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This study revisits returns to education in three Vietnamese rural provinces, using data on seven waves between 2007 and 2017, taken from the Thailand Vietnam SocioEconomic Panel (TVSEP). We deploy various approaches to address the endogeneity problem, and the findings show that individuals with a lower secondary school diploma are likely to earn a higher wage income. The present research also provides evidence of heterogeneity in the rate of return in terms of sex and ethnicity. In particular, men need a lower secondary school diploma, while women require an upper secondary school diploma to improve their wage income. Similarly, the relationship between a lower secondary school diploma and wage income is found among the majority of the Kinh people, but ethnic minorities do not enjoy this benefit. Overall, the benefits of education are crucial among the labor force, especially for vulnerable groups, such as women and ethnic minorities, who would benefit from the support of policymakers.

Understanding the health benefits of education is vital in setting policy priorities, especially in lower-income countries. Using the instrumental variable with panel data estimation approach, this study utilizes data from the Thailand Vietnam Socio Economic Panel to provide comparative evidence of the health benefits of education in two countries. The findings indicate that highly educated people are likely to report better current health status, reduced probability of having serious diseases in both countries, increased body mass index (BMI) in Vietnam and decreased BMI in Thailand. Additionally, the benefits of education on health are significant among Vietnamese men, Thai women, and Vietnamese ethnic minorities. The results also suggest that the positive effect of education on health can be explained by higher household income. Thus, promoting education among vulnerable groups, including women and ethnic minorities, should be particularly prioritized to mitigate the gaps in health inequities.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between education and health amongst Australian women. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data set. Spouse's education is employed as an instrument to solve the potential endogeneity of educational attainment. Findings: The results indicate that an additional year of schooling can lead to an increase in self-reported health, physical health, mental health and a reduced likelihood of having long-term health conditions. Women who are not in the labour force are likely to enjoy higher benefits of education compared to their employed counterparts. The findings also suggest that the relationship between education and health can be explained by the extent of positive health behaviours and social capital as mediators. Research limitations/implications: The conclusion from the results might be different in the case of men, reducing the generalisability of the results. Several objective health variables should be used to provide further aspects of health on which education has an impact. Practical implications: As the positive effect of education on women's health is empirically found, investment in women's education should be seriously considered and reevaluated. Originality/value: This paper focuses on Australian women which not only reduces the heterogeneity between genders but also adds to the rare number of studies on this topic in Australia. This paper also employs a formal mediation analysis to examine what are the mechanisms explaining the relationship between education and health.

This study intends to estimate the rate of returns to education in Vietnam, the distributive effects of education on wages, and the wage penalty from the incidence of overeducation in the Vietnamese labor market during 2004–2016. This study employs a pseudo‐panel approach to address omitted variables bias and the unconditional quantile regression to identify the heterogeneity of returns to education across the income distribution. Our main finding indicates that the estimated rate of returns to education in Vietnam is approximately 6.5%, showing a downward bias from previous estimates. The returns vary across wage distributions, where a lower rate of return is observed in lower quantiles and a higher rate among those individuals at the higher quantiles. The returns to education have declined since 2008, confirming the oversupply of highly educated workers in the Vietnamese labor market with an estimated wage penalty of 17%. Government assistance measures are needed to reduce the overeducation and the wage penalty issues in the Vietnamese labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a great effort from the Vietnamese government, women in Vietnam have generally been at the disadvantaged position to access education and development opportunities. As a result, the wage gaps between men and women exist. This study is conducted to investigate the gender income inequality in Vietnam in the 2004–2016 period using data from Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS). The results indicate that the gender pay gap in Vietnam has decreased during the research period. Empirical findings also indicate that education, ethnicity, economic sectors, and geographic areas are main determinants causing wage differentials in Vietnam. Additionally, the gender pay gap, with the focus on the so-called "Within inequality", is heterogeneous across the wage distribution using unconditional quantile regression approach. In particular, the gender pay gap is shown to be higher at the top and the bottom quantiles of the wage distribution, indicating that inequality is more severe among low-paid and high-paid wage earners. These findings suggest that the government's policies should focus on encouraging education and improving the national economy creating more jobs for women to reduce gender wage gap in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]