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Background: Segmented self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are an alternative to conventional unsegmented SEMS in the treatment of esophageal strictures. Due to their segmented design, they may adapt better to the surrounding structures making them less likely to migrate or cause trauma. We examined if there are clinically relevant differences between segmented and conventional esophageal SEMS in benign and malignant stenosis in terms of their functionality and safety. Patients and methods: We performed a multicenter, retrospective case–control study of segmented and conventional SEMS implantations in esophageal stenosis. Outcome parameters were adverse events such as migration, occlusion, and severe complications (i.e., bleeding and perforation). Results: 79 segmented SEMS were identified and compared to 79 conventional SEMS implantations. Groups were similar in terms of age, gender, and etiology. We observed 13.9% severe complications (SEMS-associated clinically significant bleeding or perforation) in the conventional SEMS group compared to 3.8% in the segmented SEMS group. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.025). Rates of migration and occlusion were similar between both groups. Likewise, there was no significant difference in terms of short-term (30 days) clinical success. Conclusion: In this first controlled analysis, segmented SEMS were associated with fewer severe clinical complications compared to conventional SEMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate different surgical approaches to long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is unclear. Methods: A systematic literature review was done comparing gastric transposition versus esophageal lengthening with delayed primary anastomosis in infants with LGEA+/-TEF. The primary outcome was time to full oral feeds. Secondary outcomes were time to full enteric feeds, need for further surgery, growth, mortality, and postoperative adverse events. Results: No comparative studies were found. However, the literature was re-interrogated for non-comparative studies. Four hundred thirty-eight articles were identified and screened, and 18 met the inclusion criteria. All were case series. Forty-three infants underwent gastric transposition, and 106 had esophageal lengthening with delayed primary anastomosis. One study on gastric transposition reported time to full oral feeds, and one study in each group reported growth. Time to full enteric feeds was reported in one study in each group. 30% of infants had further surgery following gastric transposition, including hiatus hernia repair (5/43, 12%) and esophageal dilation (7/43, 16%). Following esophageal lengthening, 62/106 (58%) had anti-reflux surgery, 58/106 (55%) esophageal dilatation and 11/106 (10%) esophageal stricture resection. Anastomotic complications occurred in 13/43 (30%), gastrointestinal in 16/43 (37%), respiratory in 17/43 (40%), and nerve injury in 2/43 (5%) of the gastric transposition group. In the esophageal lengthening group, anastomotic complications occurred in 68/106 (64%), gastrointestinal in 62/106 (58%), respiratory in 6/106 (6%), and none sustained nerve injury. Each group had one death due to a cause not directly related to the surgical procedure. Conclusions: This systematic review highlights the morbidity associated with both surgical procedures and the variety in reporting outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the incidence, management and outcomes of esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) over a 15-y period in South Africa. A retrospective chart review of neonates with EA/TEF presenting at the main tertiary referral hospital in the KwaZulu-Natal province between 2002 and 2017 was conducted. Data collection comprised patient and maternal demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory and radiologic investigations, surgical procedures, and outcomes. A multivariate logistic regression determined the risk factors associated with mortality. Among 180 neonates, mean (SD) age of diagnosis was four (three) days postnatal with Gross Type C (n = 165, 92%) being the most common and the incidence was one per 10,000 live births. Majority were born term (n = 95, 53%) at peripheral hospitals (n = 167, 93%) with a mean birth weight of 2369 (736) grams. Overall HIV exposure rate was 27% (n = 48). Most (n = 138, 77%) patients presented with established pneumonia, 44% (n = 61) of whom required prolonged (>7 d) ventilator support. The median (IQR) hospital stay was 11 (8-20) d. Overall survival rate was 70% (n = 126). Birth weight <1500 g, life threatening anomalies, ventilation >30 d and postoperative sepsis contributed to mortality. Incidence, disease types and presentations were similar to developed countries. Despite advances in technology and neonatal care in Africa, EA/TEF surgical outcomes remain suboptimal likely due to caregivers' inability to care for these infants in disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances with poor sanitation, etc. Research is needed to identify strategies tailored for disadvantaged communities which may contribute to improved outcomes in the perioperative and postoperative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anastomotic stricture is a common postoperative complication of oesophageal atresia ± tracheoesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) repair. Acid gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is considered to be a factor in stricture formation and acid suppression medication is recommended post-operatively in consensus guidance. We aimed to investigate whether patients who were treated prophylactically with acid suppression medication had a reduced incidence of strictures compared to those who did not receive it. A systematic review of studies was performed, searching multiple databases without language or date restrictions. Multiple reviewers independently assessed study eligibility and literature quality. The primary outcome was anastomotic stricture formation, with secondary outcomes of GORD, anastomotic leak, and oesophagitis. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, and the results were expressed as an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). No randomised studies on the topic were identified. Twelve observational studies were included in the analysis with ten reporting the primary outcome. The quality assessment showed a high risk of bias in several papers, predominantly due to non-objective methods of assessment of oesophageal stricture and the non-prospective, non-randomised nature of the studies. Overall, 1395 patients were evaluated, of which 753 received acid suppression medication. Meta-analysis revealed a trend towards increased odds of anastomotic strictures in infants receiving prophylactic medication, but this was not statistically significant (OR 1.33; 95% CI 0.92, 1.92). No significant differences were found in secondary outcomes. This meta-analysis found no evidence of a statistically significant link between the prophylactic prescribing of acid suppression medication and the risk of developing anastomotic stricture after OA repair. The literature in this area is limited to observational studies and a randomised controlled trial is recommended to explore this question. Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) is a challenging and complicated condition. The laryngeal protection is lost in acquired TEF cases due to the established connection between the esophagus and the airways leading to aspiration, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Malignancy contributes to about 80% of acquired TEF. Nonmalignant causes for TEF include prolonged ventilation, trauma (iatrogenic, penetrating, or blunt injury), foreign bodies, corrosive burns, and granulomatous infections. With the advancements in critical care, the incidence of TEF post-ventilation is on the rise in recent decades. We would like to share our experience managing ten cases of nonmalignant acquired cervical TEF by the lateral cervical approach at our institute. Apart from the isolated TEF cases, one patient with concomitant tracheal stenosis was repaired simultaneously with good postoperative results. TEF was identified in two cases following removal of T-tube and solid stent respectively and was repaired successfully with lateral cervical approach with strap muscle flap interposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Despite various improvements in technology and patient care, tracheal intubation and tracheostomy still result in significant tracheal injuries like stenosis and airway fistula. Pressure necrosis by the inflated balloon is the commonest culprit. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis is a major indication for tracheal resection and anastomosis. This study was done to find out the indications and results of surgery for post-intubation tracheal lesions. Methods It was a descriptive observational study of patients with postintubation tracheal lesions managed in Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center over a period of 20 years (2001 to 2021). Results Twenty five patients were treated for post-intubation tracheal lesions. Four had isolated tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF); eighteen had an isolated tracheal stenosis and three had both. Most had a tracheal resection and end-end anastomosis (REEA) via a cervical approach, resecting an average of 2.7 cm of tracheal length. The average size of stenotic lumen was 4.32 mm. There were no operative deaths. Two patients expired within a month of surgery: one due to fatal restenosis and the other due to sepsis. There were a few immediate and a few long-term complications. The average follow-up period was 5 years. Conclusion Among the various post-intubation lesions, tracheal stenosis is the commonest indications for surgery. The management is challenging but safe and feasible, with a multidisciplinary team approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 49‐year‐old patient with COVID‐19 who developed lung abscess, pleural empyema, and tracheo‐esophageal fistula. He underwent cervicotomy, segmental tracheal resection, esophageal‐tracheal fistula excision, and suturing the esophagus, and a classic thoracotomy was performed. Despite the severe infection, the patient was discharged home after successful surgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Persistent tracheoesophageal fistulas requiring flap repair of the trachea in the mediastinum are uncommon. A 44-year-old man developed a 5 cm x 2 cm persistent posterior tracheal defect after failed tracheo-esophageal fistula repair. The defect was patch repaired using the de-epithelialized skin paddle of an extended pectoralis major flap tunneled into the mediastinum. The use of cross-field ventilation, second rib removal and an anterior tracheostomy slit were crucial for posterior tracheal repair. No major complication occurred. The patch repair with the de-epithelialized skin paddle of pectoralis major flap mucosalized in 2 weeks and the patient was discharged one month postoperatively. The extended skin paddle of the pectoralis major flap was a useful method for tracheal wrap-around reconstruction.

The VACTERL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities) association represents an enigmatic syndrome requiring further study. This report describes a full-term neonate born to a multiparous woman who was found, upon further examination, to have multiple congenital abnormalities, including a bicuspid aortic valve, patent foramen ovale, tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), asymmetric crying facies, microphallus, and a single inguinal testis. The discussion explores environmental and genetic factors that may contribute to this association, as well as similar conditions, such as CHARGE (coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, genital abnormalities, and ear abnormalities) syndrome. This study aims to serve as a primer for intellectual inquiry in recognizing and understanding the VACTERL association among healthcare professionals., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Delgado et al.)

Background: Oesophageal atresia (OA) is often accompanied by tracheomalacia (TM). The aim of this study was to evaluate its presence in OA patients during routine rigid tracheobronchoscopy (TBS) before primary correction and compare this to postoperative TBS and clinical signs of TM., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients born with OA between June 2013 and December 2022 who had received a TBS before OA correction and had been followed for at least twelve months. Definite TM was postoperatively diagnosed through TBS, and probable TM was defined as having symptoms of TM., Results: We analysed data from 79 patients, of whom 87% with OA type C. Preoperatively, TM was observed in 33 patients (42% of all patients), seven of whom had severe TM. Definite TM was observed in 21 patients (27%), of whom 15 had severe TM. Forty-one patients (52% of all patients) had developed symptoms of TM within twelve months, including harsh barking cough (n = 15), stridor and/or wheezing (n = 20), recurrent respiratory insufficiency (n = 11), or needing airway surgery (n = 7). The sensitivity of preoperative TBS for the presence of postoperative (definite and probable combined) TM is 50.0%, 95% CI [35.2-64.8], and the specificity 67.6%, 95% CI [51.7-81.1]. Clinical characteristics did not differ between the patients with or without postoperative TM., Conclusions: More than half of the studied patients with OA experienced symptoms of TM. While preoperative TBS is routinely performed prior to surgical OA correction, its predictive value for the presence of postoperative TM remains limited., Level of Evidence: Level II., Type of Study: Study of Diagnostics Test., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: We have conducted a study of the clinical profile of esophageal atresia (OA) at our institution over a period of 9 years with an aim toward improving our results. We have attempted to find the significant indicators of mortality to be able to focus on improving the survival of these patients in future. To achieve this end, we applied the Waterston's prognostic classification and the Spitz' prognostic criteria to our patients and studied the effects of each variable independently as a cause of mortality. We have also compared the two prognostic criteria to see, which has more significance for us at our institution. Materials and Methods: Over a period of 9 years, from 2006 to 2014, 73 neonates were treated for OA at our institute. There were 27 mortalities. We analyzed our results using the Waterston and the Spitz criteria and studied each independent variable within the two prognostic classifications for the more highly significant cause of mortality. The variables considered as significant indicators of mortality were low birth weight (LBW), pneumonia, associated congenital heart disease (CHD), other associated anomalies, and very LBW. Results: The Waterston prognostic classification was very highly significant (P < 0.0005) as an indicator of prognosis in this study. The two most significant variables affecting survival were LBW, as described by Waterston (P = 0.005) and the association of major CHD (P = 0.006). We had 63% survival and none below the birth weight of 1.8 kg. Conclusion: The study clearly points out that LBW is a highly significant indicator of prognosis followed by the association of major CHD. Waterston's risk classification continues to be a highly significant indicator of prognosis. Further studies are required to assess the combined effects of more than one variable on babies with OA.

Radiation therapy for broncho-pulmonary malignancies can lead to fistula formation between the digestive and respiratory tracts. Treatment options have been largely palliative in nature. Here, we report a combined pneumonectomy and esophagectomy, followed by staged retrosternal gastric pull-up esophageal reconstruction, for treatment of a broncho-esophageal fistula with good functional outcomes following reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a pathological entity in which the mixture of gastric contents (with low pH because of the high content of HCl acid) and biliary juice (rich in proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin) causes lesions on the mucosa lining the esophagus. A higher prevalence of GERD was discovered in patients who had a total laryngectomy. Concerning laryngectomies with tracheo-esophageal speaking valves, it has been demonstrated that GERD is an independent risk factor for failure of this method of speech rehabilitation. The authors performed an analysis of English language articles found following a search of the major medical scientific databases (NCBI®, EMBASE®, Cochrane®) containing the following keyword string: vocal prosthesis, total laryngectomy, GERD, acid reflux, tracheo-esophageal fistula, failure. Studies showed that exposure to the protelolytic enzymes from the reflux juice increases the diameter of the tracheo-esophageal fistula and permits local granulation tissue to form. Progressively, the increasing fistula diameter leads to complications ranging from microaspiration of liquids and saliva to speaking valve expulsion or ingestion and temporary incapacity of oral feeding. Medical therapy in the postoperative period as well as long-term (6 months or more) correction of GERD (PPI therapy, H2 blockers, prokinetics) is also demonstrated to reduce the complication rate in this category of patients. GERD has a high prevalence in the total laryngectomy population of patients and it has multiple etiologic factors. In patients with tracheoesophageal vocal prostheses, GERD causes an increase in the fistula diameter – with important consequences that affect the patient's quality of life - his ability to phonate and his ability to swallow. These complications come with added costs because of the need to more frequently change the vocal prostheses with ones increasing in diameter, as well as multiple hospitalizations (even surgery to recalibrate or close the tracheo-esophageal fistula). Recognizing and treating this condition therefore decreases the risk of complications following vocal prosthesis speech rehabilitation.

Acquired tracheo-esophageal fistulas (TEFs) are challenging. The most common causes are prolonged intubation, malignancy, and trauma whereas granulomatous infections like tuberculosis are rare. Endoscopic intervention with esophageal or tracheal stenting or clipping is of unproven benefit in the management of such lesions, where surgical repair is almost invariably required. We report a case of a 32-year-old man, with a case of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. He had no history of malignancy or trauma. The patient developed spontaneous TEF probably due to mediastinal lymph node necrosis. Multiple attempts were made using staplers, clips, and atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure but were unsuccessful. The nuanced complication leads to very individualized course of treatment which was optimal for this patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose We evaluated the various accompanied malformations in patients with anal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Furthermore, we determined the prevalence of VACTERL association and compared the clinical findings with those of patients without VACTERL association. Methods: We enrolled the patients with anal atresia or TEF with/without esophageal atresia. We collected the patient data pertaining to accompanied vertebral, cardiovascular, renal or limb anomalies, single umbilical artery, maternal diabetes mellitus or drug history, and gene research. Results: A total 155 patients (65 boys and 90 girls) were enrolled with 147 cases of anal atresia, 3 cases of TEF, and 5 cases of anal atresia with TEF. The prevalence of accompanied anomalies was 67.1% in cardiovascular, 27.1% in renal, 9.7% in vertebral, 2.6% in limb anomalies, and 3.9% in single umbilical artery. Thirty‐six (23.2%) patients were diagnosed with VACTERL association. The patients with VACTERL association had a significantly higher number of male patients (58.3 vs. 37.0%, p =.033) and single umbilical artery (11.1 vs. 1.7%, p =.026), and had a significantly lower birth weight (2.8 vs. 3.1 kg, p =.033) than the patients without VACTERL association. Genetic studies were performed in 111 patients, and 8 (7.2%) had chromosomal abnormalities—3 in VACTERL and 5 in no VACTERL group. Conclusion: We recommend a careful evaluation for VACTERL association in patients with anal atresia or TEF. It is particularly important to screen for a single umbilical artery for features of VACTERL association as well as for other congenital anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine if birth-weight (BW) influences primary surgical management of newborns undergoing operation for esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA-TEF). Newborns undergoing repair of esophageal atresia at a single specialist centre between 1999 and 2017 were categorised into three groups based on BW; Group A < 1.5 kg, Group B <2.5 kg and Group C >2.5 kg. Outcome data analysed were (i) technical ability of the surgeon to perform primary esophageal anastomosis, (ii) anastomotic leak, (iii) anastomotic stricture, (iv) esophageal replacement, (v) need for other procedures notably fundoplication, aortopexy, tracheostomy and (vi) mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. 198 patients underwent surgery for EA-TEF during the study period, Group A (n = 13), Group B (n = 73) and Group C (n = 112). Inability to perform a primary anastomosis was significantly higher in Group A vs Group B (p = 0.003) and Group C (p = 0.004). Birthweight was a significant variable in the ability to perform a primary esophageal anastomosis (OR 1.009, p = 0.004). Mortality rate was significantly higher in Group A vs Group C (P = 0.0158). Very low birth weight infants are less likely to achieve a definitive primary anastomosis during emergent repair of esophageal atresia, and have a higher mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first description of a trachea-tracheal mucosal tunnel, which occurred after multiple procedures to close a recurrent trachea-oesophageal fistula. Moreover, we are the first to describe completely endoscopic treatment of this unusual condition.

Management of complex esophageal problems in children is challenging. We report our experience with the use of esophageal stents in three children with esophageal strictures, leaks, or airway-esophageal fistulae refractory to conventional treatment. The stent played a key role in allowing extubation of a child with a large tracheo-esophageal-pleural fistula and in the resolution of pulmonary infection in a child with esophago-bronchial fistula, both followed by surgery. In the third child, with stricture, stents were complicated with migration, esophageal erosion, and esophago-bronchial fistula. In our experience, esophageal stents were useful mainly as a bridge to definitive surgical repair.

Background: Improved surgical techniques, as well as pre and postoperative care, have dramatically changed survival of children with esophageal atresia (EA) with trachea-esophageal fistula (TEF) over last decades. The increase in survival caused a number of young children with post-operative esophageal strictures referred for endoscopic management. Objective: To assess efficacy and safety of endoscopic dilatation of anastomotic strictures in patients with post-surgical repair of EA and TEF. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical endoscopic data of 52 patients with post-surgical anastomotic strictures from March 1994 to December 2019. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia with use of fluoroscopic guidance. Outcome parameters measured included the location of stricture, number of dilations, procedural success rates, and complications such as esophageal perforation. Results: Of 52 patients analyzed, 16 (31%) underwent dilatation with SG dilators used in initial part of the study i.e., from 1994 to 2004. With the availability of CRE balloons, further patients were dilated with CRE balloon 36/52 (69%). Strictures were located centrally in 46 patients (88.6%) and eccentrically in 6 patients (11.5%). Associated pseudodiverticula above the stricture noted in 14(26.9%). The number of dilatations varied from 2 to 16 sessions, mean being 6.3 sessions. Complications secondary to procedure were observed in 7 patients with fever in 4 (7.6%), minor bleed in 2(3.8%) and perforation in one (1.9%) and were treated conservatively. We have not encountered any mortality. No significant difference between SG dilators and CRE balloon group. Conclusions: Endoscopic dilatation of post-surgical esophageal strictures in patients with EA and TEF with SG dilators CRE balloon dilatation is safe and effective with less number of complications. Endoscopic dilatation under local lignocaine anesthesia is feasible, effective and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To highlight different patterns of clinical presentation, share authors' experience in the management of children following button battery ingestion and their outcomes. Methods: This is a single center descriptive cohort study with a total duration of 5 y (January 2014 through December 2018). Battery removal was performed by urgent rigid esophagoscopy following department protocols. Outcomes and complications were observed in the post-operative period in all children. Contrast esophagogram was performed at 4–6 wk post battery removal for assessing esophageal emptying and detecting sequelae (stricture). Results: Fifty-two children (M:F = 31:21) with a mean age (+SD) at presentation of 47 (+27) mo were managed at authors' center during the study period. Most common source of button battery was electronic appliance remote (50%) and common symptoms at presentation were vomiting after feeds, dysphagia, chest pain etc. During endoscopic retrieval, majority (60%) of the batteries were lodged in the upper esophagus and predominant impaction was noticed at anterior wall (81%) of esophagus. Upon injury assessment, grade 3 followed by grade 2 were detected in 59% and 41% cases respectively. Five children developed complications. Two deaths due to catastrophic hemorrhage (aorto-esophageal fistula) and refractory sepsis (tracheoesophageal fistula) occurred in present cohort. While contrast esophagogram was normal in all survivors, self-limiting symptoms like mild chest pain during swallowing and cough were observed during the follow-up. Median (IQR) duration of hospital stay and follow-up were 2 d (1–2.75) and 14.5 mo (8.5–17.5) respectively. Conclusions: Accidental button battery ingestion can be life-threatening. Diagnosis is often delayed due to non-specific clinical presentation and unwitnessed ingestions. Esophagoscopic retrieval is the treatment modality of choice. Despite having significant esophageal injury at the time of removal, no long-term sequelae (clinical or radiological) were observed in present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined endoscopical treatments for tracheo-esophageal fistula developed during V-V ECMO for severe COVID-19: A case series Keywords: Covid-19; ECMO; endoscopy; SARS-CoV 2; tracheo-esophageal fistula EN Covid-19 ECMO endoscopy SARS-CoV 2 tracheo-esophageal fistula 506 508 3 03/02/22 20220301 NES 220301 INTRODUCTION Patients affected with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Covid-19 may require veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO), often undergoing tracheostomy.1,2 Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) can develop as an immediate or late complication of tracheostomy, and can be enhanced by several conditions coexisting in severe Covid-19, such as malnutrition, soft tissue hypo-perfusion, need for high-dose vasopressors, mechanical damage during prone position, long hospitalization and ventilation, and long presence of nasogastric tubes.3 Furthermore, TEF can be dramatic in these patients since it may potentially progress to a mediastinitis, worsening the outcomes. CASE SERIES We experienced four cases of TEF among our first 36 tracheostomized patients on V-V ECMO during the COVID-19 second wave, between October, 2020 and May, 2021 (Table 1). [Extracted from the article]

Background: Esophageal atresia (EA) and treacheo-esophageal fistula occur in 1 out of every 3500 live births. Children born with EA have a higher incidence of prematurity than the general population EA. The treatment of EA and tracheo-esophageal fistula, although still a challenge, represents one of the true successes of newborn surgery. Objective: The aim of this study cases with EA and/or tracheo-esophageal fistula in Rapareen pediatric surgery center, Erbil, Iraq, regarding management, and early outcome. Materials and Methods: Fifty-three neonates were enrolled in this study from October 2011 to September 2015. Preoperative investigations included chest X-ray, ultrasound of the abdomen, and echocardiography. All patients were resuscitated before surgical intervention. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 53 cases, 21 survived and 32 died. Thirty patients were male and 23 were female (male-to-female ratio 1.3:1). Twelve were premature and 41 term babies. The most common type was EA and distal fistula in 47 cases, pure atresia in 5 cases, and EA with both distal and proximal fistula in one case. Presenting features were excessive salivation in all cases, failure to pass nasogastric tube in 98.1%, cyanosis in 69.8%, and chocking in 37.7%. Prenatal history of polyhydramnios was present in 67.9%. Eighteen cases had associated anomalies, most of them were cardiac. Conclusion: EA with distal tracheo-esophageal fistula is the most common type of anomaly. Early diagnosis, weight, maturity, and associated anomalies are the most important factors that affect the outcome. Postoperative respiratory care is necessary, especially for those who have a preoperative chest infection.

Background: Esophageal Atresia (EA) with or without associated tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) is one of the common congenital anomaly that can be life threatening if left unattended. In low and middle income countries like Pakistan, the management and outcome of such type of cases depends upon many factors related to resource limitation. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the management and outcome of esophageal atresia at Children Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan. Study design, settings and duration: An Observational- descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children Hospital, PIMS, Islamabad from October 2017 to August 2018. Methodology: Consecutive patients diagnosed with esophageal atresia were included in the study. Demographic data, investigations, procedure performed and outcome were collected on a pre designed proforma and results were analysed. Results: Total 140 consecutive patients of esophageal atresia were enrolled in study. Out of 140 patients, 79 (56.4%) were male and 61 (43.6%) were female. Mean age at presentation of esophageal atresia was 5.5 days (ranged from 1-30 days). Mean weight was 2.43 kg. Regarding type of esophageal atresia, 10 (7.1%) patients had type A, 97 (69.3%) had type C, 1 (0.7%) had type E and 1 (0.7%) had type F esophageal atresia. Nine patients with type A underwent cervical esophagostomy along with feeding gastrostomy. Right thoracotomy was performed in 98 cases. End to end esophageal anastomosis was possible in 76 patients. Twenty one patients had long gap EA for which cervical esophagostomy and feeding gastrostomy was done. Sepsis was the main complication post operatively (29.3%) followed by pneumonia (14.3%), Anastomotic leak (7.9%) and surgical site-infection (2.1%). Overall mortality was 57.9% (81/140) with pre operative mortality of 21.4% (30/140) and post operative mortality of 36.5% (51/140). Low birth weight and post operative sepsis, anastomotic leak and pneumonia had statistically significant relationship with mortality using SPSS version 21. Conclusion: With the improvement of medical facilities, better survival rates of patients with esophageal atresia can be achieved.

Background: Repair of large, upper thoracic, cuff-induced, tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) is technically demanding and is conventionally performed by open surgery. Minimal access approach is, hitherto, unreported. Technique & Case: Minimally invasive repair of TEF involving fistula isolation - by thoracoscopic oesophageal exclusion, and simultaneous establishment of alimentary continuity - by laparoscopy-assisted sub-sternal colonic transposition, is described. The technique was successfully employed in repairing a large (4.5 centimetres), cuff-induced, upper thoracic TEF, in a 25-year-old woman. The rationale behind the technique, its pros and cons are analysed and contrasted against conventional techniques of TEF repair. Conclusion: Large upper thoracic, cuff-induced TEF can be successfully repaired employing minimal access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal Atresia (EA) with or without associated tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) is one of the common congenital anomaly that can be life threatening if left unattended. In low and middle income countries like Pakistan, the management and outcome of such type of cases depends upon many factors related to resource limitation. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the management and outcome of esophageal atresia at Children Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan. Study design, settings and duration: An Observational-descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children Hospital, PIMS, Islamabad from October 2017 to August 2018. Methodology: Consecutive patients diagnosed with esophageal atresia were included in the study. Demographic data, investigations, procedure performed and outcome were collected on a pre designed proforma and results were analysed. Results: Total 140 consecutive patients of esophageal atresia were enrolled in study. Out of 140 patients, 79 (56.4%) were male and 61 (43.6%) were female. Mean age at presentation of esophageal atresia was 5.5 days (ranged from 1-30 days). Mean weight was 2.43 kg. Regarding type of esophageal atresia, 10 (7.1%) patients had type A, 97 (69.3%) had type C, 1 (0.7%) had type E and 1 (0.7%) had type F esophageal atresia. Nine patients with type A underwent cervical esophagostomy along with feeding gastrostomy. Right thoracotomy was performed in 98 cases. End to end esophageal anastomosis was possible in 76 patients. Twenty one patients had long gap EA for which cervical esophagostomy and feeding gastrostomy was done. Sepsis was the main complication post operatively (29.3%) followed by pneumonia (14.3%), Anastomotic leak (7.9%) and surgical site-infection (2.1%). Overall mortality was 57.9% (81/140) with pre operative mortality of 21.4% (30/140) and post operative mortality of 36.5% (51/140). Low birth weight and post operative sepsis, anastomotic leak and pneumonia had statistically significant relationship with mortality using SPSS version 21. Conclusion: With the improvement of medical facilities, better survival rates of patients with esophageal atresia can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filippo Parolini,1 Anna Lavinia Bulotta,1 Sonia Battaglia,1 Daniele Alberti1,2 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, “Spedali Civili” Children’s Hospital, 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy Abstract: Esophageal atresia remains one of the most challenging congenital anomalies of the newborn. In recent years, because of the advances in prenatal diagnosis, neonatal critical care, and surgical procedures, overall outcomes have improved substantially, including for premature children. Nowadays, most of the research is focused on medium- and long-term morbidity, with particular reference to respiratory and gastroesophageal problems; the high frequency of late sequelae in esophageal atresia warrants regular and multidisciplinary checkups throughout adulthood. Surprisingly, there are few studies on the impact of prenatal diagnosis and there is continuing debate over the prenatal and preoperative management of these complex patients. In this review, we analyze the literature surrounding current knowledge on the management of newborns affected by esophageal atresia, focusing on prenatal management and preoperative assessment. Keywords: prenatal diagnosis, esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, ultrasound scan, tracheobronchoscopy

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a pathological entity in which the mixture of gastric contents (with low pH because of the high content of HCl acid) and biliary juice (rich in proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin) causes lesions on the mucosa lining the esophagus. A higher prevalence of GERD was discovered in patients who had a total laryngectomy. Concerning laryngectomies with tracheo-esophageal speaking valves, it has been demonstrated that GERD is an independent risk factor for failure of this method of speech rehabilitation. The authors performed an analysis of English language articles found following a search of the major medical scientific databases (NCBI®, EMBASE®, Cochrane®) containing the following keyword string: vocal prosthesis, total laryngectomy, GERD, acid reflux, tracheo-esophageal fistula, failure. Studies showed that exposure to the protelolytic enzymes from the reflux juice increases the diameter of the tracheo-esophageal fistula and permits local granulation tissue to form. Progressively, the increasing fistula diameter leads to complications ranging from microaspiration of liquids and saliva to speaking valve expulsion or ingestion and temporary incapacity of oral feeding. Medical therapy in the postoperative period as well as long-term (6 months or more) correction of GERD (PPI therapy, H2 blockers, prokinetics) is also demonstrated to reduce the complication rate in this category of patients. GERD has a high prevalence in the total laryngectomy population of patients and it has multiple etiologic factors. In patients with tracheoesophageal vocal prostheses, GERD causes an increase in the fistula diameter - with important consequences that affect the patient's quality of life - his ability to phonate and his ability to swallow. These complications come with added costs because of the need to more frequently change the vocal prostheses with ones increasing in diameter, as well as multiple hospitalizations (even surgery to recalibrate or close the tracheo-esophageal fistula). Recognizing and treating this condition therefore decreases the risk of complications following vocal prosthesis speech rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Tracheal stenosis is usually iatrogenic, a result of an accident or due to tracheal tumors. Anesthesia for tracheal resection and reconstruction is a challenging job and requires expertise. The crux of anesthetic management is securing the airway early and maintenance of ventilation and oxygenation during resection and reconstruction. This study is aimed to share the anesthetic management and outcome of 21 cases of tracheal resection and reconstruction surgery for tracheal stenosis. Methodology: This prospective, descriptive study was carried out at PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi and Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi between October 2014 and July 2018. All 21 patients undergoing tracheal resection and reconstruction surgery for tracheal stenosis at these centers were enrolled. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and institutional ethics committee approval was secured. The site of tracheal stenosis, type of anesthesia used, ventilation and oxygenation before and during resection and anastomosis of trachea and the type of surgery and the outcome was noted. The data were collected in MS Excel sheet and simple statistical analysis done to present the results. Results: Out of 21 patients, 9 (43%) were males and 12 (57%) were females, between 6 to 66 years of age of ASA II-IV. Post intubation stenosis was the leading cause of stenosis followed by tumor, trauma and corrosive ingestion. Fourteen patients had high cervical / subglottic stenosis and were operated by high anterior cervical collar incision, while five had lower tracheal lesions, and 2 had carinal lesion and were operated by right thoracotomy. Seven patients were anesthetized through tracheostomy tube, one by fiberoptic intubation, and the rest with 5-7 mm ETT with or without muscle relaxant. One patient developed cardiac arrest during surgery, but was revived successfully. Four (19%) out of 21 had to be put on ventilator postoperatively while remaining 17 (89%) were extubated on operating table. Two patients on ventilator were weaned of successfully. Outcome was excellent in 19 (90%) cases while in 2 (10%) patients, operation was unsuccessful and they landed up with permanent tracheostomy. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of prevention of post-intubation tracheal stenosis with strict vigilance and high quality professional nursing care. Thorough preoperative assessment and preparation, intra operative management, a backup plan and close communication between the surgeon and anesthesiologist are necessary for successful outcome. Most of these patients require general anesthesia and profound relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) is occasionally found at endoscopy in the proximal esophagus of adults and children, when it manifests as an asymptomatic small island of reddish pink mucosa just below the upper esophageal sphincter. There are few reports of esophageal HGM detected by endoscopy after repair of esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF). We report a child with multiple patches of HGM in the proximal and distal esophagus seen at endoscopy after EA/TEF repair. No obvious symptoms were related to the HGM and she remains under endoscopic surveillance. The incidence of esophageal HGM may be increased in patients with EA and its distribution can be more extensive than a simple “inlet patch”. There is evidence to suggest that esophageal HGM increases the risk of developing Barrett's esophagus and has a malignant potential. Heterotopic gastric mucosa extends the spectrum of potential pathologies affecting the esophagus in patients with EA/TEF and supports current international guidelines for endoscopic surveillance of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) without associated esophageal atresia or H-type fistula is a rare congenital anomaly. H-type fistula is usually missed in the neonatal period as the presenting symptoms are either of recurrent pneumonia or gastro-esophageal reflux which always lead to delay in diagnosis and infant undergoes unnecessary treatment. We report a case of H-type of TEF, diagnosed within 12 days of birth based upon choking and cyanosis on the first trial of spoon feeds. Diagnosis was confirmed with contrast esophagogram. The infant was operated for it and was successfully discharged.

Esophageal atresia (OA) represents one of the commonest and most severe developmental disorders of the foregut, the most proximal segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (esophagus and stomach) in embryological terms. Of intrigue is the common origin from this foregut of two very diverse functional entities, the digestive and respiratory systems. OA appears to result from incomplete separation of the ventral and dorsal parts of the foregut during development, resulting in disruption of esophageal anatomy and frequent association with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Not surprisingly, and likely inherent to OA, are associated abnormalities in components of the enteric neuromusculature and ultimately loss of esophageal functional integrity. An appreciation of such developmental processes and associated defects has not only enhanced our understanding of the etiopathogenesis underlying such devastating defects but also highlighted the potential of novel corrective therapies. There has been considerable progress in the identification and propagation of neural crest stem cells from the GI tract itself or derived from pluripotent cells. Such cells have been successfully transplanted into models of enteric neuropathy confirming their ability to functionally integrate and replenish missing or defective enteric nerves. Combinatorial approaches in tissue engineering hold significant promise for the generation of organ-specific scaffolds such as the esophagus with current initiatives directed toward their cellularization to facilitate optimal function. This chapter outlines the most current understanding of the molecular embryology underlying foregut development and OA, and also explores the promise of regenerative medicine.

The value of laryngotracheobronchoscopy (LTB) immediately prior to repair of esophageal atresia with or without tracheo-esophageal fistula is contentious. Currently, there is a wide range of opinion on the utility of this investigation which is reflected by huge variation in clinical practice. This review is a critical analysis of the arguments for and against performing routine LTB prior to esophageal atresia repair. Reserving LTB for selected cases only is potentially disadvantageous since it limits the surgeon's and anesthetist's familiarity with the procedure, equipment, and range of potential findings. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that routine preoperative LTB becomes the standard of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Transanastomotic feeding tube (TAFT) is commonly used for post-operative enteral nutrition after esophageal atresia (EA)/tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) repairs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the therapeutic implications of avoiding a TAFT and its impact on the outcomes post-operatively. Methods: The medical data of 33 inpatients with EA/TEF type C repair from 2009 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups for comparison based on the usage of TAFT during the repair: TAFT- (without) and TAFT+ (with) groups, without randomization. Both groups were compared statistically for post-operative complications and outcomes. Results: Eighteen neonates were males and 15 females, with an average birth weight of 2.43±0.43 kg and a mean gestational age of 36.15 weeks. Nineteen (57.5%) in the TAFT- group and 14 (42.4%) were in the TAFT+ group. The post-operative complications, need for dilatations, duration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and length of hospital stay were similar in both groups. The incidence of pneumonitis was significantly higher in the TAFT+ group. Conclusions: By avoiding a TAFT, there is no increase in complication rates nor does it entail a prolonged period of TPN. Besides, not using a TAFT may have the advantage of reducing incidence of aspiration and consequent pneumonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic cough can be a diagnostic challenge in the pediatric population. Foreign body aspiration without typical signs and symptoms can often be overlooked as a cause of chronic cough in children. Coin aspirations in the trachea typically have a sagittal orientation on an anteroposterior (AP) chest radiograph. We report a rare case of a previously healthy five-year-old girl presenting with a chronic cough for five months caused by a coin with a coronal orientation on an AP chest radiograph. The coin, initially presumed to be lodged in the esophagus, was actually lodged in the cervical trachea, leading to the development of a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Her AP chest radiograph showed a coronal, circular radio-opaque shadow and the lateral view a tangential radio-opaque shadow, prompting an initial evaluation by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which was normal. She then underwent rigid bronchoscopy, revealing a coin lodged in the trachea along with a TEF. Surgical removal was achieved through an external approach with a vertical tracheotomy and insertion of a tracheostomy tube. Five days later, a repeat rigid bronchoscopy showed a well-healed TEF, and she was successfully decannulated. She was ultimately discharged home on room air and oral feeds. TEF as a complication of a foreign body lodged in the trachea or esophagus is rare but life-threatening. Foreign body aspiration should always be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating younger children with chronic cough., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kothari et al.)

The incidence of tracheo-esophageal (TO) fistula is on the rise, especially after palliative management for esophageal malignancies. We report a case of cancer of esophagus who after chemotherapy and radiotherapy developed TO fistula. Placement of an esophageal stent helped him in taking food orally, but his cough and dyspnoea continued to worsen. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy demonstrated a severely compressed trachea secondary to protrusion of esophageal stent which responded very well to an Ultraflex-covered tracheal stent and the patient achieved relief from cough and dyspnoea.

This report describes a successful outcome in a preterm baby with an esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula, who initially underwent a primary esophageal repair; but a persistent nonexpanding lung on the side of surgery led to further investigations. A further diagnosis of an esophageal lung resulted in pneumonectomy and prophylactic placement of an intra-thoracic prosthesis to prevent post-pneumonectomy syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a prophylactic placement of an intra-thoracic prosthesis in a neonate with the condition of esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula and associated esophageal lung.

Jugular vein phlebectasia is seen in the first decade of life and carries a high chance of misdiagnosis as it can often be mistaken for other conditions observed in pediatric populations. High clinical suspicion along with radiological studies can help to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment is usually conservative, with surgery reserved for unique circumstances. This is the first case to be reported with concomitant tracheomalacia and a history of tracheoesophageal fistula repair in a pediatric patient with external jugular vein phlebectasia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Afzal et al.)

Background: Esophageal bronchus is a rare form of communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation and a rare but important cause of an opaque hemithorax on chest radiography. A higher incidence of esophageal bronchus is associated with esophageal atresia, tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) and VACTERL (vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities) association. In the presence of these conditions, the pediatric radiologist may be the first to consider the diagnosis of esophageal bronchus or esophageal lung.Objective: To describe the imaging features in five children with esophageal bronchus.Materials and Methods: We reviewed hospital records and teaching files at two large pediatric tertiary referral centers over the 24-year period from January 1992 to January 2016. We reviewed all imaging studies and tabulated findings on radiography, fluoroscopic upper gastrointestinal (GI) series and CT. We then described the imaging features of esophageal bronchi with emphasis on CT and upper GI findings in four infants and one toddler.Results: Three cases were identified from one institution (cases 2, 3, 4) and two from another (cases 1, 5). All five cases occurred in association with other midline malformations: four of the five had VACTERL association and three of the five had esophageal atresia and TEF.Conclusion: Lung opacification, ipsilateral mediastinal shift, and an abnormal carina and anomalous vascular anatomy suggest an esophageal bronchus or an esophageal lung on CT. While esophageal bronchus is a rare cause of an opaque hemithorax, CT and upper GI imaging play key roles in its diagnosis. Associations with esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula and VACTERL association are particularly pertinent. Early diagnosis of esophageal bronchus might prevent complications such as aspiration and infection, which can allow for parenchymal sparing surgery as opposed to pneumonectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheal and bronchial pathologies in the neonate can be rapidly fatal if prenatal or quick postnatal diagnosis and intervention is not performed. Close multidisciplinary collaboration between multiple medical and surgical specialties is vital to the effective diagnosis and treatment of these pathologies. The fetal and neonatal airway may be affected or compromised by more prevalent pathologies such as tracheomalacia and tracheo-esophageal fistula with esophageal atresia. However, it is imperative that we also consider other potential sources that may perhaps be less familiar such as congenital cardiovascular abnormalities, tracheal stenosis, complete tracheal rings, tracheal sleeve, and foregut duplication cysts. Modern imaging studies and surgical techniques are allowing us to better serve these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Severe esophageal disease warranting replacement often presents with additional airway anomalies in children. Colon interposition and airway reconstruction have separately proven successful in attaining satisfactory outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine outcomes associated with an interdisciplinary approach to care of the patient with complex esophageal and airway disease. Methods After IRB approval, a retrospective cohort study was performed spanning 2011 through 2015. Eleven patients underwent colon interposition and airway surgery. Review of medical records was performed, extracting patient demographics, clinical and operative courses and outcomes. Results The mean age of patients was 44 months (range 2–108). 91% (n = 10) were transferred to our institution with primary diagnoses of caustic ingestion (45%, n = 5), long gap esophageal atresia (27% n = 3), tracheoesophageal fistula (18%, n = 2) and necrotizing pharyngitis (9% n = 1). All patients had associated airway anomalies. Pulmonology, gastroenterology and speech therapy were involved in preoperative evaluation and postoperative care of all patients. Intraoperatively, a multi-team approach was utilized. The most common postoperative complication was esophageal stricture (54%, n = 6). All patients are capable of taking some to full nutrition per orum. Conclusion Colonic interposition with major airway reconstruction at our institution attains satisfactory functional results through utilization of a multidisciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]