) generally agreed with those of the holotype, with the paratype having less complete fusion of the frontal and parietal elements than the holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet means ���belonging to the mountain nymphs���, referring to the Oreads of Greek mythology. The Oreads were female nature deities associated with mountains and valleys, alluding to the steep and challenging terrain at the type locality. Geographic and ecological distribution. This species is known only from the vicinity of Cerro B��falo in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Honduras, 1,210���1,540 m elevation. The distribution falls within the Lower Montane Wet Forest formation (Holdridge 1967), with the habitat at the type locality classified as Broadleaf Cloud Forest (Townsend 2014). Natural history. The holotype of N. oreadorum was found during the day under a log on a relatively steep forested slope on the south-southeastern face of Cerro B��falo (McCranie & Townsend 2011). This species occurs in sympatry with another endemic semi-fossorial salamander, Oedipina petiola, a species known only from a single specimen collected from under another log located uphill from the type locality (McCranie & Townsend 2011)., Published as part of Townsend, Josiah H., 2016, Taxonomic revision of the moss salamander Nototriton barbouri (Schmidt) (Caudata: Plethodontidae), with description of two new species from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Honduras, pp. 511-528 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on pages 523-525, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/168312, {"references":["McCranie, J. R. (1996) Geographic Distibution. Nototriton barbouri (NCN). Herpetological Review, 27, 28.","McCranie, J. R. & Wilson, L. D. (2002) The Amphibians of Honduras. Vol. 19. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contributions in Herpetology, Ithaca, New York. i - x, pp. 1 - 625.","McCranie, J. R. & Castaneda, F. E. (2005) The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Honduras. Phyllomedusa, 4, 3 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 4 i 1 p 03 - 16","Townsend, J. H., Butler, J. M., Wilson, L. D. & Austin, J. D. (2010) A distinctive new species of moss salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton) from an imperiled Honduran endemism hotspot. Zootaxa, 2434, 1 - 16.","Kohler, G. (2011) Amphibians of Central America. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 379 pp.","Townsend, J. H., Medina-Flores, M., Murillo, J. L. & Austin, J. D. (2011 a) Cryptic diversity in Chortis Highland moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton) revealed using mtDNA barcodes and phylogenetics, with a new species from eastern Honduras. Systematics and Biodiversity, 9, 275 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2011.611188","Rafaelli, J. (2013) Les Urodeles du Monde, 2 nd ed. Penclen Edition, Plumelec, France.","Townsend, J. H., Medina-Flores, M., Reyes-Calderon, O. & Austin, J. D. (2013) A new Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Montana de Botaderos National Park in northeastern Honduras. Zootaxa, 3666 (3), 358 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3666.3.6","Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2012) A new ergotaxonomy of the order Urodela Dumeril, 1805 (Amphibia, Batrachia). Alytes 28, 77 - 161.","Smithe, F. B. (1975 - 1981) Naturalist's Color Guide. Part I. Color Guide. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 182 color swatches.","Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Revised Edition. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica, 206 pp.","Townsend, J. H. (2014) Characterizing the Chortis Block Biogeographic Province: Geological, physiographic, and ecological associations and herpetofaunal diversity. Mesoamerican Herpetology, 1, 204 - 252.","McCranie, J. R & Townsend, J. H. (2011) Description of a new species of worm salamander (Caudata, Plethodontidae, Oedipina) in the subgenus Oedopinola from the central portion of the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Honduras. Zootaxa, 2990, 59 - 68."]}

Nototriton nelsoni sp. nov. Tex��guat Moss Salamander Figure 5 Nototriton barbouri: McCranie et al. (1993: 387). Nototriton sp. (in part): Townsend et al. (2010: 3). Nototriton sp. B.: Townsend et al. (2011a: 277), Rafa��lli (2013: 368), Townsend et al. (2013: 360). Nototriton sp.: Townsend et al. (2012: 96). Nototriton (Bryotriton) barbouri (in part): Dubois & Raffa��lli (2012: 141), Rafa��lli (2013: 368). Holotype. USNM 578300 (Fig. 5), an adult male from Cerro El Chino (15.525394��N, 87.278672��W), 1,420 m elevation, above La Liberaci��n, Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat, Departamento de Atl��ntida, Honduras; collected 19 June 2010 by B.K. Atkinson, C.A. Cerrato-Mendoza, J.H. Townsend, and L.D. Wilson; original field number JHT 3159. GenBank accession numbers JN377387 (16S), JN377391 (cyt b), JN377403 (COI). Paratypes. Four, all from about 2.5 km (airline) NNE of La Fortuna (15.44��N, 87.31��W), Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat, Departamento de Yoro; one male, USNM 339710, 1,690 m elevation; and two females, USNM 339709, 1,690 m elevation, and USNM 339711, 1,800 m elevation; and one cleared-and-stained specimen, USNM 509333, 1,600 m elevation, GenBank accession number AF199138 (cyt b). Diagnosis. A member of the genus Nototriton diagnosed by possessing 13 costal grooves (>16 costal grooves in Oedipina), the presence of a sublingual fold and hands and feet longer than broad (sublingual fold absent and hands and feet broader than long in Bolitoglossa), and small nares (0.006���0.010 NL/SL; 0.017���0.029 NL/SL in Cryptotriton and Dendrotriton). Phylogenetic analysis supports inclusion of N. nelsoni in the subgenus Bryotriton, belonging to the northern clade with N. brodiei, N. oreadorum, and N. stuarti (Fig. 1). From the other members of the northern clade, N. nelsoni can be distinguished from N. brodiei by having a relatively broader head (HW/SVL 0.127���0.142, versus 0.120 in N. brodiei), relatively longer limbs (FLL/SVL 0.173���0.198 and HLL /SVL 0.203��� 0.223, versus 0.148���0.151 and 0.166���0.180 in N. brodiei), and by having fewer maxillary teeth (38���53, versus 60��� 62 in N. brodiei); from N. oreadorum by having a relatively longer and broader head (HL/SVL 0.185���0.226 and HW/SVL 0.127���0.142, versus 0.178���0.182 and 0.117���0.122 in N. oreadorum) and relatively longer front limbs (FLL/SVL 0.173���0.198, versus 0.158���0.178 in N. oreadorum); and from N. stuarti in having relatively longer hind limbs (HLL /SVL 0.203���0.223, versus 0.178 in N. stuarti) and a greater number of maxillary teeth (38���53, versus 36 in N. stuarti). From the other constituent species of Bryotriton, N. nelsoni can be differentiated from N. barbouri by having a relatively longer tail (TL/SVL 1.144���1.532, versus 0.802���1.165 in N. barbouri) and a lower average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (4.9 [�� 1.4], versus 6.2 [��0.9] in N. barbouri); from N. lignicola in having relatively broader hind feet (HFW /SVL 0.044���0.058, versus 0.035���0.046 in N. lignicola) and a lower average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (4.9 [�� 1.4], versus 5.9 [��0.5] in N. barbouri); from N. limnospectator in having a relatively broader head (HW/SVL 0.127���0.142, versus 0.111���0.118 in N. limnospectator); from N. mime in having a relatively longer tail (TL/SVL 1.144���1.532, versus 0.698���1.117 in N. mime) and relatively shorter limbs (FLL/SVL 0.173���0.198 and HLL /SVL 0.203���0.223, versus 0.195���0.246 and 0.224���0.254 in N. mime); from N. picucha in having broader hind feet (HFW /SVL 0.044���0.058, versus 0.042��� 0.043 in N. picucha) and a higher average number of costal grooves between adpressed limbs (4.9 [�� 1.4], versus 4.0 [��0.7] in N. picucha); and from N. tomamorum in having feet with well-developed digits (syndactylous feet in N. tomamorum), a greater number of maxillary and vomerine teeth (38���53 maxillary teeth and 17���24 vomerine teeth, versus 26 maxillary teeth and 11 vomerine teeth in N. tomamorum) and smaller nares (NL/SL 0.006���0.010, versus 0.018 in N. tomamorum). Nototriton nelsoni can be distinguished from N. saslaya, the only species of the subgenus Nototriton that occurs in the Chort��s Highlands, by having more maxillary and vomerine teeth (38���53 maxillary teeth and 17���24 vomerine teeth, versus 17���22 maxillary teeth and 3���11 vomerine teeth in N. saslaya). Each of the species of Bryotriton in the northern clade are allopatric with respect to each other, and N. nelsoni can be further distinguished from these species based on model-corrected genetic distances (Table 2), being 2.1% (16S) and 9% (cyt b) divergent from its closest relative, N. stuarti, and 2.3% (16S) and 5.4���5.7% (cyt b) divergent from samples from PN Pico Bonito, the geographically closest population, itself described as a new species below. Description of holotype. An adult male (SVL = 31.9 mm, total length = 68.4 mm) with a slender body and reduced limbs. The head is rounded, slightly broader than the body; nostrils are relatively small (NL/SVL=0.006), and the snout is acutely rounded and of moderate length. Nasolabial grooves are visible but slight, with nasolabial protuberances apparent. The eyes are relatively large and protuberant. The mental gland is not apparent. There are 53 maxillary teeth, 4 slightly enlarged premaxillary teeth in line with the maxillary teeth, and 24 vomerine teeth in two well-defined arches. The limbs are short (CLL/SVL=0.42), with approximately 3.5 costal grooves between the adpressed limbs. The hands and feet are narrow with well-developed digits bearing subdigital pads. The relative length of the digits is IMeasurements of holotype (in mm). SVL 31.9; AG 19.1; TW 3.8; HL 6.9; HW 4.2; TL 41.0; HLL 7.2; FLL 6.4; CLL 13.6; FFW 1.1; HFW 1.5; NL 0.2; eyelid length 1.8; eye width 0.9; interorbital distance 1.6; anterior rim of orbit to snout 1.5; distance separating internal margins of nares 1.4; distance separating external margins of nares 1.8. Color in life of holotype. Description of the coloration of the holotype based on a series of color photographs taken in life (color names and numbers follow K��hler [2012]): dorsal surfaces of paratoid region of head, body, and tail darkly mottled, with dominant ground color being Dark Carmine (61); lateral surfaces more heavily mottled with Brick Red (36), becoming nearly solid Ferruginous (35) near the edge of the ventral coloration, with Sepia (286) spots beginning on the centrolateral portion of costal groove 3 and becoming larger posteriorly, with one large blotch present centrolaterally from costal groove 12 to the hind limb; series of irregular Salmon Color (251) middorsal botches corresponding with the relative position of each vertebra, forming the center of a faint herringbone dorsal pattern; dorsal surfaces of head and dorsal and lateral surfaces of body covered with small, irregular Smoky White (261) and Pearl Gray (262) spots; dorsal surface of head mottled Sepia (286), Dark Carmine (61), and Carmine (64), with Smoky White (261) and Pearl Gray (262) spotting, becoming more profuse on lateral surfaces of head; series of Pearl Gray (262) spotting lining the margin of the upper lip; dorsal surface of limbs Sepia (286) with Dark Carmine (61), Deep Vinaceous (248), and Light Pratt���s Rufous (71) stippling, becoming more profuse towards body; ventral surface of head and body Fuscous (283), with Smoky White (261) and Pearl Gray (262) spots slighting larger than those seen laterally; dorsal and lateral surfaces of tail Dark Carmine (61), with Smoky White (261) and Light Lavender (201) spotting more profuse laterally; ventral ground color of tail Dusky Brown (285), being somewhat darker than body, with scattered Smoky White (261) and Light Lavender (201) spotting; color of iris Peach Red Ruby (70). Osteology. Based on examination of digital radiographs for the holotype (Fig. 6 A), Nototriton nelsoni is a typical member of the genus possessing a single cervical vertebra, 14 trunk vertebrae (13 of which bear ribs), and 2 caudosacral vertebrae; a completely fused skull roof formed through contact of the parietal bones; frontal processes of premaxilla fused at point of origin and separate immediately dorsoposterior to origin; preorbital vomerine processes well-developed into a pair of elongate arches each bearing a single row of numerous teeth, extending beyond the outer margins of the choanae; columella absent; phalangeal formulae 1-2-3-2 and 1-2-3-3-2; penultimate phalanges reduced, exceeded in length by terminal phalanges on digits II, III, and IV of the forelimbs and digits II, III, IV, and V of hind limbs; terminal phalanges slightly expanded at distal tips, expansion more pronounced in digit III of forelimbs and digit III of the hindlimbs; mesopodial elements not mineralized. Examination of radiographs of the three paratypes (USNM 339709���11) generally agreed with those of the holotype; with one paratype (USNM 339710) demonstrating incomplete fusion of the skull with sutures apparent between the frontal and parietal elements, and a small frontoparietal fontanelle. Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym honoring Dr. Cyril ���Cirilo��� Hardy Nelson-Sutherland, Professor Emeritus and co-founder of the Department of Biology at the Universidad Nacional Aut��noma de Honduras, and co-founder and former director and curator of the university herbarium, which was renamed in his honor in 2011. Dr. Nelson devoted his career to studying the flora of Honduras and providing instruction and guidance to generations of Honduran biology students, a career which culminated with the publication of the 1,576-page magnum opus, the Cat��logo de las Plantas Vasculares de Honduras, Espermatofitas (Nelson- Sutherland 2008). Geographic and ecological distribution. Nototriton nelsoni is known only from highland forest within Refugio de Vida Silvestre Tex��guat, 1,420���1,800 m (Fig. 3). Known localities fall entirely within the Lower Montane Wet Forest formation (Holdridge 1967), with the habitat at the type locality being Broadleaf Cloud Forest and the locality for the paratypes being Mixed Cloud Forest transitioning to Broadleaf Cloud Forest (Townsend 2014). Natural history. The holotype was collected as it crawled out of an arboreal bromeliad approximately 1.5 m above the ground on a rainy night. The collection site was at the top of a small peak at the northern terminus of a ridgeline leading to the highest portion of RVS Tex��guat, and the overstory was somewhat stunted with a palmdominated understory and a dense covering of epiphytic plants. This species has also been found utilizing rotten logs as daytime refugia, in sympatry with the worm salamander Oedipina gephyra (McCranie et al. 1993: 387). The congener N. tomamorum is known from a single specimen collected near a stream just below the locality where the four paratypes of N. nelsoni were collected. Remarks. A photograph of the holotype of Nototriton nelsoni appeared in Townsend et al. (2012: 98) as ��� Nototriton sp.���., Published as part of Townsend, Josiah H., 2016, Taxonomic revision of the moss salamander Nototriton barbouri (Schmidt) (Caudata: Plethodontidae), with description of two new species from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Honduras, pp. 511-528 in Zootaxa 4196 (4) on pages 520-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/168312, {"references":["McCranie, J. R., Wilson, L. D. & Williams, K. L. (1993) A new species of Oedipina (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae) from northern Honduras. Proceedings of the Biological Socity of Washington, 106, 385 - 389.","Townsend, J. H., Butler, J. M., Wilson, L. D. & Austin, J. D. (2010) A distinctive new species of moss salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton) from an imperiled Honduran endemism hotspot. Zootaxa, 2434, 1 - 16.","Townsend, J. H., Medina-Flores, M., Murillo, J. L. & Austin, J. D. (2011 a) Cryptic diversity in Chortis Highland moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton) revealed using mtDNA barcodes and phylogenetics, with a new species from eastern Honduras. Systematics and Biodiversity, 9, 275 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2011.611188","Rafaelli, J. (2013) Les Urodeles du Monde, 2 nd ed. Penclen Edition, Plumelec, France.","Townsend, J. H., Medina-Flores, M., Reyes-Calderon, O. & Austin, J. D. (2013) A new Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Montana de Botaderos National Park in northeastern Honduras. Zootaxa, 3666 (3), 358 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3666.3.6","Townsend, J. H., Wilson, L. D., Medina-Flores, M., Aguilar-Urbina, E., Atkinson, B. K., Cerrato-M., C. A., Contreras-C., A., Gray, L. N., Herrera-B., L. A., Luque-Montes, I. R., McKewy-Mejia, M., Portillo-A., A., Stubbs, A. L. & Austin, J. D. (2012) A premontane hotspot of herpetofaunal endemism on the windward side of Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat, Honduras. Salamandra, 48, 92 - 114.","Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2012) A new ergotaxonomy of the order Urodela Dumeril, 1805 (Amphibia, Batrachia). Alytes 28, 77 - 161.","Kohler, G. (2012) Color Catalogue for Field Biologists. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 49 pp.","Nelson-Sutherland, C. H. (2008) Catalogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Honduras, Espermatofitas. Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente / Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, xxix + 1576 pp.","Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Revised Edition. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica, 206 pp.","Townsend, J. H. (2014) Characterizing the Chortis Block Biogeographic Province: Geological, physiographic, and ecological associations and herpetofaunal diversity. Mesoamerican Herpetology, 1, 204 - 252."]}

Townsend, Josiah H., Medina-Flores, Melissa, Reyes-Calderón, Onán, Austin, James D. (2013): A new Nototriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Parque Nacional Montaña de Botaderos in northeastern Honduras. Zootaxa 3666 (3): 358-368, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3666.3.6

Nototriton mime sp. nov. Figures 3 A–D Holotype. USNM 579870 (Fig. 3 A), an adult male from Cerro Ulloa (15.3833 °N, 86.0399 °W), Parque Nacional Montaña de Botaderos, 1,705 m, Departamento de Olancho, Honduras, collected 16 April 2011 by M. Medina- Flores, O. A. Reyes-Calderón, and J. H. Townsend; original field number JHT 3400; GenBank accession numbers KC 905090 (16 S) and KC 905094 (cyt b). Paratopotypes. Three (same collectors as holotype); a female (Fig. 3 B; MVZ 269306) and a juvenile (Fig. 3 D; USNM 579872), collected 16 April 2011, 1,710 m, 15.3843 °N, 86.0396 °W; and a male (Fig. 3 C; USNM 579871), 17 April 2011, 1,720 m elevation, 15.3874 °N, 86.0467 °W. Diagnosis. A member of the genus Nototriton diagnosed by possessing 13 costal grooves (> 16 costal grooves in Oedipina), hands and feet longer than broad (hands and feet broader than long in Bolitoglossa), and small nares (0.007–0.010 NL/SL; 0.017–0.029 NL/SL in Cryptotriton and Dendrotriton). Distinctiveness of the new species and its assignment to the Nototriton barbouri species group is supported by analysis of sequence fragments from the mitochondrial genes 16 S and cyt b (Fig. 2). Nototriton mime is unique among described congeners in the Chortís Highlands by having a yellow-brown dorsal coloration in adult males, as well as relatively longer front and hind limbs (FLL/SL 0.195–0.246, HLL/SL 0.224–0.254; versus 0.142–0.174 and 0.153 –0.200 in N. barbouri, 0.148–0.151 and 0.166–0.180 in N. brodiei, 0.137–0.160 and 0.158–0.181 in N. lignicola, 0.156–0.183 and 0.164– 0.211 in N. limnospectator, 0.179–0.191 and 0.204–0.218 in N. picucha, 0.172 and 0.178 in N. stuarti, and 0.160 and 0.197 in N. tomamorum). The new species may be further differentiated from the other species of Nototriton found in the Chortís Highlands as follows: from N. brodiei by having a broader head (HW/SL 0.121–0.138, versus 0.120), larger nares (NL/SL 0.007–0.010, versus 0.004–0.005), a shorter tail (TL/SL 0.698 –1.117, versus 1.420– 1.440), and fewer maxillary teeth (27–46, versus 60–62); from N. lignicola by having a broader head (HW/SL 0.121–0.138, versus 0.103–0.118); from N. limnospectator by having a broader head (HW/SL 0.121–0.138, versus 0.095–0.118) and larger nares (NL/SL 0.007–0.010, versus 0.003); from N. picucha by having a narrower head (HW/SL 0.121–0.138, versus 0.140–0.148); from N. saslaya by having narrower hind feet (HFW/SL 0.044 – 0.050, versus 0.075–0.091), larger nares (NL/SL 0.007–0.010, versus 0.002–0.003), and a higher number of maxillary (27–46, versus 17–22) and vomerine (12–24, versus 3–11) teeth; from N. stuarti by having a slightly narrower head HW/SL 0.121–0.138, versus 0.138), a shorter tail (TL/SL 0.698 –1.117, versus 1.264), and smaller nares (NL/SL 0.007–0.010, versus 0.012); and from N. tomamorum by having well-developed digits with subdigital pads (versus hands and feet syndactylous and lacking subdigital pads), a narrower head (HW/SL 0.121– 0.138, versus 0.145), and smaller nares (NL/SL 0.007–0.010, versus 0.018). Description of holotype. An adult male (SL = 31.8 mm, total length = 67.3 mm) with a slender body and reduced limbs. The head is rounded, slightly broader than the body; nostrils are relatively small (NL/SL= 0.010), and the snout is acutely rounded and of moderate length. Nasolabial grooves are visible but slight, and nasolabial protuberances are not apparent. The eyes are relatively large and protuberant, and the elongate parotoid glands are relatively flat and not well-defined. There are 46 maxillary teeth, 3 slightly enlarged premaxillary teeth in line with the maxillaries, and 24 vomerine teeth. The limbs are short (CLL/SL= 0.40), with the adpressed limb interval approximately 4.5 costal grooves. The hands and feet are narrow with well-developed digits that bear poorly developed subdigital pads. The relative length of the digits is I Measurements of holotype (mm). SL 31.8; AG 16.9; TW 3.3; HL 5.8; HW 3.6; TL 35.5; HLL 6.7; FLL 5.8; CLL 12.5; FFW 0.8; HFW 0.9; NL 0.3; EL 1.8; EW 0.9; IOD 0.7; anterior rim of orbit to snout 1.4; distance separating internal nares 1.1; distance separating external nares 1.6; snout projection beyond mandible 0.3; tip of snout to axilla 9.0; snout to anterior edge of vent 27.8; tail depth at basal constriction 2.7; tail width at basal constriction 2.6. Color in life of adult male holotype. Description of the coloration of the holotype based on a series of color photographs taken in life: dorsal surfaces of paratoid region of head, body, and tail Chamois (84); lateral surfaces mottled Ground Cinnamon (270), with Dark Grayish Brown (284) spots beginning on the centrolateral portion of costal groove 4 and becoming larger posteriorly, with one large blotch present centrolaterally from costal groove 12 to the hind limb; narrow middorsal stripe Pale Pinkish Buff (3), with faint herringbone pattern evident dorsally; dorsal and lateral surfaces of head mottled Vandyke Brown (282) with some Smoky White (261) and Pearl Gray (262) stippling above the mouth; dorsal surface of limbs Sepia (286) with Cinnamon-Rufous (31), Yellow-Ocher (14), and Chamois (84) stippling, becoming more profuse towards body; dorsal surface of tail with Pale Mauve (204) spots beginning about halfway down the length of the tail, with tail becoming almost completely Pale Mauve (204) towards the tip; ventral surface of body with a Dark Mauve (208) to Cyanine Blue (189) cast, with scattered Smoky White (261) and Light Lavender (201) stippling; ventral ground color of tail Fuscous (283), darker than body, with a series of three pairs of Salmon Color (58) blotches behind the vent with spacing equivalent to that of the costal grooves, distal portion of ventral surface of tail with Smoky White (261) and Pale Mauve (204) stippling; color of iris Gem Ruby (65). Variation. In all individuals except the holotype, the tail is shorter than the body (TL/SVL= 0.780 in USNM 579871, a male, 0.817 in MVZ 269306, a female, and 0.698 in USNM 579872, a juvenile) In each case, the tail does not appear to be incomplete, and thus the significance of the degree of variation seen in tail length is not clear. The male paratype (USNM 579871) has 27 maxillary, 5 premaxillary, and 12 vomerine teeth; the female paratype (MVZ 269306) has 37 maxillary, 7 premaxillary, and 17 vomerine teeth. The female (MVZ 269306) and juvenile (USNM 579872) paratypes both exhibit a different color pattern than that seen in the male holotype (USNM 579870) and paratype (USNM 579871). The adult female paratype MVZ 269306 has the following coloration in life: dorsal surface of paratoid region of head and body Hazel (26) with darker Brick Red (36) and paler Robin Rufous (29) blotches forming a herringbone pattern, with a narrow Robin Rufous (29) middorsal stripe; irregular Dark Buff Yellow (54) dorsolateral stripes originate approximately halfway down the body and become better defined and continue onto the tail, bordered laterally by a series of small Vandyke Brown (281) blotches positioned on costal grooves 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10, and becoming a continuous blotch over costal grooves 11, 12, and 13 that extends onto the proximal half of the tail; lateral surfaces of body mottled Dark Buff Yellow (54) and Robin Rufous (29) with Pale Bluish Gray (287) stippling; dorsal surface of head with Raw Umber (280) mottling on the parietal region and between the eyes, lateral surfaces of head Russet (44) with Pale Bluish Gray (287) stippling, ventral surface Glaucous (291) with scattered small Pale Bluish Gray (287) spots; ventral surface of body Vandyke Brown (282) with scattered Smoky White (261) and Pale Bluish Gray (287) stippling most prominent near the head and along the centerline of the venter; dorsal surface of tail mottled Hazel (26) and Robin Rufous (29), with Raw Umber (280) to Vandyke Brown (282) lateral and ventral surfaces with Smoky White (261) and Pale Bluish Gray (287) stippling; iris Mahogany Red (34). Etymology. The specific epithet “ mime ” is a noun in apposition to the generic name, given to honor our late friend Arquimides Gabriel Rosales Martinez, or “ Mime ” (pronounced me-may), a young Honduran biologist passionate about amphibians. Mime and his sister, Novy Hortensia Rosales Martinez, were killed by a drunken driver on 17 December 2010 in Tegucigalpa. Geographic distribution. This species is known only from the immediate vicinity of the type locality, 1,705– 1,720 m on Cerro Ulloa, the highest ridge in the Sierra de Botaderos, forming the border between the departments of Colón and Olancho (Figs. 1, 3). Natural history. The habitat at the type locality is tropical montane cloud forest, in the Lower Montane Wet Forest formation. The male holotype (USNM 579870; Fig. 3 A) was active at night among the leaves of an orchid growing on a small stump on the ground along a wet ridge at 1,705 m elevation. The male paratype (USNM 579871; Fig. 3 C) was collected from underneath a small log embedded in the ground at 1,720 m elevation. The female paratype (MVZ 269306; Fig. 3 B) was found in a bromeliad on the ground at 1,705 m elevation, near the holotype. The juvenile paratype (USNM 579872; Fig. 3 D) was collected during the late afternoon from within a small bromeliad approximately 2 m above the ground on a large fallen branch at 1,710 m elevation. Conservation status. Based on the extremely limited extent of intact cloud forest around the only known locality (approximately 300 hectares), and the continuing deforestation surrounding this locality, we recommend Nototriton mime be immediately considered Critically Endangered (CR B 1 ab[i, ii, iii]+ 2 ab[i, ii, iii]), following the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2012). The broadleaf forests of the Sierra de Botaderos are approximately 33,000 hectares in total extent, and ranges from 100 to 1,724 m elevation. However, less than 1,000 total hectares of forest above 1,500 m elevation exists, and is fragmented into approximately a dozen discrete patches along the spine of the cordillera. The type locality, Cerro Ulloa, is one of these patches, and is the highest elevation forest in the mountain range. Cerro Ulloa is already deforested up to and above 1,500 m elevation on the southern slopes (Fig. 4 A), and preexisting trails made by farmers cross the summit of the peak (Fig. 4 B) and access inholdings deep with the forest on the Colón side of the ridge. The approximately 300 hectares of intact cloud forest habitat surrounding the type locality are already under direct threat from migratory agriculture and cattle ranching, and, most recently, are indirectly threatened by the dramatic increase in international narcotrafficking in adjacent portions of Colón and Olancho. The recent declaration of the remaining premontane and lower montane rainforests as a national park is a positive development; however, the remote location of the park and high-risk nature of conflicts related to enforcing protection of its remaining forests make conservation here, and throughout eastern Honduras, a resourceintensive challenge. Remarks. With the description of Nototriton mime, there are 17 named species of Nototriton distributed from Guatemala to Costa Rica, six of which are endemic to Honduras (Townsend et al. 2011; Boza-Oviedo et al. 2012). Each of these six endemic species have distributions restricted to cloud forest habitat in the upper reaches of isolated mountain ranges, with only one species (N. limnospectator) known to occur at premontane elevations as low as 800 m. In addition to these six species, there are two as yet undescribed species currently referred to the taxon N. barbouri, one from Parque Nacional Pico Bonito (N. sp A in Townsend et al. 2011) and one from Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat (N. sp. B, op. cit.). The coloration seen in Nototriton mime appears to be the first documented case of sexual dichromatism in the genus Nototriton, and one of few documented cases in tropical salamanders. Another endemic Honduras salamander, Bolitoglossa diaphora, from the Sierra de Omoa in northwestern Honduras, also exhibits marked dichromatism, with males being bluish-gray and females being a mottled red-orange coloration (McCranie & Wilson 1995).

Mccranie, James R., Townsend, Josiah H. (2011): Description of a new species of worm salamander (Caudata, Plethodontidae, Oedipina) in the subgenus Oedopinola from the central portion of the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Honduras. Zootaxa 2990: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203981

Oedipina nica sp. nov. Nicaraguan Highland Worm Salamander Figure 1 Oedipina cyclocauda (in part). K��hler 1999, 2001. Holotype. MVZ 263774, an adult male, from El Gobiado, Reserva Natural Cerro Datanl��-El Diablo, 13 ��09���N, 85 �� 52 ���W, 1420 m above sea level (a.s.l.), Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua, collected 30 August 2009 by S. M. Rovito, T. J. Papenfuss, J. Sunyer, and L. A. Obando (original field number SMR 842). Paratypes (5). UF 156445, from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 13 �� 34 ���N, 85 �� 42 ���W, 1625 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; UF 156446 ��� 47, from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 13 �� 35 ���N, 85 �� 43 ���W, 1660 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; UF 156453 ��� 54, from Reserva Natural Macizos de Pe��as Blancas, 13 �� 17 ���N, 85 �� 43 ���W, 1515 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua. Referred specimens (12). SMF 78736, from Camp El Hielo, Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 1490 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; SMF 78737, 78739��� 40, from Camp 2, Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 13 �� 35.25 'N, 85 �� 41.50 'W, 1360 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; UF 156443 ��� 44, from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 13 �� 34 ���N, 85 �� 42 ���W, 1625 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; UF 156448 ��� 50, from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 13 �� 35 ���N, 85 �� 43 ���W, 1660 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; UF 156451 ��� 52, two tails dropped by escaped adults from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb��, 13 �� 34 ���N, 85 �� 42 ���W, 1600 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua; UF 156455 from Reserva Natural Macizos de Pe��as Blancas, 13 �� 17 ���N, 85 �� 43 ���W, 1515 m a.s.l., Dept. Jinotega, Nicaragua. Diagnosis. A slender, small-sized (largest specimen 48.5 mm SL) species assigned to the genus Oedipina based on the presence of a high number (19���20) of costal grooves between the short limbs, very narrow manus and pes, long tail (tail length ca 2 x SL), overall morphological similarity to other Oedipina species, and molecular phylogenetic evidence. This species is a member of the subgenus Oeditriton (based on molecular data; Fig. 2) and is distinguished from the only other members of that clade (O. kasios and O. quadra) by its more slender habitus and fewer vomerine teeth. Further distinguished from other Nicaraguan members of the genus Oedipina as follows: from O. collaris by being much smaller and more slender, having short limbs and narrow manus and pes, and having a short, rather bluntly tipped snout; from O. cyclocauda by being smaller and more slender without nearly pad-like feet; from O. pseudouniformis by being more slender with shorter, less robust limbs and narrower manus and pes, and by having almost uniformly dark brownishblack coloration with no distinct light pigmentation on the upper parts of the proximal segment of the limbs. Description of the holotype. The male holotype is 39.2 mm SL and is judged to be an adult by the presence of small papillae in the anterior margins of the vent and a small mental gland behind the anterior tip of the mandible. The small head is rounded in dorsal profile, and somewhat flattened in lateral profile with a relatively blunt snout and distinct nasolabial protuberances. Snout to posterior angle of vent 9.8 times head width and 6.5 times head length. Nostrils are small but conspicuous under magnification. The small eyes are inconspicuous and do not extend beyond the lateral margins of the head. The suborbital groove does not intercept the lip line. The skin of the dorsal surface of the head behind the eyes is depressed in a pattern that suggests the presence of a frontoparietal fenestra. There is a single slightly enlarged premaxillary tooth that is located distinctly anterior to the maxillary teeth. Maxillary teeth total 41. The small vomerine teeth are in a short, fairly straight series and total 11. There are 20 costal grooves between the small limbs with a limb interval of 13 intercostal folds. Hands and feet are tiny, narrow, and elongated. Digit I is fused with digit II and digit IV is fused with digit III on the forelimbs, with only a part of a phalangeal segment of digit III free between digits II���III on the forelimbs. Digit I is fused with digit II and digit V is fused with digit IV on the hind limbs; both outer digits are extremely short on the hind limbs. The triangular tip of digit III of the hind limb is distinct from the tiny rounded tips of digits II and IV, but less than a full phalangeal segment of that digit is free of the others. Subdigital pads are nearly imperceptible. Digits on forelimbs in order of decreasing length are III���II���IV���I; digits on hind limbs are III���II���IV���(V���I). The tail is round in cross section and tapers gradually to a narrow tip; the tail is almost twice SL. Measurements (in millimeters) of the holotype. Head width 4.0; snout to gular fold (head length) 6.0; head depth at posterior angle of jaw 1.8; eyelid width 1.1; eyelid length 1.5; eye to nostril 0.6; anterior rim of eye to snout 1.2; horizontal orbital diameter 1.0; interorbital distance 1.7; distance separating eyelids 0.7; nostril diameter 0.2; snout projecting beyond mandible 0.4; distance from eye to distal end of postorbital groove 1.9; snout to posterior angle of vent (SL) 39.2; snout to anterior angle of vent 37.0; snout to forelimb 9.4; axilla to groin 26.0; limb interval 13; shoulder width 2.7; tail length 77.0; tail width at base 2.4; tail depth at base 2.4; forelimb length (to tip of longest digit) 3.7; hind limb length (to tip of longest digit) 4.5; forelimb foot width 0.6; hind limb foot width 0.9; free length of longest digit 0.2. Coloration of the holotype in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head, body, and tail are black. Costal grooves on the body and tail are the same color as the body or slightly lighter dark gray, but at the deepest part of the groove pigment is lacking so the grooves are prominent. Ventral surfaces of the head, body, and tail are slightly paler black than those dorsal surfaces. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of the limbs are the same as for the body. Tiny white speckles are most visible behind the eye and over the shoulder, then in an irregular, narrow line along the dorsolateral part of the body to the hind limbs, but they are few in number and obscure. White spots are a little larger in the gular and chest areas ventrally. The nasolabial protuberances are unpigmented and contrast with the surrounding tissue. Variation. Variation based on study of the holotype and three male (UF 156445, 156447, 156453), one female (UF 156446), and one juvenile (UF 156454) paratypes: the four males, judged to be mature based on having inconspicuous mental glands and anterior vent margins bearing fine pinnae, range from 38.5���44.5 SL; the female is 48.5 SL. Tails are present in the holotype, three male paratypes, and the juvenile and all taper gradually to slender tips. SL is from 0.86 (adult) to 0.52 (holotype) times tail length. SL in males is 9.8���11.8 times head width and 9.9 in the single female. Limbs are relatively short; number of costal folds between adpressed limbs is 13���14 in males and 13 in the female. There are 19���20 costal grooves between the limbs in the males and 20 in the female. Feet are narrow; 0.8���1.1. The digits are joined to their neighbors, with only the tips of the longest toes free. Males have 1���2 premaxillary teeth, the female has 4. Maxillary teeth range from 41���47 in males; 48 in the female. Males have 9���16 vomerine teeth; the female 18. If one adds the referred specimens, the size range of the adult males increases to 35.3���48.5 SL, and that of females from 37.5���48.5 SL. These specimens are consistent in measurements, tooth and costal groove counts, and coloration with the type series. SMF 78738, from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb�� (44.0 SL), fits within the range of the new species in all measurements (see discussion). Variation of coloration based on color photographs taken in life during daytime. Coloration is in general uniformly dark brownish-black with no distinguishing features. The upper side of the proximal segment of the limbs is the same color. The costal grooves are very evident because of the lack of pigment at their centers. Details for particular individuals follow. Adult male paratype (UF 156447; Fig. 1 b): Dorsum of body and tail blackish brown becoming a faded lighter brown on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of head extending to the chin. A lighter brown speckling is faintly noticeable dorsally from the head becoming imperceptible towards the base of the tail. Ventral surfaces of the body are blackish brown, similar in coloration to the tail. Limbs faded brown similar to color of head. Skin creases such as costal grooves, gular fold, and those around the paratoid region lack pigmentation and appear light grey. Iris dark rust brown. Adult male (UF 156450): Dorsum of body and tail blackish brown becoming faded lighter brown on the anterior and lateral surfaces of head. Gold speckling mixed with some white is located on the dorsal surface of the head and body. Speckling is most prominent on the top of the head becoming sparser posteriad, not extending beyond base of tail. Dorsolaterally above the anterior limbs a slight concentration of tiny white speckles forms a short, irregular line. Below the extent of the speckling ventrolaterally coloration is same as that of tail. Limb coloration is same as that of anterior and lateral surface of head. Iris dark rust brown. Juvenile paratype (UF 156454; Fig. 1 d): Dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, head, tail, and limbs are a uniform jet black. There is a faint overlay of tiny dirty white flecks along the dorsum of head, body, and tail giving a somewhat ashy appearance. This flecking is most concentrated dorsolaterally giving the impression of an irregular line extending from behind the jaw to the hind limb. Flecking is also present around the mouth and chest area. Larger white speckles are mixed sparsely and intermittently along the head, body, tail, and limbs. Habitat and distribution. This species is known to occur from 1360���1660 m elevation at three isolated localities in the Lower Montane Moist Forest formation (Holdridge 1967) in north-central Nicaragua (Fig. 3). The holotype was collected in a small patch of secondary cloud forest (Fig. 4 a���b) mostly surrounded by cattle pastures and agricultural land. It was found while raking during the daytime inside a moderately large rotten log. The paratypes and UF referred specimens from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb�� were collected in undisturbed, primary cloud forest (Fig. 4 c) during both diurnal and nocturnal surveys. All were found underneath logs, rocks, and other debris in areas along the mountain ridge where the substrate comprised a spongy mass of plant roots and mosses. The SMF referred specimens from Reserva Natural Cerro Kilamb�� were also collected in undisturbed, primary cloud forest during diurnal surveys. Most of them were found inside dead basal ramifications of giant ferns. The paratypes from Reserva Natural Macizos de Pe��as Blancas were collected in undisturbed, primary cloud forest (Fig. 4 d). One was uncovered during the daytime beneath a fallen log, and two others were found active on the forest floor around the campsite at 2130 h. Those found active within the camp were likely dislodged or disturbed by raking and uprooting logs that occurred during set-up of the campsite earlier the same day. Phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (16 S and cyt b) confirms the monophyly of this taxon (ML bootstrap support = 99, Bayesian posterior probability = 1.0) and its position as sister species to Oedipina kasios in the Oeditriton clade (Fig. 2). A sister-species relationship between O. kasio s and O. nica is strongly supported (ML bootstrap support = 93, Bayesian posterior probability = 0.99) as is the monophyly of an Oeditriton clade containing O. kasio s, O. nica, and O. quadra (ML bootstrap support = 96, Bayesian posterior probability = 1.0). Oeditriton is the sister clade to the remaining Oedipina, which are divided into the subgenera Oedipina and Oedopinola (Fig. 2), which supports previous phylogenetic hypotheses for Oedipina (Garc��a-Par��s & Wake 2000; McCranie et al. 2008). All wellsupported phylogenetic relationships are congruent between the ML and Bayesian results. Etymology. The specific name nica is a short name for Nicaraguan (Nicarag��ense in Spanish) and is a colloquial word used in Central America to denote Nicaraguan people. The name alludes to the country of origin of the type specimens. Conservation status. Using the criteria established by IUCN for evaluating threatened species, Oedipina nica should be classified as Endangered (EN B 2 ab[iii]), due to its limited distribution (known only from three isolated highland forest areas with a total extent of less than 500 km 2) and the continued loss of habitat at these localities., Published as part of Sunyer, Javier, Wake, David B., Townsend, Josiah H., Travers, Scott L., Rovito, Sean M., Papenfuss, Theodore J., Obando, Lenin A. & K��hler, Gunther, 2010, A new species of worm salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Oedipina) in the subgenus Oeditriton from the highlands of northern Nicaragua, pp. 29-39 in Zootaxa 2613 on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197858, {"references":["Kohler, G. (1999) The amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua - a distributional checklist with keys. Courier Forschungsinstut Senckenberg, 213, 1 - 212.","Kohler, G. (2001) Anfibios y Reptiles de Nicaragua. Herpeton. Offenbach, Germany.","Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Tropical Science Center. San Jose, Costa Rica.","McCranie, J. R., Vieites, D. R. & Wake, D. B. (2008) Description of a new divergent lineage and three new species of Honduran salamanders of the genus Oedipina (Caudata, Plethodontidae). Zootaxa, 1930, 1 - 17."]}

Nototriton tomamorum new species (Figs. 2, 3) Holotype: A female (UF 155377) from 2.5 km NNE of La Fortuna (15 �� 25.965 ���N, 87 �� 18.556 ���W), 1550 m, Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat, Departamento de Yoro, Honduras, collected 9 April 2008 by J. Slapcinsky and the field team of J. M. Butler, L. P. Ketzler, N. M. Stewart, J. H. Townsend, and L. D. Wilson. Original field number JHT 2437. Diagnosis. A small member of the genus Nototriton (SVL= 26.9 mm; Table 2) based on having 13 costal grooves (> 16 costal grooves in Oedipina), hands and feet longer than broad (hands and feet broader than long in Bolitoglossa), and nares that are smaller than most Cryptotriton and Dendrotriton (Fig. 3 A, B; 0.018 NL/ SVL; 0.020���0.029 NL/SVL in Cryptotriton [except some individuals of C. veraepacis] and Dendrotriton). Cryptotriton veraepacis has nares ranging from 0.017���0.027 NL/SVL (mean 0.022), and can be differentiated from N. tomamorum by having a uniformly dark gray ventral surface (ventral surface pale with gray flecks in N. tomamorum; Fig. 2). Generic placement in Nototriton is also strongly supported by sequence data from the mitochondrial genes 16 S and cob (Table 3; Fig. 4). This new species is distinguished from all other Nototriton, except N. richardi and N. tapanti, by having syndactylous hands and feet (Fig. 3 C, D; hands and feet with free, differentiated toes in all other species) and relatively large nares (Fig. 3 A, B; 0.018 NL/SVL versus 0.010���0.016 in N. picadoi, 0.003���0.014 in N. abscondens, 0.012 in N. stuarti, 0.005���0.011 in N. barbouri, 0.006���0.009 in N. lignicola, 0.004���0.009 in N. guanacaste, 0.004���0.005 in N. brodiei, 0.003 in N. limnospectator, 0.003 in N. major, and 0.002���0.003 in N. saslaya). Nototriton tomamorum can be further differentiated from members of the N. barbouri group by having a broader head (0.145 HW/SVL versus 0.138 in N. stuarti, 0.104���0.132 in N. barbouri, 0.120 in N. brodiei, 0.103���0.118 in N. lignicola, and 0.095���0.118 in N. limnospectator) and fewer maxillary teeth (26, versus 36 in N. stuarti, 41���54 in N. barbouri, 42���55 in N. limnospectator, 46���54 in N. lignicola, and 60���62 in N. brodiei), from members of the N. picadoi group by having a relatively shorter tail (0.911 TL/SVL, versus 1.441 in N. major, 1.123���1.344 in N. picadoi, 1.013��� 1.365 in N. abscondens, 1.210���1.337 in N. guanacaste, and 1.10���1.30 in N. gamezi) and narrower feet (0.037 HFW /SVL, versus 0.058���0.071 in N. abscondens, 0.059 in N. major, 0.060���0.070 in N. picadoi, and 0.066��� 0.072 in N. guanacaste), and from N. saslaya by having shorter forelimbs (0.160 FLL/SVL, versus 0.194��� 0.210 in N. saslaya) and hind limbs (0.197 HLL /SVL, versus 0.217���0.244 in N. saslaya) and narrower feet (0.037 HFW /SVL, versus 0.075���0.091 in N. saslaya). The new species also differs from N. richardi and N. tapanti in having a pale ventral surface mottled with gray chromatophores (ventral surface brown with dark flecks in N. richardi and dark brown in N. tapanti), by having a tail that is shorter than the snout-vent length (0.91 TL/SVL, versus 1.072���1.482 in N. richardi and 1.205 in N. tapanti), longer forelimbs (0.160 FLL/SVL, versus 0.140���0.146 in N. richardi and 0.147 in N. tapanti), longer hind limbs (0.197 HLL /SVL, versus 0.174��� 0.187 in N. richardi and 0.174 in N. tapanti), and narrower feet (0.037 HFW /SVL, versus 0.044���0.050 in N. richardi and 0.041 in N. tapanti). This new species is also well differentiated from all other species of Nototriton based on mitochondrial sequence data (Table 3), and is 3.6 ���6.0% divergent on 16 S and 10.2��� 15.1 % divergent on cob from all other congeners. Description of holotype. Nototriton tomamorum is known only from a single, presumably female (mental gland and cloacal papillae absent) specimen, preserved with its mouth open and tongue extended, and is a relatively small member of the genus (SVL= 26.9 mm, total length= 51.4 mm) with a slender body and reduced limbs. Its head is rounded and slightly broader than the body, and the nostrils are relatively large (NL/ SVL= 0.018), and the snout is rounded and of moderate length (Fig. 3 A, B). The nasolabial protuberances are apparent but not well developed, and barely extend below the upper lip line. The eyes are relatively large and protuberant, and the parotoid glands appear large but not well defined. The teeth are exceedingly small; there are approximately 26 maxillaries, 4 premaxillaries set slightly forward from the maxillary teeth, and 11 vomerines; vomerine teeth are arranged in two short medially-positioned arches. The limbs are short (CLL/ SVL= 0.36), with the adpressed limbs being separated by approximately 5.5 costal grooves. The hands and feet are narrow and have poorly-developed, poorly-differentiated digits that are fused and lack subdigital pads (Fig. 3 C, D). The free tips of digits III on the hands and III and IV on the feet are pointed, and digits I, II and IV on the hands and I, II, and V on the feet are very short and essentially completely fused, being demarcated by shallow grooves on the dorsal side of the feet. The relative length of the digits is IMeasurements of holotype (in mm). SVL 26.9; AG 15.2; TW 3.6; HL 4.8; HW 3.9; TL 24.5; HLL 5.3; FLL 4.3; CLL 9.6; HFL 1.7; HFW 1.2; NL 0.5; eye length 1.6; eye width 1.2; interorbital distance 1.4; anterior rim of orbit to snout 1.1; distance separating internal nares 0.8; distance separating external nares 1.8; snout projection beyond mandible 0.6; tip of snout to axilla 7.7; distance from axilla to groin 15.2; snout to anterior edge of vent 24.9; tail depth at basal constriction 2.8; tail width at basal constriction 2.4. Coloration of holotype. Dorsal surfaces of head, body, and tail medium grayish brown, with profuse pale chromatophores laterally, becoming less abundant dorsolaterally. The head has some pale mottling on the top of the snout, and two irregular lines of pale chromatophores extending from the lateral region above the forelimbs onto the posterior portion of the head and parotoid glands. There is a very thin, pale middorsal stripe, with a herringbone pattern with lines extending from the middorsal stripe posteriorly. There is an indistinct dark dorsolateral stripe starting about one-third the way down the trunk and extending onto the proximal one-third of the tail. Ventral surface of head, body, and tail cream, mottled with dark gray chromatophores, becoming somewhat more profuse toward the distal end of the tail. Etymology. The specific name ��� tomamorum ��� means ���belonging to the Tomams.��� Tomams are the highest level of deities recognized in the belief system of the indigenous Tolupan of Honduras, of which there are four: Tomam Pones Popawai (Grandfather Tomam), his wife Tomam Pones Namawai (mother of all that exists), and their children Tomam the Elder and Tomam the Younger (Chapman 1992). This name is given in recognition that the Tolupan are the traditional inhabitants of this area and that this new species is known only from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, or ���Name of God Mountains,��� a name which, ironically, was given by 15 th century Spanish explorers. Natural history. The single known specimen of Nototriton tomamorum was collected during the daytime from leaf litter packed onto a rock ledge alongside a small creek at about 1550 m elevation in the Lower Montane Wet Forest formation (Fig. 5). This species is presumably endemic to the vicinity of the type locality, and is likely restricted to the Lower Montane Wet Forest around the neighboring peaks of Cerro San Francisco and Cerro Texiguat. The locality can be characterized as a narrow, steep-sided canyon with riparian forest, and more xeric upland pine-oak forest dominating the terrain above the canyon. The pine-oak forest transitions to mesic cloud forest (or remnant cloud forest) uphill from this locality. This species is sympatric with a congener, N. barbouri, and three other plethodontids: Bolitoglossa dofleini, Bolitoglossa porrasorum and Oedipina gephyra. The canyon where the holotype of N. tomamorum was collected is also the type locality of the hylid frog Isthmohyla insolita, and a known locality for the anurans Lithobates maculatus, Plectrohyla guatemalensis, and Ptychohyla spinipollex. Conservation status. Based on the criteria of the IUCN (2001), Nototriton tomamorum should be classified as Critically Endangered (B 1 ab[iii]+ 2 ab[iii]) due to the extremely limited extent of its known distribution and the direct threat to the remaining habitat around that locality. The primary threat to the type and only known locality for this species is from illegal timber extraction and wholesale slash-and-burn clearing of forest for bean cultivation once it has been depleted of valuable hardwoods, such as mahogany (Fig. 6). Systematic relationships. Nototriton tomamorum bears the strongest morphological resemblance to members of the N. richardi group (Table 2), which are endemic to the central highlands of Costa Rica. The two species, N. richardi and N. tapanti, are the most morphologically distinctive members of the genus, differing from all other Nototriton by having syndactylous feet, relatively large nostrils, and frontal processes of the premaxillary arising separately from the maxillary (Good & Wake 1993; Papenfuss & Wake 1987; Savage 2002). According to Savage (2002), N. richardi is distributed from 1370 to 1800 m elevation along the Atlantic slope of the Cordillera Central, and N. tapanti at a single locality at 1300 m elevation in the northern portion of the Cordillera de Talamanca. These localities are situated in the central montane spine of Costa Rica in Lower Central America and are separated widely from the type locality of N. tomamorum by over 670 airline km and much of the central highlands of Honduras and the lowland Nicaraguan Depression. Despite the morphological similarities between N. tomamorum and members of the N. richardi group, our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 4) does not support the inclusion of N. tomamorum in the N. richardi group. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of fragments from two mitochondrial genes (16 S and cob) weakly supports (posterior probability = 0.55, bootstrap support = 58 %) N. tomamorum as sister taxon to the rest of the N. barbouri group (Fig. 4). We also recovered N. richardi as the weakly supported sister (posterior probability = 0.58, bootstrap support = 59 %) to the N. picadoi group, a finding consistent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses for Nototriton and N. richardi (Garc��a-Par��s & Wake 2000; Wiens et al. 2007; Adams et al. 2009). Sequence data from the holotype of Nototriton tomamorum are at least 12.5 % (16 S) and 20.6 % (cob) divergent from representatives of morphologically-similar genera of Central American plethodontids (Cryptotriton, Dendrotriton, and Oedipina), but less than 6.0% (16 S) and 15.1 % (cob) divergent from other species of Nototriton, supporting placement of N. tomamorum in this genus (Table 3). Within the genus Nototriton, the new species demonstrates differing patterns of sequence divergence on the two genes sampled. For 16 S, N. tomamorum is closest to N. limnospectator (3.6���3.8 %), a biogeographically-logical situation given the relative geographical proximity of RVS Texiguat to the type locality of N. limnospectator, approximately 100 airline km to the WSW in Parque Nacional Monta��a de Santa B��rbara; however N. tomamorum is 12.4 % divergent from N. limnospectator for cob, and for that gene is closer to the Costa Rican species N. abscondens (10.2 %) and N. gamezi (11.5 %) than to any other member of the N. barbouri group (Table 3). Given the morphological differentiation and lack of strong phylogenetic support, we refrain from assigning N. tomamorum to any recognized species group pending acquisition and analysis of additional molecular data from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Our phylogenetic analyses included taxa and populations of Nototriton not available in previous studies (Garc��a-Par��s & Wake 2000; Wiens et al. 2007), including a sample from the vicinity of the type locality of N. barbouri (���Portillo Grande, Yoro, Honduras ��� [Schmidt 1936]). Inclusion of these data reveals the taxon N. barbouri to be paraphyletic (Fig. 4), with strong support for N. barbouri sensu stricto as the sister species of N. limnospectator and for the remaining populations assigned to N. barbouri (N. sp. in Fig 4) from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios to be sister to N. brodiei from NE Guatemala and NW Honduras. We are currently preparing an intergrative systematic revision of the N. barbouri group that will use molecular and morphological analyses to resolve the taxonomic status of populations assigned to N. barbouri. The herpetofauna of the RVS Texiguat is characterized by a remarkable degree of endemism (McCranie & Casta��eda 2004 a; Wilson & McCranie 2004 b). Currently, 39 species are known from 1550 m in elevation and above in this refuge. Of this number, 27 are considered to be conservation priority species (Table 4), defined as those species judged to occupy one of three IUCN categories Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable. Nine of the 27 are considered Critically Endangered, 12 are Endangered, and six are Vulnerable; 19 (70.4 %) of these species (four salamanders, seven anurans, four lizards, and four snakes) are endemic to Honduras (Table 4). Of the remainder, six are endemic to Nuclear Central America and two have widespread distributions. As indicated by Townsend & Wilson (In press), 91 species of amphibians and reptiles are endemic to Honduras, thus the Texiguat figure is 20.9 % of the total. Therefore, RVS Texiguat qualifies as a major center of endemism in Honduras, as well as in the whole of eastern Nuclear Central America (as defined by Campbell, 1999). The Environmental Vulnerability Scores, as tabulated by Townsend and Wilson (in press) and indicated in Table 4, indicate that the values for the Texiguat conservation priority species range from 9 to 17. Most of these species involved (16) are considered high vulnerability species (59.3 %), nine (33.3 %) are medium vulnerability species, and only two (7.4 %) have scores lying at the upper end of the range for low vulnerability species (Table 4). In summary, of the 27 species judged to be of conservation priority, 19 are endemic to Honduras and 16 are of high vulnerability. Based on the analysis above, Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat is an area of immense importance for the conservation of the Honduran herpetofauna, especially its endemic component. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to RVS Texiguat by conservation authorities past its initial designation as a protected area in 1987 (Wilson et al. 2001). Since 1991, ten species (including the present one) with type localities in the area have been described: Anolis kreutzi, A. purpurgularis, A. yoroensis, Celestus scansorius, Geophis damiani, Isthmohyla insolita, Nototriton tomamorum, Oedipina gephyra, Omoadiphas texiguatensis, and Rhadinaea tolpanorum (McCranie et al. 1993 a, b; Wilson et al. 1998; McCranie & Casta��eda 2004 a). Given the pattern of these finds, we expect that additional new taxa remain to be described from RVS Texiguat. During this period, significant environmental damage has been observed, most of it apparently as a consequence of the illegal extraction of mahogany and the subsequent conversion of the remaining forest to cropland for use in subsistence agriculture (Fig. 6). Most recently during our visit in April 2008, we observed that a large stretch of forest upstream from the type locality of Nototriton tomamorum and Isthmohyla insolita had been clear-cut down to the streamside and planted to beans (Fig. 6 C). Damage to the forests in this refuge also has occurred by natural means. The stream that constitutes the type locality of Nototriton tomamorum and Isthmohyla insolita (Fig. 5) was severely damaged by Hurricane Mitch in 1998. At that time, the habitat supporting I. insolita was scoured by high waters in the narrow canyon. The moss masses clinging to the branches of small trees overhanging the stream, within which the adults laid their eggs, were stripped away. Our trip in 2008 evidenced that the moss has yet to be reestablished as we found it in 1991 when I. insolita was discovered. Whether the reestablishment of these conditions will occur is doubtful. Isthmohyla insolita has been located in one or two nearby streams (McCranie & Casta��eda 2007), but the same anthropogenic activities detailed above also are occurring there. It is apparent that the natural habitat of this hotspot for herpetofaunal endemism will continue to succumb to the forces of habitat destruction unless steps are taken to protect it. Therefore, we use this opportunity not only to describe yet another endemic species from this reserve, but to attempt to raise RVS Texiguat���s international profile and issue an urgent call for its conservation. We offer the following recommendations, and emphasize the need for immediate and sustained action to prevent further loss of habitat: Carry out intensive reconnaissance of RVS Texiguat on the Caribbean side of Cerro Texiguat and Cerro San Francisco, to search for and identify previously unknown areas supporting populations of conservation priority species. The majority of work in RVS Texiguat has taken place in the vicinity of La Fortuna, which is accessed by means of a logging road established sometime before 1991. The Caribbean slope of RVS Texiguat remains virtually unexplored and has no known access routes, and so exploratory work is needed immediately to determine if this areas supports target species. Establish a habitat and species monitoring program led by Honduran biologists and local guardarecursos. This program has been initiated in cooperation with PROLANSATE (the organization tasked with managing RVS Texiguat). Initial plans are to hire six guardarecursos in early 2010 and begin training and capacity building for dev, Published as part of Townsend, Josiah H., Butler, Michael, Wilson, Larry David & Austin, James D., 2010, A distinctive new species of moss salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton) from an imperiled Honduran endemism hotspot, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 2434 on pages 4-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.194769, {"references":["Chapman, A. M. (1992). Masters of Animals: Oral Traditions of the Tolupan Indians, Honduras. Gordon and Breach Scientific Publishers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. xxi + 259 pp.","Good, D. A. & Wake, D. B. (1993) Systematic studies of the Costa Rican moss salamanders, genus Nototriton, with descriptions of three new species. Herpetological Monographs, 7, 131 - 159.","Papenfuss, T. J. & Wake, D. B. (1987) Two new species of plethodontid salamanders (genus Nototriton) from Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana, 21, 1 - 16.","Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois. xx + 934 pp.","Garcia-Paris, M. & Wake, D. B. (2000) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of relationships of the tropical salamander genera Oedipina and Nototriton, with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Copeia, 2000, 42 - 70.","Wiens, J. J., Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M. & Wake, D. B. (2007) Phylogenetic history underlies elevational biodiversity patterns in tropical salamanders. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 919 - 928.","Adams, D. C., Berns, C. M., Kozak, K. H. & Wiens, J. J. (2009) Are rates of species diversification correlated with rates of morphological evolution? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 2729 - 2738.","Schmidt, K. P. (1936) New amphibians and reptiles from Honduras in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 49, 43 - 50.","McCranie, J. R. & Castaneda, F. E. (2004 a) A new species of snake of the genus Omoadiphas (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios in northern Honduras. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 117, 311 - 316.","Wilson, L. D. & McCranie, J. R. (2004 b) The herpetofauna of the cloud forests of Honduras. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 3, 34 - 48.","Campbell, J. A. (1999) Distribution patterns of amphibians in Middle America. In: Duellman, W. E. (Ed.), Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: a global perspective. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 111 - 210.","Wilson, L. D., McCranie, J. R. & Espinal, M. R. (2001) The ecogeography of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras and the design of herpetological reserves. In: Johnson, J. D., Webb, R. G., & Flores-Villela, O. A. (Eds.). Mesoamerican Herpetology: Systematics, Zoogeography, and Conservation. Centennial Museum, Special Publication No. 1, The University of Texas at El Paso, pp. 109 - 158.","McCranie, J. R., Wilson, L. D. & Williams, K. L. (1993 a) A new species of Oedipina (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae) from northern Honduras. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106, 385 - 389.","McCranie, J. R., Wilson, L. D. & Williams, K. L. (1993 b) New species of tree frog of the genus Hyla (Anura: Hylidae) from northern Honduras. Copeia, 1993, 1057 - 1062.","McCranie, J. R. & Castaneda, F. E. (2007) Guia de Campo de los Anfibios de Honduras. Bibliomania!, Salt Lake City, Utah, 304 pp."]}

Anolis rubribarbaris (K��hler, McCranie, & Wilson 1999) Figs. 2���3 Norops rubribarbaris K��hler et al. 1999: 280. Holotype. UF 90206, an adult male from 4 km S of San Lu��s de los Planes, 1700 m elevation, northern slope of Monta��a de Santa B��rbara, Parque Nacional Monta��a de Santa B��rbara, Depto. Santa B��rbara, Honduras, collected 3 March 1994 by Fred G. Thompson, original field number FGT 5659. Referred specimens. UF 152660 (Figs. 2 a, 2 b), a small adult male, and UF 152661 ��� 62 (Fig. 3), adult females, all from disturbed cloud forest ca. 1���2 km W of El Cedral (14 �� 54.49 ���N, 88 ��05.38���W), 1720���1740 m, E slope of Monta��a de Santa B��rbara, Parque Nacional Monta��a de Santa B��rbara, Depto. Santa B��rbara, Honduras, collected 28 January 2008 by Leonel Erazo Ch��vez, Ileana R. Luque-Montes, Josiah H. Townsend, and Larry David Wilson. Diagnosis. Anolis rubribarbaris differs from all other Mesoamerican anoles, except those in the crassulus group, by having the following combination of characteristics: red dewlap, moderately to strongly enlarged medial dorsal scales, strongly keeled ventral scales, no more than one scale separating the supraorbital semicircles, four to five rows of loreals, suboculars and supralabials in contact, no axillary pocket, and heterogeneous flank squamation. Of the members of the crassulus group, A. rubribarbaris differs from A. amplisquamosus in having a red dewlap and enlarged middorsal scales grading into the dorsolateral scales (dewlap bright orange and middorsal scales abruptly larger than adjacent dorsolateral scales in A. amplisquamosus), from A. heteropholidotus, A. muralla, A. sminthus, and A. wermuthi in having strongly keeled ventral scales (ventral scales smooth or weakly keeled in A. heteropholidotus, A. sminthus, and A. wermuthi and smooth in A. muralla), and from A. anisolepis, A. crassulus, and A. haguei by having 8���11 rows of enlarged dorsal scales (usually 12���15 and as high as 23 in A. anisolepis, A. crassulus and A. haguei). This species can be distinguished from A. sp. (Townsend and Wilson, In press), and further differentiated from A. wermuthi, by having a hemipenis with an undivided asulcate processus (asulcate processus divided in A. sp. and A. wermuthi). Definition. A medium sized (snout-vent length [SVL] 38.1���47.5 mm in two males, 40.2���51.6 mm in two females; tail length [TL] 84���120.5 mm in two males, 87���113 mm in two females; SVL/TL 2.16���2.54 in two males, 2.19���2.21 in two females) member of the Anolis crassulus species group with a laterally compressed tail (1.11���1.56 times as high as wide), head length/head width 1.36���1.66, head length/SVL 0.28���0.29, relative leg length 3���5, tibia length/SVL 0.23���0.26. Scales on snout keeled; 4���7 scales between internasals; canthal ridges well-defined, composed of 3���4 canthal scales, with 4���6 scales between second canthals; 20���25 weakly keeled to keeled loreal scales present in a maximum of 4���5 oblique rows; 6 ��� 6 supralabials to below center of eye; suboculars contacting supralabials; supraorbital semicircles well-developed, with 0���1 scales separating supraorbital semicircles at narrowest point; interparietal scale well-developed, larger than surrounding scales, separated from supraorbital semicircles by 2���3 scales at the most proximate point; mental wider than long, partially divided by a medial suture; 4���6 postmentals, outermost pair the largest; 6 ��� 6 / 7 infralabials to below center of eye; keeled granular scales on chin and throat; males have a medium to large dewlap, and females have a small dewlap similarly colored to that of the male; greatest depth of extended male dewlap 5.5���7.9 mm; male dewlap length/SVL 0.358���0.36, female dewlap length/SVL 0.103���0.114; male dewlap extending 5.78���8.42 % of SVL beyond level of axilla, bearing 30���50 large gorgetal scales in 5���10 oblique rows; skin between gorgetals lacking scales; female dewlap does not extend beyond level of axilla, bearing 30���50 large gorgetal scales in 5���10 oblique rows; skin between gorgetals lacking scales; dorsal scales keeled, with 8���11 middorsal rows irregularly enlarged; 25���30 dorsal scales in one head length; lateral scales heterogeneous, with slightly enlarged keeled scales scattered among smaller granular scales; ventral scales keeled, imbricate, largest at midbody; 25���29 ventral scales in one head length; caudal scales strongly keeled; enlarged postanal scales present; axillary pocket absent; limb scales keeled, imbricate, largest on anterior surface of upper limbs; 24���27 lamellae under phalanges II to IV of fourth toe; 8���9 lamellae under distal phalanx of fourth toe. Hemipenis. The everted hemipenis of UF 152660, a subadult male, is a somewhat stout organ; asulcus processus undivided; sulcus spermaticus bounded by moderately well-developed sulcal lips, terminates at the base of the apex; truncus bearing some shallows folds, otherwise lacking surface structures; apical region appearing relatively smooth, slightly calyculate. Color in life. Coloration in life of UF 152660 (Fig. 2 a) was recorded as follows: dorsum rust brown on enlarged middorsal scale rows, smudged middorsally with dark gray; lateral region of body yellow-brown; anterior limbs yellow-brown; posterior limbs yellow-brown with narrow brown crossbars on lower limb; dorsum of head rust brown mottled with dark gray; tail yellow-brown with dark gray crossbars; venter peachcream; dewlap red with slight orange tinge (Fig. 2 b); iris rust brown. Coloration in life of UF 152661 was recorded as follows: dorsum uniform rust brown, lateral regions same; anterior limbs yellow-tan; posterior limbs rust brown; dorsum of head rust brown with dark gray smudging; tail rust brown; x-shaped dark brown mark at base of tail; venter pale peach with scattered black punctuations; small dewlap orangish red; iris rust brown. Coloration in life of UF 152662 (Fig. 3) was recorded as follows: enlarged middorsal scale rows gray brown with four dark brown chevrons; lateral regions yellow-gray with scattered black punctuations; anterior limbs yellow-tan; posterior limbs yellow-tan with brown crossbands on lower limb; dorsum of head graybrown; tail brown with slightly dark crossbands; venter yellowish cream; small dewlap orangish red; iris rust brown. Distribution and natural history. All known localities for Anolis rubribarbaris are in the Lower Montane Wet Forest formation, as defined by Holdridge (1967), in a relatively narrow elevational band between 1700 and 1740 m on the northern and eastern slopes of Monta��a de Santa B��rbara. According to the original field notes, the holotype (UF 90206) was collected on limestone boulders along a dry stream bed at 1700 m elevation, presumably during the daytime. UF 152660, a male, was collected at 2015 h while it slept on an orchid leaf growing approximately 3 m high on the trunk of a large tree at 1720 m elevation along a trail through disturbed cloud forest. UF 152661, a female, was asleep on an adjacent leaf of the same orchid directly under UF 152660. The large female, UF 152662, was collected further along the same trail in a patch of lightly disturbed cloud forest at 1740 m elevation, while asleep on a bracken fern (Pteridium sp.) approximately 1 m above the ground at 2045 h. Undisturbed cloud forest occurs at all points above these collection localities on Monta��a de Santa B��rbara, reaching a maximum elevation of 2744 m; however, herpetological survey work in the forests above 2000 m has not produced any additional material of A. rubribarbaris. Conservation status. Based on the extent of the remaining forest in Parque Nacional Monta��a de Santa B��rbara and the known distribution of Anolis rubribarbaris, this species would qualify as Endangered (EN B 2 ab[iii]) based on IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN, 2001). This ranking assumes the distribution of A. rubribarbaris is not in fact limited to the 1700���1740 m elevational band described above and extends into the intact forest above this elevation. This species was consider to have a high degree of vulnerability to environmental degradation (EVS= 16) by Wilson and McCranie (2004), due to its occurrence in only a single forest formation, its status as a Honduran endemic, and low level of threat due to human persecution. FIGURE: 2 a) Subadult male Anolis rubribarbaris from above El Cedral, 1720 m elevation, Parque Nacional Santa B��rbara, Honduras; 2 b) dewlap of subadult male A. rubribarbaris shown in Fig. 2 a (UF 152660); 3) adult female Anolis rubribarbaris from above El Cedral, 1740 m elevation, Parque Nacional Santa B��rbara, Honduras (UF 152662)., Published as part of Townsend, Josiah H., Wilson, Larry David, Luque-Montes, Ileana R. & Ketzler, Lorraine P., 2008, Redescription of Anolis rubribarbaris (K��hler, McCranie, & Wilson 1999), a poorly-known Mesoamerican cloud forest anole (Squamata: Polychrotidae), pp. 39-44 in Zootaxa 1918 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274572, {"references":["Kohler, G., McCranie, J. R. & Wilson, L. D. (1999) Two new species of anoles of the Norops crassulus group from Honduras (Reptilia: Sauria: Polychrotidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 20, 279 - 298.","Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Revised edition. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica. 206 p.","IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. ii + 30 pp.","Wilson, L. D. & McCranie, J. R. (2004) The conservation status of the herpetofauna of Honduras. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 3, 6 - 33."]}

42. Geophis semidoliatus (Dum��ril, Bibron, and Dum��ril) Rabdosoma semi��doliatum Dum��ril, Bibron & Dum��ril 1854: 93. Catastoma semidoliatum: Cope 1860: 339. E (lapoides) semidoliatus: Jan 1862: 21. G (eophis) semidoliatus: Peters 1859: 276. Geophis (Parageophis) semidoliatus: Bocourt 1883: 534. Geophis semidoliata: G��nther 1893: 90. Atractus semidoliatus: Cope 1900: 1230. Syntypes. Originally five, Museum National d���Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) 3313 (1���3), 4522, fifth syntype apparently lost. Downs (1967: 133) designated MNHN 4522, an adult female, the lectotype. Type��locality. Mexico. Distribution. Central and southern Veracruz, Mexico, 500��1400 m elevation. Species group. semidoliatus (Downs 1967). Systematic references. Dum��ril et al. (1854), Downs (1967)., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril, A. H. A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome Septieme. - Premiere Partie. Comprenant l'Histoire Naturelle des Serpents non Venimeux. Librairie Encyclopedique Roret, Paris. vii + 1 - 780 pp.","Cope, E. D. (1860) Notes and descriptions of new and little known species of American reptiles. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 12, 339 - 345.","Jan, G. (1862) Promodo dell Iconographie Generale degli Ofidi. Parte I. Calamaridae. Genoa, 76 pp.","Peters, W. (1859) Die von Hrn. Dr. Hoffmann in Costa Rica gesammelten Schlangen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, 275 - 278.","Bocourt, F. M. (1883) In: Dumeril, A. H. A., Bocourt, M. F. & Mocquard, F. 1870 - 1909. Etudes sur les Reptiles. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de la Fauna de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. Troisieme Partie. - 1 re Section. Texte. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris. xiv + 1012 pp.","Gunther, A. C. L. F. (1893) Part 109, pages 89 - 96. In: Salvin, O. & Godman, F. D. (Eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. R. H. Porter and Dulau & Co., London. xx + 326 pp. + 76 pls.","Cope, E. D. (1900) The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North America. Annual Report of the United States National Museum, 1898, 151 - 1294.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193."]}

37. Geophis rhodogaster (Cope) Colophrys rhodogaster Cope 1868: 130. Geophis rhodogaster: Bocourt 1883: 531. Geophis chalybaea: G��nther 1893: 87. Catastoma rhodogaster: Amaral 1929: 192. Geophis fulvoguttatus: K��hler 1996: 36 (in error). Syntypes. Three: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) 3316 �� 17 and National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 12425, collected by Van Patten. Downs (1967: 92) designated ANSP 3317, an adult female, the lectotype. Type��locality. ������elevated country in the neighborhood of the city of Guatemala.��� Distribution. The mountains of southwestern Chiapas, Mexico, east through southern Guatemala to the Cordillera Metap��n, Santa Ana, El Salvador, 1500��2744 m elevation. Species group. dubius (Downs 1967). Systematic references. Cope (1868), Downs (1967), Smith (1995), Townsend (2006). Remarks. G��nther (1893) reported G. rhodogaster from Costa Rica. Boulenger (1894) apparently followed G��nther (1893) and included Costa Rica in the range of G. rhodogaster. Taylor (1951) also included G. rhodogaster in his review of Costa Rica snakes, but noted ���I regard this record as somewhat doubtful.��� K��hler (1996) gave measurements and scutellation data for a specimen of G. rhodogaster (SMF 77413) under the name G. fulvoguttatus., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Cope, E. D. (1868) An examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the Orton expedition to Ecuador; and the upper Amazon; with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 20, 96 - 140.","Bocourt, F. M. (1883) In: Dumeril, A. H. A., Bocourt, M. F. & Mocquard, F. 1870 - 1909. Etudes sur les Reptiles. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de la Fauna de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. Troisieme Partie. - 1 re Section. Texte. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris. xiv + 1012 pp.","Gunther, A. C. L. F. (1893) Part 109, pages 89 - 96. In: Salvin, O. & Godman, F. D. (Eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. R. H. Porter and Dulau & Co., London. xx + 326 pp. + 76 pls.","Amaral, A. d. (1929) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissive dos ophidios da regiao neotropico. Memorias Do Instituto Butantan, 4, 129 - 271.","Kohler, G. (1996) Notes on a collection of reptiles from El Salvador collected between 1951 - 1956. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76, 29 - 38.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193.","Smith, E. N. (1995) Geophis rhodogaster (Colubridae), an addition to the snake fauna of Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 40, 123 - 124.","Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). London, British Museum 2, i - xi, 1 - 382, 20 pls.","Taylor, E. H. (1951) A brief review of the snakes of Costa Rica. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 34, 1 - 188."]}

24. Geophis juliai P��rez��Higareda, Smith, & L��pez��Luna Geophis juliai P��rez��Higareda, Smith & L��pez��Luna 2001: 42. Geophis semidoliatus: P��rez��Higareda et al. 1987: 16. Holotype. Estaci��n de Biolog��a Tropical Los Tuxtlas (UNAM��LT) 2775, adult male collected 10 August 1984. Type��locality. Estaci��n de Biolog��a Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 150 m elevation, Veracruz, Mexico. Distribution. Known only from mesic forest in the Los Tuxtlas region of southern Veracruz, Mexico, 150�� 600 m elevation. Species group. semidoliatus (P��rez��Higareda et al. 2001). Systematic references. P��rez��Higareda et al. (2001)., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Perez-Higareda, G., Smith, H. M. & Lopez-Luna, M. A. (2001) A new Geophis (Reptilia: Serpentes) from southern Veracruz, Mexico. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 37, 42 - 48.","Perez-Higareda, G., Vogt, R. C. & Flores-Villela, O. (1987) Lista Anotada de los Anfibios y Reptiles de la Region de Las Tuxtlas, Veracruz. Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. 23 pp."]}

10. Geophis championi Boulenger Geophis championi Boulenger 1894: 321. Geophis chalybaea: G��nther 1893: 87. Catastoma championi: Amaral 1929: 191. Geophis brachycephalus: Dunn 1942: 4. Holotype. The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) 1946.1.1.77, collected by J.G. Champion and F.D. Godman. Type��locality. Chiriqui, Panama. Distribution. The type locality simply lists ���Chiriqui, Panama ���, but Downs (1967) reported an additional specimen (CAS 78977) from Boquete, 1370 m elevation, eastern slope of Volcan Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama. Species group. championi (Downs 1967). Systematic references. Boulenger (1894), Dunn (1942), Downs (1967)., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). London, British Museum 2, i - xi, 1 - 382, 20 pls.","Gunther, A. C. L. F. (1893) Part 109, pages 89 - 96. In: Salvin, O. & Godman, F. D. (Eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. R. H. Porter and Dulau & Co., London. xx + 326 pp. + 76 pls.","Amaral, A. d. (1929) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissive dos ophidios da regiao neotropico. Memorias Do Instituto Butantan, 4, 129 - 271.","Dunn, E. R. (1942) New and noteworthy snakes from Panama. Notulae Naturae, 108, 1 - 8.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193."]}

1. Geophis anocularis Dunn Geophis anocularis Dunn 1920: 127. Catostoma anoculare: Amaral 1929: 190. Geophis dubius: Downs 1967: 84. Holotype. National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 46556, adult male collected 26 July 1894 by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type��locality. Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Distribution. Known only from 1850��1900 m elevation in the vicinity of the type locality in the Sierra Mije, Oaxaca, Mexico. Species group. dubius (Downs 1967; Campbell et al. 1983). Systematic references. Dunn (1920), Downs (1967), Campbell et al. (1983). Remarks. Synonymized with G. dubius by Downs (1967: 84). Resurrected by Campbell et al. (1983), based on the collection of 21 additional specimens from Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Dunn, E. R. (1920) A new Geophis from Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 33, 27 - 28.","Amaral, A. d. (1929) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissive dos ophidios da regiao neotropico. Memorias Do Instituto Butantan, 4, 129 - 271.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193.","Campbell, J. A., Ford, L. S. & Karges, J. P. (1983) Resurrection of Geophis anocularis Dunn with comments on its relationships and natural history. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, 86, 38 - 47."]}

31. Geophis nephodrymus Townsend & Wilson Geophis nephodrymus Townsend & Wilson, 2006: 151. Holotype. Florida Museum of Natural History (UF) 142577, a female collected 11 July 2004 by S. M. Hughes and J. H. Townsend. Type��locality. Sendero Las Minas (15 �� 29.525 ���N, 88 �� 12.705 ���W), 1580 m elevation, Parque Nacional El Cusuco, Cort��s, Honduras. Distribution. Known only from the vicinity of the type locality in the Sierra de Omoa, Cort��s, Honduras. Species group. dubius (Townsend & Wilson 2006). Systematic references. Townsend (2006), Townsend & Wilson (2006)., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Townsend, J. H. & Wilson, L. D. (2006) A new species of snake of the Geophis dubius group (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from the Sierra de Omoa of northwestern Honduras. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119, 150 - 159."]}

43. Geophis sieboldi (Jan) Elapoides Sieboldi Jan 1862: 21. C(atastoma) sieboldii: Cope 1868: 131. Ninia sieboldi: Garman 1884: 96. E (lapoidis) sieboldii: Cope 1885: 386. Geophis sieboldi: Smith 1941 a: 4. Syntypes. Originally four syntypes, two deposited in a museum collection in Milan, one in Vienna, and one in Munich. None are known to be extant (Downs 1967: 171). Type��locality. ��� Mexico ��� and ��� Guatemala.��� Distribution. Unclear, two specimens referred to G. sieboldi are reported from Almolonga, Guerrero, and Coalcoman, Michoacan, Mexico (Downs 1967). Species group. sieboldi (Downs 1967). Systematic references. Jan (1862), Jan & Sordelli (1865), Garman (1884), Smith (1941 a), Downs (1967)., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Jan, G. (1862) Promodo dell Iconographie Generale degli Ofidi. Parte I. Calamaridae. Genoa, 76 pp.","Cope, E. D. (1868) An examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the Orton expedition to Ecuador; and the upper Amazon; with notes on other species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 20, 96 - 140.","Garman, S. (1884 [1883]) The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Part I: Ophidia. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 8, 1 - 185.","Cope, E. D. (1885) A contribution to the herpetology of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 22, 379 - 404.","Smith, H. M. (1941 a) Notes on Mexican snakes of the genus Geophis. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 99 (19): 1 - 6.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193.","Jan, G. (1865) Livraison 12, In: Jan, G. and Sordelli, F. Iconographie Generale des Ophidiens. Tome Premier (Livrais 1 a 17). J. B. Bailliere et Fils, Paris. 11 pp. + 17 livr., 9 pp. + 17 livr., 19 pp. + 16 livr."]}

8. Geophis carinosus Stuart Geophis carinosus Stuart 1941: 3. Holotype. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) 89082, adult male collected 2 August 1940 by L.C. Stuart. Type��locality. Finca San Francisco, 27 km northeast of Nebaj, El Quich��, Guatemala, ca. 1175 m elevation. Distribution. Reported from the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico, and the Sierra de los Cuchamatanes in El Quich�� and Huehuetenango, Guatemala, and adjacent Chiapas, Mexico. Species group. dubius (Downs 1967). Systematic references. Stuart (1941), Downs (1967)., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Stuart, L. C. (1941) Some new snakes from Guatemala. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 452, 1 - 7.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193."]}

34. Geophis omiltemanus (G��nther) Geophis omiltemana G��nther 1893: 92. Dirosema omiltemanum: Boulenger 1894: 299. Atractus omiltemanus: Cope 1896: 1024. Catastoma omiltemanum: Amaral 1929: 192. Geophis omiltemana: Smith 1941 b: 1. Geophis omiltemanus: Downs 1967: 124. Syntypes. Three, The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) 1946.1.6.35�� 37 collected by H.H. Smith. Downs (1967: 124) designated 1946.1.6.37, an adult male, the lectotype. Type��locality. Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, ca. 2438 m elevation. Distribution. Known from the vicinity of the type locality, in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico, and from western Oaxaca. Species group. omiltemanus (Downs 1967). Systematic references. G��nther (1893), Downs (1967), Hardy (1976). Remarks. Campbell (1988: 28) reported this species from San Andr��s Chicahuaxtla, Oaxaca, Mexico, based on a personal communication from C. H. Bogert., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Gunther, A. C. L. F. (1893) Part 109, pages 89 - 96. In: Salvin, O. & Godman, F. D. (Eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. R. H. Porter and Dulau & Co., London. xx + 326 pp. + 76 pls.","Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). London, British Museum 2, i - xi, 1 - 382, 20 pls.","Amaral, A. d. (1929) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissive dos ophidios da regiao neotropico. Memorias Do Instituto Butantan, 4, 129 - 271.","Smith, H. M. (1941 b) A new Geophis from Mexico. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 18, 49 - 55.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193.","Hardy, L. M. (1976) The chromosomes of a rare Mexican colubrid snake. Copeia 1976: 189 - 191.","Campbell, J. A. (1988) The distribution, variation, natural history, and relationships of Porthidium barbouri (Viperidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana, 26, 1 - 32."]}

27. Geophis latifrontalis Garman Geophis latifrontalis Garman 1884: 103. Atractus latifrontalis: Cope 1896: 1023. Geophis semiannulatus: Smith 1941 b: 49. Geophis latifrontalis semiannulatus: Dixon & Thomas 1974: 273. Holotype. Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) 4538, an adult female collected by E. Palmer. Type��locality. From ���fifty miles south of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.��� Distribution. Hidalgo, Quer��taro, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas, Mexico, 1100��� 2600 m elevation. Species group. latifrontalis (Downs 1967). Systematic references. Garman (1884), Smith (1941 b), Downs (1967), Dixon & Thomas (1974). Remarks. Dixon & Thomas (1974: 273) synonymized G. semiannulatus with G. latifrontalis after collect�� ing a series of specimens from the area between the known ranges of the two taxa., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Garman, S. (1884 [1883]) The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Part I: Ophidia. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 8, 1 - 185.","Smith, H. M. (1941 b) A new Geophis from Mexico. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 18, 49 - 55.","Dixon, J. R. & Thomas, R. A. (1974) A dichromatic population of the snake Geophis latifrontalis, with comments on the status of Geophis semiannulatus. Journal of Herpetology, 8, 271 - 273.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193."]}

19. Geophis hoffmanni (Peters) Colobognathus Hoffmanni Peters 1859: 276. E (lapoides) Hoffmanni: Jan 1862: 21. Geophis hoffmanni: Boulenger 1894: 319. Catastoma hoffmanni: Amaral 1929: 192. Geophis hoffmani: Dunn 1942: 4. Lapsus. Geophis bartholomewi: Brattstrom & Howell 1954: 120. Geophis acutirostris: Taylor 1954: 691. Syntypes. Nine, Zoologisches Museum, Berlin (ZMB) 1868���1870 (five specimens), 4003, 4106 (two specimens), and The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) 1946.1.6.54, collected by Dr. Hoffmann. Downs (1967: 155) designated ZMB 1870, an adult female, as the lectotype. Type��locality. ��� Costa Rica.��� Distribution. Central and eastern Honduras south through eastern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and central Panama, and possibly into Colombia, 18��670 m elevation. Species group. sieboldi (Downs 1967). Systematic references.��� Peters (1859), Brattstrom and Howell (1954), Taylor (1954), Downs (1967), Savage (2002), Townsend (2006). Remarks. Downs (1967: 158) placed G. acutirostris Taylor in the synonymy of G. hoffmanni, an arrangement later supported by Savage (2002). In the same work (Downs (1967: 158���159), Geophis bartholomewi Brattstrom & Howell was also synonymized with G. hoffmanni., Published as part of Wilson, Larry David & Townsend, Josiah H., 2007, A checklist and key to the snakes of the genus Geophis (Squamata: Colubridae: Dipsadinae), with commentary on distribution and conservation, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 1395 on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273681, {"references":["Peters, W. (1859) Die von Hrn. Dr. Hoffmann in Costa Rica gesammelten Schlangen. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, 275 - 278.","Jan, G. (1862) Promodo dell Iconographie Generale degli Ofidi. Parte I. Calamaridae. Genoa, 76 pp.","Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). London, British Museum 2, i - xi, 1 - 382, 20 pls.","Amaral, A. d. (1929) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos XVIII. Lista remissive dos ophidios da regiao neotropico. Memorias Do Instituto Butantan, 4, 129 - 271.","Dunn, E. R. (1942) New and noteworthy snakes from Panama. Notulae Naturae, 108, 1 - 8.","Taylor, E. H. (1954) Further studies on the serpents of Costa Rica. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 36, 673 - 801.","Downs, F. L. (1967) Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 131, 1 - 193."]}