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The origins of mindfulness go back some 25 centuries to Eastern teachings, including Buddhism and Hinduism. Mindfulness-based interventions gained credence in Western mental health settings in the late 1970s through the work of medical researcher Kabat-Zinn, whose interest in Eastern meditation led him to develop a program for stress reduction. Since then, mindfulness-based interventions have been utilized for various populations, including older people with anxiety. Group mindfulness-based interventions have demonstrated benefits for older people with anxiety living in residential aged care and the community. In primary care settings, innovative delivery models for group mindfulness-based interventions could be facilitated by nurses to support older people with anxiety to age in place with dignity. The benefits of mindfulness-based interventions suggest the value of integrating ancient Eastern techniques with modern Western strategies to achieve better health outcomes for older people with mental health concerns.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder and many women are dissatisfied with their healthcare under the current fragmented health services. Here, we review existing literature on PCOS healthcare services and qualitatively evaluate an integrated PCOS service based on experiences of women with PCOS. Limited prior PCOS-dedicated services have been studied and their quantitative and efficacy-focused evaluations are summarized. Here, we also provide a broader PCOS service evaluation via semistructured interviews and surveys, with thematic analysis based on a predetermined evaluation framework. Fifteen women completed interviews and surveys. Overall the integrated, evidence-based PCOS service was well-received and women were generally satisfied with appropriateness, effectiveness, and reported positive health impact resulting from the service. Integrated care, tailored treatments, education, lifestyle support, and laser therapy were highly valued. Patients reported improvements on symptoms, understanding and confidence in managing PCOS, and emotional well-being. Elements of efficiency in the initial stages, awareness and communication, and the need for service expansion and tensions between evidence-based treatments and patient preferences were also captured to guide improvement. Further research into models of care is recommended to meet the needs of women with PCOS.

In Jamaica in the 1940s and 1950s, prominent women and women’s organizations led a notorious campaign to promote mass weddings. The campaign targeted working-class black Jamaicans living together in long-term heterosexual relationships and was aimed at improving the status of women and children and readying working-class Jamaicans for citizenship. This essay explores mass weddings as a form of women’s activism in the mid-twentieth century, and it reflects on M. G. Smith’s trenchant critique of mass weddings in his introduction to Edith Clarke’s iconic study My Mother Who Fathered Me. Smith identifies a governor’s wife as the instigator of the campaign, not the black Jamaican middle-class nationalist feminists who were responsible, yet his account has ascended to a form of academic folk knowledge that is oft repeated and rarely probed. As a valued resource for understanding late colonialism in the Caribbean, it has caricatured Caribbean feminist interventions in nationalist projects, and it contributes to the feminization of an enduring Caribbean “coloniality.”

Given the pace of technological advancement and government mandates for healthcare and system transformation, there is an imperative for change. Health systems are highly complex in their design, networks and interacting components, and experience demonstrates that change is very challenging to enact, sustain and scale. Policy-makers, academics and clinicians all need better insight into the nature of this complexity and an understanding of the evidence-base that can support healthcare improvement (HCI), or quality improvement, interventions and make them more effective in driving change. The evidence base demonstrates the vital role of clinical engagement and leadership in HCI, and it is imperative that clinicians engage to improve front-line healthcare. The literature on HCI is vast, applies different and inconsistent terminology and encompasses often loosely defined and overlapping concepts. An increasingly broad range of disciplines has contributed to the available evidence base, but often discipline-specific perspectives frame these contributions. Available literature can also be overly driven by the generation of theoretical concepts and the advancement of academic understanding. It does not necessarily primarily provide focussed and pragmatic insights to guide and inform frontline practice. We aim to address these issues by summarising theories, frameworks, models and success factors for improvement in complex health systems to assist clinicians and others to engage and lead change. We integrate the field of HCI into the learning health system highlighting the key role of the clinician. We seek to inform stakeholders; clinicians and managers to guide the planning, enacting, sustaining and scaling of HCI.

Objectives: This community-based participatory research focused on physical and social barriers to healthcare for refugee women in Melbourne, Australia.Design: Women from non-English speaking backg...

Background Process improvement in healthcare is informed by knowledge from the private sector. Skilled individuals may aid the adoption of this knowledge by frontline care delivery workers through knowledge brokering. However, the effectiveness of those who broker knowledge is limited when the context they work within proves unreceptive to their efforts. We therefore need greater insight into the contextual conditions that support individuals to broker process improvement knowledge to the frontline of care delivery, and how policy makers and organizations might generate such conditions. Methods Our research took place in a healthcare system within an Australian State. We undertook a qualitative, embedded single case study over the four year period of a process improvement intervention encompassing 57 semi-structured interviews (with knowledge brokers, policy makers, and executive sponsors), 12 focus groups, and 137 h of observation, which included the frontline implementation of actual process improvement initiatives, where knowledge brokering took place. Results We identified four phases of the process improvement intervention that moved towards a more mature collaboration within which knowledge brokering by improvement advisors began to emerge as effective. In the first phase knowledge brokering was not established. In the second phase, whilst knowledge brokering had been initiated, the knowledge being brokered lacked legitimacy amongst frontline practitioners, resulting in resistance. Only in the fourth and final phase of the intervention did the collective experience of policy makers result in reflections on how they might engender a more receptive context for knowledge brokering. Conclusion We highlight a number of suggested actions that policy makers might consider, if they wish to engender contextual conditions that support knowledge brokering. Policy makers might consider: ensuring they respect local context and experience, by pulling good ideas upward, rather than imposing foreign knowledge from on high; facilitating the lateral diffusion of knowledge by building cultural linkages between people and organizations; strengthening collaboration, not competition, so that trans-organisational flow of ideas might be encouraged; being friend, not foe, to healthcare organizations on their knowledge integration journey. In sum, we suggest that top-down approaches to facilitating the diffusion and adoption of new ideas ought to be reconsidered.

ObjectivesWe draw on institutional theory to explore the roles and actions of innovation teams and how this influences their behaviour and capabilities as ‘institutional entrepreneurs (IEs)’, in particular the extent to which they are both ‘willing’ and ‘able’ to facilitate transformational change in healthcare through service redesign.DesignA longitudinal qualitative study that applied a ‘researcher in residence’ as an ethnographic approach.SettingThe development and implementation of two innovation projects within a single public hospital setting in an Australian state jurisdiction.ParticipantsTwo innovation teams, with members including senior research fellows, PhD scholars and front-line clinicians (19 participants and 47 interviews).ResultsDespite being from the same hospital, the two innovation teams occupied contrasting subject positions with one facilitating transformational improvements in service delivery, while the other sought more conservative improvements. Cast as ‘IEs’ we show how one team took steps to build legitimacy for their interventions enabling spread and scale in improvements and how, in the other case, failure to build legitimacy resulted in unintended consequences which undermined the sustainability of the improvements achieved.ConclusionsAdopting an institutional approach provided insight into the ‘willingness’ and ‘ability’ to facilitate transformational change in healthcare through service redesign. The manner in which innovation teams operate from different subject positions influences the structural and normative legitimacy afforded to their activities. Specifically, we observed that those with the most power (organisational or professional) to bring about transformational change can be the least willing to do so in ways which challenge current practice. Those most willing to challenge the status quo (more peripheral organisation members or professionals) can be least able to deliver transformation. Better understanding of these insights can inform healthcare leaders in supporting innovation team efforts, considering their subject position.

1. To identify approaches and strategies that can build research capacity among academics from the disciplines of nursing and midwifery working in tertiary education institutions. 2. To identify evidence-informed strategies that enable academic transformation of professional identity from clinician to researcher.Nurses and midwives are core to leading health practice and system change through research. Despite manifold efforts to build research capacity among nurse academics over the past two decades, there is scant evidence about what specific strategies are effective and few robust evaluations of any capacity building strategies.This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework to identify key concepts and map the available evidence specifically related to volume, nature and characteristics.The authors followed a scoping review framework and used a PRISMA flowchart to report findings. Electronic data bases (CINAHL, ERIC, Medline and Scopus) were searched between April and June 2020. Literature published between 2000 and 2020 was searched. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used for data coding and extraction and all included papers were subsequently thematically analysed.Fourteen studies from seven countries met the inclusion criteria and were comprised of literature reviews (n = 4) case studies (n = 3) qualitative survey (n = 1) and intervention studies (n = 6). Four themes were identified as follows: academic identity, organisational changes, leadership and research skills development.Rigorous evaluation of research capacity building strategies for academics from the disciplines of nursing and midwifery is a significant gap in the literature. To promulgate research among nurse and midwife academics, strong, supportive leadership and a range of inclusive and targeted approaches are needed. Significant work remains in terms of negotiating with the broader university to operationalise supportive systems and structures. Clarifying how self-concept has an impact on building and maintaining a research identity for nurse and midwife academics is an area worthy of further study.Strong, supportive leadership with inclusive and targeted research skills development is key to reorienting academic nursing and midwifery research culture.

Aim and objectives To determine the factors influencing nurses' decisions and capacity to reduce sedentary behaviour in hospital inpatients in sub-acute hospital settings. Background Sedentary behaviour in hospital inpatients is a complex issue that can be resistant to resolution. There is little research investigating factors influencing nurses' promotion of reduced levels of sedentary behaviour in sub-acute hospital settings. Design An explanatory sequential design was employed, comprising quantitative and qualitative phases. Methods An online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 138 nurses from five Australian states. Logistic regression modelling identified demographic and behavioural characteristics of nurses who often encouraged patients to reduce their sedentary behaviour. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 ward nurses and nurse managers, with the content subjected to thematic analysis. STROBE and GRAMMS checklists were employed. Results Nurses recognised their role in promoting reduced sedentary behaviour but faced a range of personal and organisational barriers in achieving this outcome for patients. Few nurses were aware of national physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines. Five themes emerged from interviews (nursing role, care challenges, expectations of advocates, teamwork and improving the experience). Overall, many nurses experienced a lack of agency in promoting reduced sedentary behaviour and cognitive dissonance in feeling unable to undertake this role. Conclusions The results of this study are significant in confirming that reducing sedentary behaviour in hospital inpatients is influenced by a range of complex and multi-level factors. There is a fundamental need for organisational and clinical leadership in building a culture and climate in which staff feel empowered to promote reduced sedentary behaviour in their patients. Relevance to clinical practice The results of this study highlight the importance of taking action to reduce sedentary behaviour in sub-acute hospital settings. A co-design approach to developing interventions in local health services is warranted.

OBJECTIVE To determine if a structured transition program for young adults with type 1 diabetes improves clinic attendance, glycemic control, diabetes-related distress, quality of life, and satisfaction with care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, young adults (17–20 years) with type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to a transition program with a transition coordinator or to standard care. The intervention lasted 18 months (6 in pediatric and 12 in adult care). The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who failed to attend at least one adult diabetes clinic visit during the 12-month follow-up after completion of the intervention. RESULTS We randomized 205 participants, 104 to the transition program and 101 to standard care. Clinic attendance was improved in the transition program (mean [SD] number of visits 4.1 [1.1] vs. 3.6 [1.2], P = 0.002), and there was greater satisfaction with care (mean [SD] score 29.0 [2.7] vs. 27.9 [3.4], P = 0.032) and less diabetes-related distress (mean [SD] score 1.9 [0.8] vs. 2.1 [0.8], P = 0.049) reported than in standard care. There was a trend toward improvement in mean HbA1c (8.33% [68 mmol/mol] vs. 8.80% [73 mmol/mol], P = 0.057). During the 12-month follow-up, there was no difference in those failing to attend at least one clinic visit (P = 0.846), and the mean change in HbA1c did not differ between the groups (P = 0.073). At completion of follow-up, the groups did not differ with respect to satisfaction with care or diabetes-related distress and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Transition support during this 18-month intervention was associated with increased clinic attendance, improved satisfaction with care, and decreased diabetes-related distress, but these benefits were not sustained 12 months after completion of the intervention.

Anxiety in older age is a worldwide problem and co-associated with other mental health problems, physical health conditions, disability, reduced quality of life and increased healthcare utilisation. Yet the symptoms of anxiety are often unrecognised in older people, challenging early diagnosis and increasing the risk of older people developing more chronic and disabling illness. This article reports on research led by mental health nurses and a primary care nurse that supported primary care practitioners to undertake a routine assessment of anxiety in older people in Australia. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Short Form was incorporated into the annual, in-depth 75 years and older, health assessment that is undertaken in primary care settings and funded by Australia's Medicare. An initial feasibility study demonstrated good acceptance levels of the routine assessment by the primary care practitioners. These findings suggest fertile ground for the everyday use of the routine assessment in primary care settings in Australia, with transferability internationally in low-, middle- and high-income global communities. Mental health nurses can play a key role in supporting primary care nurses to recognise and respond to anxiety in older people. Illness prevention and health promotion activities are low cost and have the potential to make a difference worldwide to the health of people across the lifespan.

Background Patients with diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease face a high health care burden. As part of a patient-oriented research initiative to identify ways to better support patients' diabetes care, we explored their health care experience and solutions for patient-centred diabetes care. Methods We engaged 2 patients with advanced kidney disease and diabetes to join our multidisciplinary team as full research partners. They were involved in our design and conduct of the study, the analysis of the results and knowledge translation. We conducted qualitative interviews (1:1 semistructured interviews and focus groups) with patients with a history of both diabetes (type 1 or 2) and advanced kidney disease including those using dialysis. We identified overarching themes using individual and team analysis and conducted interviews until data saturation was reached. Results Twelve participants were interviewed between October 2017 and February 2018. Six people were interviewed in 2 separate focus groups (consisting of 4 and 2 participants) and 6 participated in 1:1 interviews with our team. Participants described being burdened by medical appointments, strict conflicting diets, costly diabetes therapies and fragmented, siloed health care. They indicated that self-management support, education and coordinated diabetes care might better support their diabetes care. Interpretation Patients with complex medical comorbidities face many challenges traversing a health care system organized around single diseases. Researchers and policy-makers should study and develop patient-centred diabetes care strategies to better support these high-risk patients.

Background: For stroke centers performing endovascular procedures, ensuring documentation of post procedure assessments - site and pulse - is not only important for patient safety but also for program certification. Not being able to demonstrate the appropriate documentation during certification site visits can lead to survey findings and action plans that must be created and managed. Use of tools in an EMR can assist the nurse with documentation compliance for these important assessments. Methods: The electronic medical record (EMR) build was mirrored after an already established process for post IV thrombolytic monitoring. When the thrombolytic order set is initiated and the IV thrombolytic medication is documented on the medication administration record, tasks “fire” to the nurse tasklist related to post thrombolytic monitoring for the 24 hour post IV monitoring period. The nurse can select the task on the tasklist and it takes the nurse to the appropriate place to document as well as at the appropriate time to document. Use of this process helped to drive compliance with post IV thrombolytic monitoring documentation. In order to achieve compliance for post procedure assessments documentation, this same process was requested by nursing. To achieve this, the EMR was designed to “fire” tasks to the nurse tasklist when the post thrombectomy order set is initiated and the time hemostasis is achieved is documented; these tasks cover the post thrombectomy monitoring for the required 24 hours. Part of these tasks include post procedure assessments. Results: From May 2019 to October 2019 the average monthly compliance for post procedure assessments was 77.6%. In November 2019, the appropriate tasking function was implemented in the EMR and education related to the new process was provided. From December 2019 to May 2020 average monthly compliance has been 91.1% with a monthly compliance rate greater than 90% since February 2020. Conclusions: Use of the nurse tasklist in an electronic medical can assist the nurse with documentation of post procedure assessments and achieve documentation compliance.

Background Implementation science seeks to enable change, underpinned by theories and frameworks such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Yet academia and frontline healthcare improvement remain largely siloed, with limited integration of implementation science methods into frontline improvement where the drivers include pragmatic, rapid change. Using the CIFR lens, we aimed to explore how pragmatic and complex healthcare improvement and implementation science can be integrated. Methods Our research involved the investigation of a case study that was undertaking the implementation of an improvement intervention at a large public health service. Our research involved qualitative data collection methods of semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations of the implementation team delivering the intervention. Thematic analysis identified key themes from the qualitative data. We examined our themes through the lens of CFIR to gain in-depth understanding of how the CFIR components operated in a ‘real-world’ context. Results The key themes emerging from our research outlined that leadership, context and process are the key components that dominate and affect the implementation process. Leadership which cultivates connections with front line clinicians, fosters engagement and trust. Navigating context was facilitated by ‘bottom-up’ governance. Multi-disciplinary and cross-sector capability were key processes that supported pragmatic and agile responses in a changing complex environment. Process reflected the theoretically-informed, and iterative implementation approach. Mapping CFIR domains and constructs, with these themes demonstrated close alignment with the CFIR. The findings bring further depth to CFIR. Our research demonstrates that leadership which has a focus on patient need as a key motivator to engage clinicians, which applies and ensures iterative processes which leverage contextual factors can achieve successful, sustained implementation and healthcare improvement outcomes. Conclusions Our longitudinal study highlights insights that strengthen alignment between implementation science and pragmatic frontline healthcare improvement. We identify opportunities to enhance the relevance of CFIR in the ‘real-world’ setting through the interconnected nature of our themes. Our study demonstrates actionable knowledge to enhance the integration of implementation science in healthcare improvement.

Background: Over the past decade Research Translation Centres (RTC’s) have been established in many countries. These Centres (sometimes referred to as Academic Health Science Centres) are designed to bring universities and health care providers together in order to accelerate the generation and translation of new evidence that is responsive to health service and community priorities. This has the potential to effectively ‘flip’ the traditional research and education paradigms because it requires active participation and continuous engagement with stakeholders (especially service users, the community and frontline clinicians). Although investment and expectations of RTCs are high, the literature confirms a need to better understand the processes RTCs use to mobilise knowledge, build workforce capacity and co-produce research with patients and the public to ensure population impact and drive healthcare improvement is needed. Methods: Semi structured interviews were conducted with selected leaders and members from select RTCs in England and Australia. Convenience sampling was utilised to identify RTC’s, based on their geography, accessibility and availability. Purposive sampling and a snowballing approach was employed to recruit individual participants for interviews that were conducted face to face or via videoconferencing. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a reflexive and inductive approach. This involved two researchers comparing codes and interrogating themes that were analysed inductively against the study aims and through meetings with the research team. Results: A total of 41 participants, 22 from England and 19 from Australia were interviewed. Five major themes emerged including (1) dissonant metrics, (2) different models of leadership (3) public-patient involvement and research co-production (4) workforce development (5) barriers to collaboration.Conclusions: Participants identified the need for performance measures that capture community impact. Better aligned success metrics, enhanced leadership, strategies to partner with patients and the public, enhanced workforce development and strategies to enhance collaboration were all identified as crucial for RTCs to succeed.

Background Large-scale partnerships between universities and health services are widely seen as vehicles for bridging the evidence–practice gap and for accelerating the adoption of new evidence in healthcare. Recently, different versions of these partnerships – often called academic health science centres – have been established across the globe. Although they differ in structure and processes, all aim to improve the integration of research and education with health services. Collectively, these entities are often referred to as Research Translation Centres (RTCs) and both England and Australia have developed relatively new and funded examples of these collaborative centres. Methods This paper presents findings from a rapid review of RTCs in Australia and England that aimed to identify their structures, leadership, workforce development and strategies for involving communities and service users. The review included published academic and grey literature with a customised search of the Google search engine and RTC websites. Results RTCs are complex system-level interventions that will need to disrupt the current paradigms and silos inherent in healthcare, education and research in order to meet their aims. This will require vision, leadership, collaborations and shared learnings, alongside structures, processes and strategies to deliver impact in the face of complexity. The impact of RTCs in overcoming the deeply entrenched silos across organisations, disciplines and sectors needs to be captured at the systems, organisation and individual levels. This includes workforce capacity and public and patient involvement that are vital to understanding the evolution of RTCs. In addition, new models of leadership are needed to support the brokering and mobilisation of knowledge in complex organisations. Conclusions The development and funding of RTCs represents one of the most significant shifts in the health research landscape and it is imperative that we continue to explore how we can progress the integration of research and healthcare and ensure research meets stakeholder needs and is translated via the collaborations supported by these organisations. Because RTCs are a recent addition to the healthcare landscape in Australia, it is instructive to review the processes and infrastructure needed to support their implementation and applied health research in England.

This study highlights the role of local communities in creating culturally rooted health information resources based on comparative effectiveness research (CER), depicting the role of culture in creating entry points for building community-grounded communication structures for evidence-based health knowledge. We report the results from running a year-long culture-centered campaign that was carried out among African American communities in two counties, Lake and Marion County, in Indiana addressing basic evidence-based knowledge on four areas of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Campaign effectiveness was tested through an experimental design with post-test knowledge of CER among African Americans in these counties compared to CER knowledge among African Americans in a comparable control county (Allen). Our campaign, based on the principles of the culture-centered approach (CCA), increased community CER knowledge in the experimental communities relative to a community that did not receive the culturally centered health information campaign. The CCA-based campaign developed by community members and distributed through the mass media, community wide channels such as health fairs and church meetings, postcards, and face-to-face interventions explaining the postcards improved CER knowledge in specific areas (ACE-I/ARBs, atrial fibrillation, and renal artery stenosis) in the CCA communities as compared to the control community.

Insight represents a cognitive leap in understanding that is distinct from other types of problem-solving. How moments of insight subsequently link to behaviour has not been investigated in real world settings such as coaching. By extending findings from neuroscience into the field of life coaching, our study examined the link between moments of insight and changes in behaviour in a one group, pre-post, mixed method design. Moments of insight and non-insight were tracked over nine life-coaching sessions with a population of women (N = 6) and their coaches (N = 6). Changes in behaviour were assessed at eight weeks post intervention. Insights occurred five times more often (p = .03) during life coaching than in the previous six months. Analysis of qualitative data showed a narrative pattern between goal-progress, moments of insight, and sustained behaviour change. The coach’s role in evoking insight is explored.

This article examines how the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council makes constitutional comparisons between ‘related’ constitutions that are or were within its jurisdiction, deploying its own precedents, as a pragmatic method of resolving idiosyncratic questions that arise across multiple constitutions. In particular, it considers the Committee's approach to the longstanding question of the interpretation of the opening section of Caribbean constitutional bills of rights, which has far reaching implications for the scope of constitutional protection of human rights. The JCPC's answer over time to this question reveals the fault lines for this supranational constitutional court as its jurisdiction peters out yet remains. The gaze of comparativism is very harsh as older constitutions are evaluated in light of newer ones and also as fossilised constitutional interpretations presented in earlier JCPC cases where the Committee no longer has jurisdiction are given new life in contemporary cases.

The implications of current changes occurring in HE for healthcare research and practice are the focus of discussion in this chapter. Building capacity for the implementation and translation of healthcare research is a critical issue in HE. Both sectors have to increasingly negotiate common challenges that include technological disruption, decreased funding, and the need for collaborative partnerships. This chapter considers the role of universities in building the relationships and connections that foster human well-being and build social capital to create societies where all people can participate and have equitable access to healthcare. It explores the importance of research that adds value at the coalface and how industry can support this endeavour through working in collaboration with HE to produce work-ready or profession-ready graduates with the skills and attributes to facilitate and lead the change required of the future workforce in building social and human capital.

Background: Weight and lifestyle management is advocated as the first-line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by evidence-based guidelines. Current literature describes both systems- and individual-related challenges that general practitioners (GPs) face when attempting to implement guideline recommendations for lifestyle management into clinical practice for the general population. The GPs&rsquo, perspective in relation to weight and lifestyle advice for PCOS has not been captured. Methods: Fifteen GPs were recruited to take part in semi-structured interviews. NVIVO software was used for qualitative analysis. Results: We report that GPs unanimously acknowledge the importance of weight and lifestyle management in PCOS. Practice was influenced by both systems-related and individual-related facilitators and barriers. Individual-related barriers include perceived lack of patient motivation for weight loss, time pressures, lack of financial reimbursement, and weight management being professionally unrewarding. System-related barriers include costs of accessing allied health professionals and unavailability of allied health professionals in certain locations. Individual-related facilitators include motivated patient subgroups such as those trying to get pregnant and specific communication techniques such as motivational interviewing. System-related facilitators include the GP&rsquo, s role in chronic disease management. Conclusions: This study contributes to the understanding of barriers and facilitators that could be addressed to optimize weight and lifestyle management in women with PCOS in primary care.

BackgroundTo address guideline-practice gaps and improve management of patients with both diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD), we involved patients, health professionals and patient advocacy groups in the co-design and implementation of an integrated diabetes-kidney service.ObjectiveIn this study, we explored the experiences of patients and health-care providers, within this integrated diabetes and kidney service.Methods5 focus groups and 2 semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst attending patients, referring primary health professionals, and attending specialist health professionals. Maximal variation sampling was used for both patients and referring primary health professionals to ensure an equal representation of males and females, and patients of different CKD stages. All discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, before being thematically analysed independently by 2 researchers.ResultsThe mean age (SD) for specialist health professionals, primary care professionals and patients who participated was 45 (11), 44 (15) and 68 (5) years with men being 50%, 80% and 76% of the participants respectively. Key strengths of the diabetes and kidney service were noted to be better integration of care and a perception of improved health and management of health. Whilst some aspects of access such as time between referral and initial appointment and having fewer appointments improved, other aspects such as in-clinic waiting times and parking remained problematic. Specialist health professionals noted that health professional education could be improved. Patient self-management was also noted by to be an issue with some patients requesting more information and some health professionals expressing difficulty in empowering some patients.ConclusionsHealth professionals and patients reported that a co-designed integrated diabetes kidney service improved integration of care and improved health and management of health. However, some aspects of the process of care, health professional education and patient self-management remained challenging.

Background Cultural beliefs, practices and experiences significantly influence pregnancy preparation. Limited in-depth information exists regarding how women from migrant and refugee backgrounds (migrant women) prepare for pregnancy. This study explored pregnancy planning, preconception lifestyles, awareness, experiences and healthcare needs of migrant women in Australia. Methods Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 25 women recruited through a diverse community in Melbourne, Australia (November 2017-February 2018). Discussions explored pregnancy planning, preconception health awareness, experiences and information needs. Qualitative data was analysed iteratively, through content and thematic analysis. Findings Four themes were identified: pregnancy planning experiences and perspectives, preconception health awareness and behaviours, social and cultural influences on pregnancy planning, and health information needs. Women had limited understanding of the concept or importance of preconception health, limited access to preconception health information and most women with children had experienced at least one unplanned pregnancy. Cultural mores constrained community discussion of preconception health in the context of sexual and reproductive health. Social factors emerged as predominant preconception concerns. Women reported wanting more information on preconception health through multiple, broad-reaching avenues, paired with timely, sensitive healthcare engagement. Conclusion Information for women addressing preconception health and pregnancy planning is limited. Our study demonstrates additional cultural and social nuances that need to be understood when working with migrant women. Discomfort raising reproductive and preconception health discussions with healthcare providers was a reported concern. Integration of culturally-sensitive preconception care within routine client assessments warrants exploration. Emphasis of the importance of preconception care for all women is needed.