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International audience; The contribution of overgrazing to high-elevation rangeland degradation is a problem across the Himalayan region, and it leads to tensions among users. In the alpine areas of eastern Bhutan, 2 communities of settled and seminomadic herders have been engaged in enduring open conflict over access to a large natural pasture. To reestablish a communication channel between these communities, a participatory modeling and simulation process was implemented with the concerned stakeholders. A training workshop on this collaborative approach and its key tools, particularly computer-assisted role-playing games, was attended by research and extension officers and was immediately followed by a field workshop attended by 6 herders from each community. The participants used their empirical knowledge to improve the relevance of the spatial distribution of the land degradation problem on the proposed game board. They also established a link between the features and rules of the role-playing game and the actual circumstances of the rangeland. The gaming sessions allowed the participants to share their respective viewpoints on the land degradation process in a nonthreatening environment. The assessment of the field workshop identified multiple effects regarding awareness of the problem, participants' confidence, colearning, and mutual trust. This intervention enabled the emergence of social capital ahead of the preparation of major development-oriented interventions in the watershed. This study demonstrates the pertinence of using simple but relevant abstract models, codesigned with their users, to mitigate tensions between parties in conflict over the use of renewable natural resources.

Understand and act: Agronomic diagnosis and companion modelling to limit soil erosion risk in a subtropical mountain catchment An on-farm agronomic survey was carried out, at the field, farm and catchment levels, to understand the dynamics of the risk of soil erosion in a watershed displaying a rapid diversification of cropping systems and differentiation of family farms. The results were integrated into a researcher agent-based model linked to a geographic information system to represent dynamically the combined impacts of topography, rainfall and technical practices on erosion risk and its spatial distribution. A simpler version of this model was implemented as a role-playing game associated to Comprendre et agir: Diagnostic agronomique et modélisation d’accompagnement pour limiter le risque d’érosion dans un bassin versant montagnard subtropical Trébuil Guy* 1 , Barnaud Cécile2 , Bousquet François3 , Promburom Panomsak4 , Turkelboom Francis5 , van Paassen Annemarie6 1 CIRAD, UMR Innovation, F-34398 Montpellier, France & Innovation, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France 2 DYNAFOR, Université de Toulouse, INPT, INRAE, Toulouse, France 3 CIRAD, UMR SENS, F-34398 Montpellier, France & SENS, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France 4 Center of Agricultural Resource System Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Thailand 5 Research Institute for Nature and Forest INBO, Kliniekstraat 25, 1070Brussels, Belgique 6Communication and Innovation, Wageningen University and Research Center, Pays-Bas *Auteur correspondant : guy.trebuil@gmail.com Revue AE&S 11-2 Quelles démarches cliniques en agronomie dans les territoires Décembre 2021 Revue à comité de lecture et en accès libre éditée par l’Association Française d’Agronomie sous le numéro ISSN 1775-4240. Plus d’informations sur www.agronomie.asso.fr/aes L’AFA est une association à but non lucratif qui publie des travaux en accès libre. Pour soutenir cette démarche, faites connaître AE&S, adhérez à l’association et faites adhérer votre organisme et vos collègues ! 2 a second agent-based model playing the game in silico, to share the researchers’ point of view on soil erosion dynamics to local farmers. They found these simulation tools relevant and Companion Modelling (ComMod) activities where launched with them to stimulate exchanges of experiences, build a shared diagnosis of the problem, and encourage collective action to limit soil degradation and the vulnerability of resource-poor holdings. The successive cycles of ComMod activities necessitated to complete the initial agronomic diagnosis by examining a series of farmer selected key questions. Gradually, local stakeholders moved towards directions not yet proposed by development agencies. The activities produced multiple effects related to awareness, self confidence and communication, learning, change in practices and self-organization. The limited durations of successive training projects were not adapted to accompany local actors up to collective action at the catchment level, but new irrigation water and farm product processing infrastructures emerged a few years later in the village. The institutionalization of the approach would allow a more continuous companionship, facilitate the dissemination of results, and a move towards a more distributed governance of renewable resources. Keywords: Agronomic survey, multi-agent model, role-playing game, participatory simulation, Thailand

L’innovation est souvent présentée comme l’un des principaux leviers pour promouvoir un développement plus durable et plus inclusif. Dans les domaines de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, l’innovation est marquée par des spécificités liées à sa relation à la nature, mais aussi à la grande diversité d’acteurs concernés, depuis les agriculteurs jusqu’aux consommateurs, en passant par les services de recherche et de développement. L’innovation émerge des interactions entre ces acteurs, qui mobilisent des ressources et produisent des connaissances dans des dispositifs collaboratifs, afin de générer des changements. Elle recouvre des domaines aussi variés que les pratiques de production, l’organisation des marchés, ou les pratiques alimentaires. L’innovation est reliée aux grands enjeux de développement : innovation agro-écologique, innovation sociale, innovation territoriale, etc. Cet ouvrage porte un regard sur l’innovation dans les systèmes agricoles et alimentaires. Il met un accent particulier sur l’accompagnement de l’innovation, en interrogeant les méthodes et les organisations, et sur l’évaluation de l’innovation au regard de différents critères. Il s’appuie sur des réflexions portées par différentes disciplines scientifiques, sur des travaux de terrain conduits tant en France que dans de nombreux pays du Sud, et enfin sur les expériences acquises en accompagnant des acteurs qui innovent. Il combine des synthèses sur l’innovation et des études de cas emblématiques pour illustrer les propos. L’ouvrage est destiné aux enseignants, professionnels, étudiants et chercheurs.

Résumé. Les démarches de modélisation d’accompagnement (ComMod) et celles du Groupe d’expérimentation et de recherche : développement et actions localisées (Gerdal) facilitent l’émergence de solutions ou de plans d’action négociés au sein de groupes de pairs ou d’arènes d’acteurs hétérogènes, en stimulant les interactions entre leurs participants. Leurs fondements théoriques, éthiques et méthodologiques sont décrits, et leur usage illustré par deux études de cas. Afin d’aider les praticiens à raisonner leur mode d’intervention auprès de collectifs, l’analyse comparée de ces démarches porte sur des points clés de leur accompagnement, tels que la situation initiale, la construction de collectifs pertinents, l’animation des processus, le partage des savoirs et des points de vue, le suivi et l’évaluation des effets, et le renforcement de la capacité à innover collectivement.

L'Asie et le Pacifique. Immense région, neuve et ancienne à la fois, où vivent les deux tiers de l'humanité. Région de tous les superlatifs, de toutes les exceptions, de la Chine, renaissant perpétuellement des catastrophes et aléas de son Histoire, de l'Inde, continent à elle seule, ou du Japon, archipel des futurs. Une région qui tire la croissance mondiale et qui devient le centre du monde. Qui aurait pu dire que le PIB de l'Asie et du Pacifique ferait jeu égal avec celui de l'Union européenne ? Et demain ? Cet ouvrage dessine le panorama de l'Asie-Monde, en réunissant une centaine de textes de chercheurs et de spécialistes publiés sur le site Internet du Réseau Asie et Pacifique (CNRS/FMSH), entre 2002 et 2011. Ces travaux, couvrant les sciences humaines et sociales, disent le passé, avertissent de l'avenir, montrent la complexité de l'Asie et du Pacifique, leurs failles, leurs atouts, leurs enjeux. Ils révèlent les racines profondes et donc les fondements du dynamisme de ces nouvelles puissances qui pourraient bientôt prendre les commandes de l'avenir de l'humanité. Une somme savante et accessible sur l'Asie et le Pacifique contemporains, qui rend sensibles les multiples aspects de ce formidable et inéluctable basculement du monde.

Asia and the Pacific, an immense region, both new and old, in which two thirds of the world lives. A region of superlatives, exceptions, China, continually facing disasters and risks from its past, India, a continent of its own, Japan, archipelago of the future. It is a region that is attracting global growth and becoming the centre of the world. Who could have predicted that the GDP of Asia and the Pacific would be equal to that of the European Union? And what will tomorrow bring? This compilation gives an overview of Asia's world, bringing together roughly a hundred texts written by researchers and specialists and that have been published on Asia and the Pacific Network's website (CNRS/FMSH) between 2002 and 2011. These works covering the humanities and social science recount the past, tell us of the future and illustrate the complexity of Asia and the Pacific through its flaws, strengths and challenges. They reveal the profound roots and depth of the dynamism of these new powers that could soon take over the future of humanity. Numerous researchers and academics specialising in contemporary Asia and the Pacific are bringing into light many aspects of this great and inevitable shift in the world.

Mai 2011 Plante domestiquée sur le continent asiatique il y a environ 8 000 à 10 000 ans, le riz (espèce Oryza sativa) constitue toujours au début du XXIe siècle la première céréale de l’alimentation humaine et la principale source d’énergie et d’une part significative des protéines pour quelques 3 milliards d’hommes. Si sa consommation atteint jusqu’à 200 kg de riz blanc par personne et par an dans certains pays en développement d’Asie, elle n’est plus que d’environ 50 kg/tête/an de grain, m...

May 2011 The rice plant (Oryza sativa species) was domesticated in Asia some 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is still the leading cereal in human food systems, the main source of energy and represents a significant share of proteins consumed by almost three billion people. In certain Asian developing countries, the annual consumption per capita can reach 200 kg of white rice, but it falls to approximately 50 kg of high quality grains in rich and industriali...

For centuries, rainfed lowland rice production associated to sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer) hedges planted in the paddy field bunds (RLR-SP) has been an emblematic cultural agroforestry system in the indianized Southeast Asian countries. But recent changes in communication infrastructure, commercialization, urbanization, private and state interventions are driving the rapid transformations of these multi-functional systems. In the absence of in-depth analyses documenting the socio-ecological impacts of such change on household livelihoods and landscapes, a case study on the transformations, over the past four decades, of one of the most sophisticated coastal RLR-SP agroforestry system was implemented in Sathing Phra peninsula, Southeastern Thailand. Chronological series of satellite images and ground truthing were used to characterize and quantify land use change during 1983-2015, and 120 interviews with concerned stakeholders were carried out to understand agro-ecological, social, and economic effects of the driving factors of change on their livelihood systems. We show a process of diversification of farming (and off-farm) activities along their gradual market integration, since the opening of bridges and all-weather roads linking the area to neighboring cities in the 80s. We found that the traditional RLR-SP agroforestry system survived, almost unscathed, a first series of agrarian change. It was characterized by attempts at introducing irrigated rice, shrimp farming small perennial tree plantations in the paddies, or converting deep-water rice areas into small-scale integrated farming systems. The much improved communication infrastructures, and lack of irrigation water to switch from the low and unstable RLR yields to higher-value cash crops, increased the mobility of family farm laborers. They sized wage-earning opportunities, in the village or in fast developing urban centers, and escaped the drudgery of tapping sugar palms, in increased numbers. But a rising and profitable demand for sugar palm fruits from caning factories allowed the maintenance of the multiple functions of dense and healthy palm groves. A more recent “palm narang” government policy, supported by the establishment of new palm oil companies in the area, promoted small oil palm plantations in abandoned paddy fields to raise farm incomes. As the conversion to oil palm plots was the most important land use change observed during the last decade, it seems to be a more serious threat to the survival of the RLR-SP agroforestry system. In addition to these impacts of peri-urbanization combined with private and state interventions, an increase in the frequency of extreme rainy and windy events was also uncovered. This is underlining the need for the collaborative design of land-use scenarios and related collective and coordinated action plans to adapt this, diverse but increasingly vulnerable, iconic agro ecosystem to future challenging socio-ecological circumstances.

Chapitre 12; National audience; Les démarches de modélisation d’accompagnement (ComMod) et celles du Groupe d’expérimentation et de recherche : développement et actions localisées (Gerdal) facilitent l’émergence de solutions ou de plans d’action négociés au sein de groupes de pairs ou d’arènes d’acteurs hétérogènes, en stimulant les interactions entre leurs participants. Leurs fondements théoriques, éthiques et méthodologiques sont décrits, et leur usage illustré par deux études de cas. Afin d’aider les praticiens à raisonner leur mode d’intervention auprès de collectifs, l’analyse comparée de ces démarches porte sur des points clés de leur accompagnement, tels que la situation initiale, la construction de collectifs pertinents, l’animation des processus, le partage des savoirs et des points de vue, le suivi et l’évaluation des effets, et le renforcement de la capacité à innover collectivement.

Chapitre 12; International audience; The ComMod (Companion Modelling) and Gerdal (Group for Experimentation and Research: Development and Local Action) approaches facilitate the emergence of solutions and action plans negotiated within peer groups or arenas of heterogenous actors by stimulating interactions between their participants. Their theoretical, ethical and methodological foundations are described, and two case studies illustrate their use. In order to help practitioners reflect on their mode of intervention to collectives, the comparative analysis of these approaches highlights the key points of their accompaniment, such as the initial situation, creation of relevant collectives, management of processes, sharing of knowledge and points of view, monitoring and evaluation of effects, and strengthening of the capacity of collective innovation.

Efforts to rehabilitate the forest cover in upper watersheds of northern Thailand have led to frequent land use conflicts between government agencies and smallholders belonging to ethnic minorities. Hmong herders exploiting grasslands and fallows with an extensive cattle rearing systems are increasingly constrained by the regular expansion of tree plantations. To mitigate the looming land use conflict between herders and forest agencies, an iterative and evolving process of collaborative agent-based simulation activities was implemented in Nan Province. The communication describes the adaptation of the methodological tools to the context and the outputs of the three successive sequences of activities carried out with the local stakeholders. The result and discussion section focusses on the exchange and integration of local empirical knowledge on the vegetation dynamics and extensive cattle rearing system to co-design interactive simulation tools used to explore innovative land use options accommodating the dual interests of the parties in conflict. A quantitative analysis of the communication among the participating stakeholders also shows how an active sub-group of Hmong herders became gradually the drivers of this companion modelling process.