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the issue of business transformation at vegetable trading posts, aiming to propose a strategic approach for future development. Grounded in strategic management theory (Porter, 1985) and scrutinizes research the study methodology, using a case the current business operations of trading posts and the dynamic context they operate within. It identifies several bargaining the low face, including posts challenges trading power of farmers, small quantities of produce, and erratic pricing mechanisms. A key finding is the potential benefits of integrating digital technologies to enhance operational efficiency and market reach (Bharadwaj et al., 2013). Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of establishing more resilient and inclusive supply chains. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable agricultural practices and opens avenues for innovative business transformation strategies in the vegetable trading sector. It serves as a key reference for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers interested in sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first decade of the twentieth century, Riga became imperial Russia’s most successful trading hub in terms of sales volume. This concluded a development which began in the 1860s with the rapid expansion of Russia’s railroad network, the rise of supplies of agricultural products, and the increase of Riga’s trade contacts on a global scale. This article uses historical GIS to display the agglomeration of trade contacts on the supplier side, i.e. central Russia, and the rising demand in Western Europe, the Americas, and Australia. The article’s GIS visualizations allow the study of Riga’s development into a global trading hub and the city’s increased industrialization. The article argues that the sharp increase of sales volume was due to two developments: Riga’s successful expansion of exports, including new products such as eggs and butter, and a rise of imports due to the increased need of various raw materials for Riga’s native industry. The article also uses GIS to demonstrate the variety of ethnic backgrounds of Riga’s business owners, which included Baltic Germans, Jews, Latvians, Russians, and Poles. A micro-study of Riga’s biggest industry at the time, the rubber-processing factory “Provodnik,” concludes the argument underlining the incorporation of Riga into the global trade network prior to World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I draw inspiration from La Donna Harris and Jaqueline Wasilewski's notions of relationships and dynamic inclusivity, as laid out in their 2004 article, to interpret the late eighteenth-century fur trade landscape of the western Great Lakes region. Using documentary sources and archaeological investigations conducted at a 1790s trade post known as Réaume's Leaf River Post, I first consider the role of foodways in the creation of ambivalent relationships between Ojibwe people and fur traders. I further argue that these relationships extended to the broader landscape (and waterscape), emerging out of contested sharing of knowledge, practices, and geographic imaginaries. I contend that Harris and Wasilewski's notions of relationships and dynamic inclusivity are useful to decentering colonial narratives in the archaeology of the fur trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed view of market quality in the presence of preferencing arrangements. A unique dataset provides the opportunity to measure trading costs of marketable orders and fill rates and ex post costs of limit orders across trading venues. For market orders, we find the primary exchange provides the lowest execution costs. However, the preferencing exchanges are no worse than, and in most cases better than, the nonpreferencing regional exchanges. For limit orders, the regionals execute limit orders more frequently than the primary market and with an ex post execution cost that is not very different from the primary market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a historical account of how the general store transformed Montana Territory from 1850 to 1885. Information is provided about the operations of merchant John Owen's trading post in the Bitterroot Valley and its role as a social, financial and economic hub, transition of merchants like William A. Clark from mining camps into wholesale mercantile distribution, and expansion into banking and other enterprises such as Bonner & Welch Co., and rise of whiskey trade.

Fort St. Joseph was one of many French colonial outposts established throughout the St. Lawrence River valley and the western Great Lakes region in the late 17th to 18th centuries to cultivate alliances with native peoples. The result was an exchange, amalgamation, and reinterpretation of material goods that testify to the close relationships the French maintained with various Native American groups. Yet, closer examination suggests that both the French and natives employed material goods in distinctive ways to ensure survival and promote their interests in the colonial encounter; borrowing was merely an expedient strategy. This interpretation shifts attention away from the amicable relations, altruistic behaviors, and hybridization that researchers previously posited toward an understanding grounded in more pragmatic forms of materiality that agents practice to ensure the persistence of cultural identities under colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trabajos y Comunicaciones is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Founded in 1701 as a French fur-trading post, Detroit, Michigan, evolved from a port in the 18th century to a major manufacturing centre at the end of the 19th century. At the dawn of the 20th century, the city turned from making wagons and train cars to churning out automobiles and perfecting assembly line production. Detroit became the 'Arsenal of Democracy' during World War II and reinvented itself as Motown after the war. But starting in the mid-1950s, after two and a half centuries of continuous expansion, Detroit's economy was decimated in a mere 65 years by racial tensions and 'white flight'; loss of jobs, population, tax base and reputation; and municipal leadership unable to recognise and manage a tsunami of debt. And while the private sector began reinvesting in downtown in the late 1990s, the absence of competent public-sector leadership allowed the debt to bloom into insolvency. US law -- unlike that of other industrialised nations -- allows municipalities to declare bankruptcy to wipe out most debt. Although there are many financially distressed American cities, few have declared bankruptcy. Detroit's is the largest to date and was made more complicated by the involvement of an 'emergency manager' -- an intervener appointed by the Governor of Michigan and granted extra-governmental powers. The first article provided historical background, described public-sector bankruptcy, and introduced the most important players in the bankruptcy drama. This second part outlines the legal process of municipal bankruptcy; introduces the creditors who fought to preserve their financial position; discusses the threat to the Detroit Institute of Art's collection; and describes the 'Grand Bargain' without which the bankruptcy would have descended into the mire of endless lawsuits. The final article will lay out the aftermath of this titanic drama -- the effect on reinvestment, and the 'lessons learned' by the cast of players and the community as a whole -- and describe the substantial obstacles that remain to creating a robust and sustainable future for Detroit in the 21th century and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the role of the Catholic Church in the context of Portuguese colonial policy in India and describes the methods of Christianizing the local population. The problem of interaction between the Hindu and Christian religious systems is explained. When the early decades of missionary activity did not lead to desired results, it became clear that there existed profound misunderstanding by Catholic missionaries of the realities of Hindu society. As a result, Catholic Church had to seek new methods for baptizing of the Hindu population.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the history of cross-cultural trade of the Navajo People (Diné). Emphasis is given to topics such as the freedom of movement of Navajo traders off of reservations, the investigation of the Federal Trade Commission on Navajo trade practices and trading posts, and the implementation of a cooperative model.

Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses research on Perrot's Post located along Mississippi River in western Wisconsin near the town of Trempealeau to show the change in narrative that can occur in the community and among archaeologists. Topics discussed include the important role played by archaeology in the creation of community knowledge and how the French presence caused the dismissal of the Native perspective. Information is also presented on early archaeology at the Old French Fort.

During the last decade, tens of thousands of African migrants have settled in the Asian market-cities, opening their own trading agencies or shipping companies around major wholesale markets to export all kinds of Chinese manufactured goods to sub-Saharan Africa. More recently, an increasing number of students joined this profitable market. Some of them held a Chinese scholarship under a general cooperation program or had completed graduate studies in the People's Republic of China (PRC), while others enrolled in the graduate programs of the Islamic universities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Finally a third set attended European or American universities and began to work in the academic sector before launching into the import-export business. On the basis of fieldwork in Guangzhou, the center of China's world factory (2006,2008), and in Dubai, the world re-exportation platform of Chinese products (2009,2012), this paper explores how some former students, with relatively small economic capital but a solid social and linguistic background, gradually became major intermediaries in the trade of Chinese products to the African continent. The focus is on the skills that they used at the same time to enhance their credibility among their peers, to contract with their suppliers, to interest the local partners, and to convince the local authorities of their ability to represent all the foreign communities with respect to specific legislations. This paper contributes to a better knowledge of the role of these graduate intermediaries in the process of globalization from below, by scrutinizing the lives of these African traders in Guangzhou and Dubai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Money dealings came to northern New Spain at an early date. Spanish Conquistadors and their offspring moved rapidly in efforts to find and extract gold and silver, the abundant and most precious rare earth resources of the new land. Native Americans, whose land they exploited, quickly adjusted from a barter economy to the use of money. By the eighteenth century, coinage prevailed as the primary medium of exchange. Even though Native-American trade routes which, from ancient times, had originated as far down the Pacifi c coast as Guatemala and trekked into and through the "Big Bend," it took the Spanish Conquest and subsequent invasion to open roads, or corridors, over which wheeled oxen-and-mule-drawn carts could pass while carrying heavy loads of equipage and trade items. Before mining camps and the settlements which came with them could be effectively utilized, a sustainable agriculture was necessary. Farming entered the Chihuahuan Desert region in the current-day Mexican state of Aguascalientes and Zacatecas then moved rapidly northward into present-day Chihuahua when silver was discovered at Santa Bárbara in 1564 CE. Commerce necessarily followed, and quickly. In the fifth through the seventh decades of the eighteenth century fortifi cations, known as presidios, were established at various points along the south side of the Rio Grande in order to fend off attacks by Apache and other nomadic Native American bands. Each of these presidios had a support community of sorts, and an agricultural subculture. Except for present-day eastern Texas (Nacogdoches, and later, San Antonio), New Mexico, and La Junta de los Ríos (now Presidio, Texas, and Ojinaga, Chihuahua) little such Spanish settlement had taken place, especially in the Big Bend, a despoblado region on both sides of the river. The Mexican War (1846-1848), however, and resultant Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1850) changed that, and Anglo-American settlement, perhaps led by Milton Faver's ranching interests and the discovery of silver at Shafter, began to open the arid Big Bend. By the second decade of the twentieth century Anglo, some Black, as well as extensive Mexican settlement brought roads, ranching, crop agriculture and competitive commerce to the north side of the "Great River." Modernity, for better or worse, was here to stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted an analysis of economic transaction records from the Fort Wilkinson Factory Store in central Georgia in an attempt to understand trade behaviors by the Muscogee Creek people of the southeastern United States. Between February 4, 1804, and November 29, 1806, factory personnel recorded 2,168 trade transactions at Fort Wilkinson. During this period, 38,226.5 deerskins and skins, 482 hides and rawhides, and 569 furs entered the fort. In exchange for these items, the Creek Indians primarily received cloth, followed by manufactured items such as kettles, gun supplies, and consumable groceries. We analyze the month-by-month exchange trends and compare the trade-good assemblages to archaeological sites that represent Creek occupations that date to the same time period in Georgia and Alabama. Further, we assess the biases of the data and interpret the data in relation to existing historical and archaeological studies of the Muscogee Creek people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the largely deserted town of Wilkins, Nevada, with focus given to the experiences of John Moschetti, former owner of Wilkins' Thousand Springs Trading Post. Focus is given to the decline of the town and the trading post after the closure of various ranches in the area, as well as the impact of a large snowstorm in 1949 on the town. Actor Jimmy Stewart's brief ownership of the trading post is noted, and a story about a pregnant woman giving birth at the trading post is provided.

This article discusses the careers of 19th century American painters George Catlin and John James Audubon, with a particular focus on their representations of the fur trading outposts of the American west. The author highlights their visits to the American Fur Company's trading posts, such at Fort Pierre, Fort Clark, and Fort Union, in present-day North and South Dakota. He also comments on the impacts of the fur trade on Native American groups as well as the wildlife in the region, which were represented in both Catlin and Audubon's works.

This article analyzes the unusual trading post concentration-Fort Vasquez, Fort Jackson, Fort Lupton, and Fort St. Vrain-that operated simultaneously along the South Platte River during the late 1830s. These trading posts, or forts, dealt almost exclusively in bison robes provided by Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho hunters. The reasons behind this trading locus, which was unique to the fur trade era of the western Great Plains, are examined in the context of indigenous instrumentality and ecological factors. Heretofore unexamined environmental and archaeological data combined with historical research into intertribal conflict and place provide a more holistic explanation for this unique conjuncture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical trading communities of early twentieth century Ladakh, in northern India, interacted with multiple cultures through both travel and the flow of trade goods. Using a neo-pragmatic philosophical framework, I will argue that this community—largely rural and commonly thought of as isolated—was, in fact, cosmopolitan. The traders' interactions with specific commodities prompted them to traverse cultural boundaries and engage with new ideas. This view of cosmopolitanism suggests that, while particular economic, political or social contexts may be part of the settings in which both individuals and communities are engaged in cosmopolitan processes, contexts do not define the cosmopolitan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the significance of the trading posts and forts at Michilimackinac, Michigan, and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, to the British military during the War of 1812. The article discusses the importance of the fur trade in the economic and social exchange between the British and Canadians with Native Americans in North America in the early 19th century, as well as the importance of fur trading posts in British military strategy. It also examines the importance of the territory in the Great Lakes region that the British ceded to the U.S. in the treaty of 1783 and fears of Native American violence that the article states was reflected in Jay's Treaty of 1794.

Abstract In the early 2000s, nationals of Sub-Saharan Africa who had settled in the market places of Hong Kong, Bangkok, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur, moved to Guangzhou and opened offices in the upper floors of buildings in Baiyun and Yuexiu Districts. These were located in the northwest of the city, near the central railway station and one of the two fairs of Canton. Gradually these traders were able to create the necessary conditions of hospitality by opening community restaurants on upper floors, increasing the number of showrooms and offices as well as the services of freight and customs clearance in order to live up to an African itinerant customer's expectations. From interviews carried out between 2006 and 2009 in the People's Republic of China and in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Dubai, and West Africa, the article will first highlight the economic logics which have contributed to the constitution of African trading posts in China and describe their extension from the Middle East and from Asia. The second part will determine the respective roles of migrants and traveling Sub-Saharan entrepreneurs, before exploring their interactions with Chinese society in the setting up of these commercial networks. It will also look at the impact of toughening immigration policies. It is the principle of the African trading posts of anchoring of some traders in strategic places negotiated with the host society that allows the movement but also the temporary settlement of many visitors. The first established traders purchase products manufactured in the hinterland to fulfill the demand of the itinerant merchants who in turn supply customers located in other continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social contractarians commonly take social contracts to be solely hypothetical and refrain from elaborating on the factors that influence the feasibility of the formation of social contracts. In contrast, this paper aims at providing a discussion of the conditions affecting the feasibility of social contracts. I argue that the more aligned the preferences of group members for public goods are, the more the individuals share similar social norms, and the smaller the group is the more feasible a genuine social contract becomes. I provide evidence in support of my contention from the medieval Hanseatic League. At the Hanseatic Kontor in Novgorod, one of the four major trading posts of the Hanseatic League in cities outside of Germany, German merchants agreed to live under the rule of a constitution that gave rise to a political authority for the Kontor society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the possibility that the Cadotte archaeological site, located on Wisconsin's Madeline Island, was historically used as a trading outpost for Ontario Odawa and Algonquin traders. The author argues that the site was inhabited fifty years earlier than other archaeologists have speculated. Analyses of the site's ceramic assemblage, potsherds, and pottery are provided as evidence for this notion. The probable influence of Ontario Wendat pottery traditions on Algonquin pottery is explained.