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Various factors such as natural disasters, vandalism, weather, and environmental conditions can affect the physical state of traffic signs. The proposed model aims to improve detection of traffic signs affected by partial occlusion as a result of overgrown vegetation, displaced signs (those knocked down, bent), perforated signs (those damaged with holes), faded signs (color degradation), rusted signs (corroded surface), and de-faced signs (placing graffiti, etc., by vandals). This research aims to improve the detection of bad traffic signs using three approaches. In the first approach, Spiral Pooling Pyramid-Fast (SPPF) and C3TR modules are introduced to the architecture of Yolov5 models. SPPF helps provide a multi-scale representation of the input feature map by pooling at different scales, which is useful in improving the quality of feature maps and detecting bad traffic signs of various sizes and perspectives. The C3TR module uses convolutional layers to enhance local feature extraction and transformers to boost understanding of the global context. Secondly, we use predictions of Yolov5 as base models to implement a mean ensemble to improve performance. Thirdly, test time augmentation (TTA) is applied at test time by using scaling and flipping to improve accuracy. Some signs are generated using stable diffusion techniques to augment certain classes. We test the proposed models on the CCTSDB2021, TT100K, GTSDB, and GTSRD datasets to ensure generalization and use k-fold cross-validation to further evaluate the performance of the models. The proposed models outperform other state-of-the-art models in comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of road signs is hindered by obstructions, such as vegetation, mutual obstruction of signs, or the road alignment itself. The traditional evaluation of road sign recognition effectiveness is conducted through in-vehicle field surveys. However, this method has several drawbacks, including discontinuous identification, unclear positioning, incomplete coverage, and being time-consuming. Consequently, it is unable to effectively assess the recognition status of road signs at any arbitrary point within the road space. Therefore, this study employed laser scanning to construct a point-surface model, which was based on a point cloud algorithm and SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping), integrated LiDAR and inertial navigation system data, and optimized the point model after processing steps such as denoising, resampling, and three-dimensional model construction. Furthermore, a method for assessing the highway sign occlusion rate based on the picking algorithm was proposed. The algorithm was applied to an actual road environment, and the occlusion by other items was simulated. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the method. This new method provides support for the fast and accurate calculation of road sign occlusion rates, which is of great importance for ensuring the safe traveling of vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The curved contour of the road creates blind spots which increase the risk of traffic accidents. Throughout 2019, there were 107,500 accident cases recorded in Indonesia. Therefore, efforts are needed to provide road infrastructure that supports driving safety, such as traffic signs to reduce the risk of accidents in blind spot areas. This research aims to design a smart safety light warning system that is integrated with solar-based street lighting. The design uses a design-based research approach referring to several established standards including Indonesia National Standard (SNI) 7931: 2008, SNI IEC 60529:2014, Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number PM 13 of 2014, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), and Article 115 of Minister of Transportation Republic of Indonesia Regulation PM 27 of 2018. This study used Design-Based Research (DBR) as a research methodology. The result of this study is a prototype design and development of smart safety light warning system which can be optimized. Validation of the design and circuit is conducted using prototyping modeling 1:20 from the original dimensions to measure the function and performance of the circuit. The prototype is capable of turning on warning lights and siren notifications when detecting objects with a maximum distance of 350 cm as measured by the HC – SR04 sensor. Charging the stored solar panels via the accumulator allows the technology to continue working for 45 hours without charging. For power efficiency purposes, the technology is equipped with an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor with a minimum limit of 341-lux which regulates the lighting. The development of these safety lights will increase driver awareness when passing through blind spot areas and have positive implications for reducing the number of accidents in Indonesia.

It is interesting that despite its long-term and widespread use in China, relatively little is known about the operational characteristics of a variable approach lane (VAL) in real world. Using one month of inductive-loop detector data at ten dynamic approaches (intersection approaches with dynamic lane assignment) from different intersections in Hangzhou, China, this paper presents the results of a study materializing the flow characteristics of variable approach lanes by comparing them with adjacent normal-flow lanes under various operating conditions. The effectiveness of the results was examined in a case-control analysis by integrating 12 fixed approaches (without variable lane) as benchmark. It was found that the difference or similarity of flow rate between the variable lane and the normally-flowing lane differs under a variety of traffic volume, time-of-day, mode-of-operation, and overhead lane-use guidance sign (OHS) location conditions. The study also revealed that while naturally there may be a difference in the flow rates between referencing lanes at fixed approaches, the flow difference percentage (FDP) at dynamic approaches is significantly higher.

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The content and density of traffic signs directly affect the operation of urban road traffic and drivers. To overcome the limitations of quantitative research on the density threshold of traffic signs on urban roads, a real vehicle experiment was conducted to record the psychological characteristics of drivers. Four psychological parameters of drivers—pupil area, fixation intensity, heart rate change rate, and heart rate variability—were explored. Subsequently, principal component analysis was used to present a new index, S, divided into 5 grade scales, to represent the driving visual comfort level. The information entropy theory was applied to quantify the amount of information on road traffic signs that are included in driving tests, and a regression relationship between the traffic sign information and comfort index S was established. The visual psychological load thresholds for different comfort levels were −2.289≤S

The design pattern of a prohibition sign following the ISO standard includes a diagonal bar superimposed over a pictogram. However, there are some design variations on the relative position of the diagonal bar and the pictogram across different areas and contexts. This study evaluated how the position of the diagonal bar affected the recognition efficiency of prohibition signs. With a 2 (bar position) × 5 (familiarity) within-subject design, participants were asked to judge whether the prohibition signs and the textual explanation matched, both in an isolated context (Experiment 1) and in traffic scenes (Experiment 2). The results show that the response time was shorter for signs with the bar as the foreground, but only for the familiar signs displayed in an isolated context and only for the unfamiliar signs embedded naturally in traffic scenes. Overall, the findings indicated that designing the prohibition signs with the bar as the foreground may improve the efficiency of recognizing prohibition signs, even in traffic scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transportation Science & Technolgy is the property of Transportation Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traffic signs are part of road equipment whose existence is very important, in addition to functioning as warnings, prohibitions, orders, or instructions for road users, traffic signs are also a means to reduce accidents and regulate driver behavior. Because of the importance of this function, it is necessary to collect accurate sign data in a spatial database. Currently, there have been many database developments for the management of traffic signs, but data collection is still done manually, by means of surveyors recording groups of traffic signs and entering them into the database. The difficulty faced is the time and accuracy of the surveyors when it comes to selecting groups of signs, this is due to the large number of groups/sub-groups of signs. This problem needs to be solved with the help of a sign group detection tool with an image recognition approach. This study aims to develop an image recognition method to extract photo geotagging information on traffic signs into spatial data and attributes of traffic sign groups. The object of the signs that are sampled are signs that are on roads with the status of provincial roads in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results showed that the machine learning-based image recognition accuracy reached 88.66%, further research is needed to improve accuracy by paying attention to the geotagging photo capture variable.

Various factors such as natural disasters, vandalism, weather, and environmental conditions can affect the physical state of traffic signs. The proposed model aims to improve detection of traffic signs affected by partial occlusion as a result of overgrown vegetation, displaced signs (those knocked down, bent), perforated signs (those damaged with holes), faded signs (color degradation), rusted signs (corroded surface), and de-faced signs (placing graffiti, etc., by vandals). This research aims to improve the detection of bad traffic signs using three approaches. In the first approach, Spiral Pooling Pyramid-Fast (SPPF) and C3TR modules are introduced to the architecture of Yolov5 models. SPPF helps provide a multi-scale representation of the input feature map by pooling at different scales, which is useful in improving the quality of feature maps and detecting bad traffic signs of various sizes and perspectives. The C3TR module uses convolutional layers to enhance local feature extraction and transformers to boost understanding of the global context. Secondly, we use predictions of Yolov5 as base models to implement a mean ensemble to improve performance. Thirdly, test time augmentation (TTA) is applied at test time by using scaling and flipping to improve accuracy. Some signs are generated using stable diffusion techniques to augment certain classes. We test the proposed models on the CCTSDB2021, TT100K, GTSDB, and GTSRD datasets to ensure generalization and use k-fold cross-validation to further evaluate the performance of the models. The proposed models outperform other state-of-the-art models in comparison.

The effectiveness of road signs is hindered by obstructions, such as vegetation, mutual obstruction of signs, or the road alignment itself. The traditional evaluation of road sign recognition effectiveness is conducted through in-vehicle field surveys. However, this method has several drawbacks, including discontinuous identification, unclear positioning, incomplete coverage, and being time-consuming. Consequently, it is unable to effectively assess the recognition status of road signs at any arbitrary point within the road space. Therefore, this study employed laser scanning to construct a point-surface model, which was based on a point cloud algorithm and SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping), integrated LiDAR and inertial navigation system data, and optimized the point model after processing steps such as denoising, resampling, and three-dimensional model construction. Furthermore, a method for assessing the highway sign occlusion rate based on the picking algorithm was proposed. The algorithm was applied to an actual road environment, and the occlusion by other items was simulated. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the method. This new method provides support for the fast and accurate calculation of road sign occlusion rates, which is of great importance for ensuring the safe traveling of vehicles.

The correct and robust recognition of traffic signs is indispensable to self-driving vehicles and driver-assistant systems. In this work, we propose and evaluate two network architectures for multi-expert decision systems that we test on a challenging Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark dataset. The decision systems implement individual experts in the form of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A gating network CNN acts as final decision unit and learns which individual expert CNNs are likely to contribute to an overall meaningful classification of a traffic sign. The gating network then selects the outputs of those individual expert CNNs to be fused to form the final decision. In this work we study the advantages and challenges of the proposed multi-expert architectures that in comparison to other network architectures allow for parallel training of individual experts with reduced datasets. Under the challenging conditions introduced by the benchmark dataset, the demonstrated multi-expert decision systems achieve a recognition performance that is superior to those of humans: with an accuracy of 99.10%, when training experts with the complete dataset and 98.94%, when individual experts are only trained with 36% of the training samples. Overall, our approach ranked fourth on the list of the applied approaches proposed for the German traffic sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic sign detection is an important research direction in the process of intelligent transportation in the Internet era, and plays a crucial role in ensuring traffic safety. The purpose of this research is to propose a traffic-sign-detection algorithm based on the selective kernel attention (SK attention), explicit visual center (EVC), and YOLOv5 model to address the problems of small targets, incomplete detection, and insufficient detection accuracy in natural and complex road situations. First, the feature map with a smaller receptive field in the backbone network is fused with other scale feature maps to increase the small target detection layer. Then, the SK attention mechanism is introduced to extract and weigh features at different scales and levels, enhancing the attention to the target. By fusing the explicit visual center to gather local area features within the layer, the detection effect of small targets is improved. According to the experiment results, the mean average precision (mAP) on the Tsinghua-Tencent Traffic Sign Dataset (TT100K) for the proposed algorithm is 88.5%, which is 4.6% higher than the original model, demonstrating the practicality of the detection of small traffic signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic sign detection significantly reduces traffic accidents, but in real-world scenarios, the considerable distance between traffic signs and in-vehicle cameras means only a small proportion of traffic signs are captured in the images. This makes far-off traffic sign detection a small object detection problem, and with fewer details in small sign objects, detection becomes increasingly challenging. In this paper, we specifically address poor localization, low accuracy, and missed detections when using You Only Look Once Version 5 (YOLOv5) for detecting small traffic sign objects. Firstly, we incorporate a decoupled head into YOLOv5's detection algorithm, which serves to improve detection accuracy and accelerate network convergence. Then, to handle low-resolution targets better, we substitute the network's original convolution layers with Space-to-Depth Convolution (SPD-Conv) modules. This modification enhances the model's capacity to extract features from low-resolution traffic sign objects. Lastly, we integrate the Context Augmentation Module (CAM) into YOLOv5 by employing variable rate extended convolution. This module extracts context information from multiple receptive fields, thus providing essential supplementary information and significantly enhancing detection accuracy. Empirical results demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm, shown by a substantial increase in object detection precision rate to 95.0%, a recall rate of 91.6%, and an average precision of 95.4%. These results represent improvements of 2.1%, 4.8% and 3.7%, respectively, when compared to the original YOLOv5 algorithm. Furthermore, when tested against other state-of-the-art methods, our proposed methodology shows superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of traffic sign recognition, traffic signs usually occupy very small areas in the input image. Most object detection algorithms directly reduce the original image to a specific size for the input model during the detection process, which leads to the loss of small object information. Additionally, classification tasks are more sensitive to information loss than localization tasks. This paper proposes a novel traffic sign recognition approach, in which a lightweight pre-locator network and a refined classification network are incorporated. The pre-locator network locates the sub-regions of the traffic signs from the original image, and the refined classification network performs the refinement recognition task in the sub-regions. Moreover, an innovative module (named SPP-ST) is proposed, which combines the Spatial Pyramid Pool module (SPP) and the Swin-Transformer module as a new feature extractor to learn the special spatial information of traffic sign effectively. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the state-of-the-art methods (82.1mAP achieved on 218 categories in the TT100k dataset, an improvement of 19.7 percentage points compared to the previous method). Moreover, both the result analysis and the output visualizations further demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The source code and datasets of this work are available at https://github.com/DijiesitelaQ/ TSOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street trees providing ecological and cultural functions may block traffic signs from the driver’s view if they are not properly maintained. Aiming at the problems of low automation and poor refinement of the detection of tree areas blocking traffic signboards and the inability to make pruning simulation and quantification of the occlude branches, in this letter, the detection of trees to be maintained and the simulation of branch pruning are studied based on mobile laser scanning (MLS) point clouds. First, the tree areas that block the cantilever traffic signs from the driver’s view are automatically and accurately detected based on the line of sight analysis. Then, via structured modeling, the pruning effect of trees under different pruning degrees is simulated in 3-D, and four indicators (the number of pruning positions, the pruning branch volume, the pruning ratio of branch volume, and the pruning ratio of leaves) are proposed to quantify the pruning. The application in four different scenes proves the effectiveness of the proposed method. This research is helpful to automatically and accurately identify the street tree branches to be maintained and provides an important reference for the formulation of branch pruning schemes that can comprehensively balance the pruning cost, tree ecological benefits, and cultural benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road sign recognition is one of the most important steps drivers can take to avoid dangerous roads or accidents. The purpose of the research work is to develop a recognition system, increasing the classification accuracy of the model, using deep learning methods of Road sign recognition system for drivers in real time on the road. Stages of road sign image classification were carried out, and other authors’ solutions were analyzed. In addition, in this work, the convolutional neural network (CNN) method with the help of deep learning was used to create a system for identifying and recognizing road signs. The proposed road sign recognition system can work in real time to recognize the image of road signs. In this paper, a model is trained using deep learning of 43 different road signs using existing datasets and collected local road signs. A traffic sign detection and recognition system is presented using an 8-layer convolutional neural network, which acquires different functions by training different types of traffic signs. In previous studies, models were trained using simple machine learning algorithms, but the relevance of this study is that a CNN model was trained for a classification task based on convolutional neural networks using deep learning. As a result of the study, classification accuracy of 95% was obtained using deep learning methods. As a novelty of the work, it is possible to note the diversity of the convolutional network methods used to increase the efficiency of the used data set and model training algorithms, the variety of received road signs and algorithms for its recognition, as well as the achievement of a high accuracy rate. This allowed the system to overcome the limited accuracy and performance issues caused by environmental factors, and to be more versatile and accurate than most modern systems.

Previous research has demonstrated that training is an effective intervention to increase traffic sign comprehension among road users. However, the effectiveness of training may interact with the characteristics of the sign, and the evidence is still limited. The present study aimed to examine the effects of training and sign type on sign comprehension among motorcyclists. An experiment with 2 (Training: training vs control) x 3 (Sign Type: warning signs vs command signs vs regulatory signs) x 2 (Time: pre-test vs post-test) mixed design was conducted on seventy-nine motorcyclists aged 18 to 27 years old in the greater area of Jakarta. Participants were randomly divided into two groups (training and control), and the experiment was conducted individually using a computer. Sign comprehension level was then measured. Analysis of pre-test and post-test scores revealed that comprehension was lowest for warning signs across groups. A mixed factorial ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect between training and sign type on sign comprehension before and after training, with the group that received training showing the largest improvement in comprehending warning signs. This study implies that training is effective for improving sign comprehension, especially for warning signs, among motorcyclists. Development of training programs should thus take into account the differences among sign types to ensure their effectiveness.

The detection and recognition of traffic signs is an essential component of intelligent vehicle perception systems, which use on-board cameras to sense traffic sign information. Unfortunately, issues such as long-tailed distribution, occlusion, and deformation greatly decrease the detector's performance. In this research, YOLOv5 is used as a single classification detector for traffic sign localization. Afterwards, we propose a hierarchical classification model (HCM) for the specific classification, which significantly reduces the degree of imbalance between classes without changing the sample size. To cope with the shortcomings of a single image, a training-free multi-frame information integration module (MIM) was constructed, which can extract the detection sequence of traffic signs based on the embedding generated by the HCM. The extracted temporal detection information is used for the redefinition of categories and confidence. At last, this research performed detection and recognition of the full class on two publicly available datasets, TT100K and ONCE. Experimental results show that the HCM-improved YOLOv5 has a mAP of 79.0 in full classes, which exceeds that of state-of-the-art methods, and achieves an inference speed of 22.7 FPS. In addition, MIM further improves model performance by integrating multi-frame information while only slightly increasing computational resource consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic sign recognition has been applied to the assistant driving system. However, some factors, such as occlusion, contamination damage and weather can seriously affect the accuracy and robustness of traffic sign recognition function. To solve this problem, a traffic sign encoding and classification method based on the Siamese neural network is developed. The method treats the traffic sign recognition problem as a convolutional feature code recognition problem. Firstly, the method uses convolutional neural network to extract and encode features of training samples and reference samples. Secondly, the method uses Siamese neural network to compare the feature code of training samples and reference samples and trains the encoder with contrastive loss. With the help of a fully connected layer, the method can recombine and classify the convolutional feature code of input in the end. The experimental results show that this method can produce effective and robust feature code of traffic sign under motion blur and occlusion conditions. Compared to other advanced methods, this method has higher accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, it was shown that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with suitably annotated training data and results produce the best traffic sign detection (TSD) and recognition (TSR). The whole system’s efficiency is determined by the data collecting process based on neural networks. As a result, the datasets for traffic signs in most nations throughout the globe are difficult to recognize because of their diversity. To address this problem, we must create a synthetic image to enhance our dataset. We apply deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN) and Wasserstein generative adversarial networks (Wasserstein GAN, WGAN) to generate realistic and diverse additional training images to compensate for the original image distribution’s data shortage. This study focuses on the consistency of DCGAN and WGAN images created with varied settings. We utilize an actual picture with various numbers and scales for training. Additionally, the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and the Mean Square Error (MSE) were used to determine the image’s quality. In our study, we computed the SSIM values between pictures and their corresponding real images. When more training images are used, the images created have a significant degree of similarity to the original image. The results of our experiment reveal that the most leading SSIM values are achieved when 200 total images of [Formula: see text] pixels are utilized as input and the epoch is 2000.

Copyright of Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics / Jisuanji Fuzhu Sheji Yu Tuxingxue Xuebao is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traffic signs are basic security workplaces making the rounds, which expects a huge part in coordinating busy time gridlock direct, ensuring the prosperity of the road and dealing with the smooth segment of vehicles and individuals by walking, etc. As a segment of the clever transportation structure, the acknowledgment of traffic signs is basic for the driving assistance system, traffic sign upkeep, self-administering driving, and various spaces. There are different assessments turns out achieved for traffic sign acknowledgment in the world. However, most of the works are only for explicit arrangements of traffic signs, for example, beyond what many would consider a possible sign. Traffic sign recognizable proof is generally seen as trying on account of various complexities, for example, extended establishments of traffic sign pictures. Two critical issues exist during the time spent identification (ID) and affirmation of traffic signals. Road signs are occasionally blocked not entirely by various vehicles and various articles are accessible in busy time gridlock scenes which make the signed acknowledgment hard and walkers, various vehicles, constructions, and loads up may frustrate the ID structure by plans like that of road signs. Also concealing information from traffic scene pictures is affected by moving light achieved by environment conditions, time (day-night), and shadowing. Traffic sign revelation and affirmation structure has two guideline sorts out: The essential stage incorporates the traffic sign limitation and the resulting stage portrays the perceived traffic signs into a particular class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing traffic signs is an essential component of intelligent driving systems' environment perception technology. In real-world applications, traffic sign recognition is easily influenced by variables such as light intensity, extreme weather, and distance, which increase the safety risks associated with intelligent vehicles. A Chinese traffic sign detection algorithm based on YOLOv4-tiny is proposed to overcome these challenges. An improved lightweight BECA attention mechanism module was added to the backbone feature extraction network, and an improved dense SPP network was added to the enhanced feature extraction network. A yolo detection layer was added to the detection layer, and k-means++ clustering was used to obtain prior boxes that were better suited for traffic sign detection. The improved algorithm, TSR-YOLO, was tested and assessed with the CCTSDB2021 dataset and showed a detection accuracy of 96.62%, a recall rate of 79.73%, an F-1 Score of 87.37%, and a mAP value of 92.77%, which outperformed the original YOLOv4-tiny network, and its FPS value remained around 81 f/s. Therefore, the proposed method can improve the accuracy of recognizing traffic signs in complex scenarios and can meet the real-time requirements of intelligent vehicles for traffic sign recognition tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]