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This paper presents a single-chip bits-to-antenna transmitter (TX) for >100 Gbps in 45nm CMOS SOI. The construction of the 64QAM constellation is achieved directly in the RF domain by utilizing three QPSK sub-TXs with weighted amplitude. This method significantly reduces the need to address power amplifier nonlinear effects in high-order modulation, thereby creating room for TX enhancements in both bandwidth and output power. To further improve TX performance, multi-step phase alignment strategies, and a local oscillator leakage suppression technique have been incorporated. With 40-GHz RF bandwidth, the RF-64QAM TX prototype is able to achieve a measured data rate of 120 Gbps with 15dBm effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a modified current-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) driver as a transmitter for short-range light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, where a stable bias generator is suggested with a regulated cascode current mirror circuit to provide the bias current of 1 mA with a trivial deviation of 5.4%, even at the worst-case process–voltage–temperature (PVT) variations. Also, a modified current-steering logic circuit is exploited with N-type MOSFET (NMOS) switches to deliver the modulation currents of 0.1~10 mApp to the VCSEL diode simultaneously, with no overshoot distortions. Post-layout simulations of the modified current-mode VCSEL driver (m-CMVD), using 180 nm CMOS technology, demonstrate very large and clean output pulses with significantly reduced signal distortions. Hereby, the VCSEL diode is transformed into an equivalent circuit with a 1.6 V DC voltage and a 50 Ω resistor for circuit simulations. The proposed m-CMVD consumes a maximum of 11 mW from a 3.3 V supply voltage and the chip core occupies an area of 0.196 mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacije MIDEM: Journal of Microelectronics, Electronic Components & Materials is the property of MIDEM Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Marine controlled source electromagnetic (MCSEM) method is widely used to reveal the electrical structure of shallow media below the seafloor. It is an indispensable geophysical means in the exploration of marine oil and gas exploration, natural gas hydrates and seafloor geological structures. The transmitter and receiver in electromagnetic detection equipment need to maintain a high temporal consistency, usually using high-stability pulse-per-second (PPS) generated by GPS or BeiDou navigation modules as a synchronization signal. Coaxial cable is a widely used tow cable, so it is necessary to design a clock synchronization method of marine controlled source electromagnetic transmitter using coaxial cable. This paper proposes a method for synchronizing the internal clocks of the transmitter with PPS using ship-borne power supply when coaxial cable is used as tow cable. In this method, the ship-borne high-power supply outputs a high-voltage AC signal that is synchronized with the 400 Hz signal output from GPS; the coaxial cable transmits AC high power electrical energy and control commands; the AC signal transmitted via the coaxial cable is converted into a stable and continuous 1 Hz signal by step-down, waveform shaping and frequency division for synchronizing the internal time pulses of the transmitter. The test result shows that the 1 Hz signal obtained by this method has a deviation of about 504 ns relative to the PPS. This deviation meets the need of MCSEM transmitter for clock synchronization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz waves have the characteristics of low energy and good transmittance, which have broad application prospects in communication, spectral detection of biological samples, radar imaging, and sensing. Conventional materials are difficult to interact with terahertz waves, and metamaterials have emerged as a way to modulate terahertz waves. However, after years of development, the traditional metamaterials are currently facing problems such as difficult to realize multi-functionality and non-tunable. Therefore, in this paper, a multifunctional tunable terahertz metamaterial is designed using the phase change material vanadium dioxide. This device can perform both transmission and absorption functions. Controlling the temperature can realize the functional conversion of the device, and when the temperature is low (20°C), the transmittance of the device is more than 90% when it operates at 0.48 THz, with good performance of the transmission function. And after increasing the temperature above the VO2 phase transition temperature (66°C), it can be used as a narrow-band absorber with an absorption rate as high as 99.3% at 1.247 THz (80°C), which achieves a perfect absorption effect. In addition, the device is tunable, and its absorption and transmission modulation amplitudes can reach 95.3 and 89%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis is one of the dangerous diseases that are widespread in the world. Its vectors are mosquitoes. One of the main reasons for the significant increase in the number of leishmaniasis is that the methods of combating vectors are not widely known. It is very important to prevent the disease and determine its species composition. The article shows various methods used to catch mosquitoes. This methods are widely used in research work. When applying the used methods, care should be taken not to disturb the chemical balance and not cause changes in species composition. In the future, steps should be taken to find safer methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Enterochromaffin (EC) cells located within the intestinal mucosal epithelium release serotonin (5-HT) to regulate motility tones, barrier function and the immune system. Electroanalytical methodologies have been able to monitor steady state basal extracellular 5-HT levels but are unable to provide insight into how these levels are influenced by key regulatory processes such as release and uptake. We established a new measurement approach, amperometry approach curve profiling, which monitors the extracellular 5-HT level at different electrode–tissue (E–T) distances. Analysis of the current profile can provide information on contributions of regulatory components on the observed extracellular 5-HT level. Measurements were conducted from ex vivo murine ileum and colon using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrode. Amperometry approach curve profiling coupled with classical pharmacology demonstrated that extracellular 5-HT levels were significantly lower in the colon when compared to the ileum. This difference was due to a greater degree of activity of the 5-HT transporter (SERT) and a reduced amount of 5-HT released from colonic EC cells. The presence of an inhibitory 5-HT4 autoreceptor was observed in the colon, where a 40% increase in extracellular 5-HT was the half maximal inhibitory concentration for activation of the autoreceptor. This novel electroanalytical approach allows estimates of release and re-uptake and their contribution to 5-HT extracellular concentration from intestinal tissue be obtained from a single series of measurements.

Abstract Background External tags, such as transmitters and loggers, are often used to study bat movements. However, physiological and behavioural effects on bats carrying tags have rarely been investigated, and recommendations on the maximum acceptable tag mass are rather based on rules of thumb than on rigorous scientific assessment. Methods We conducted a comprehensive three-step assessment of the potential physiological and behavioural effects of tagging bats, using common noctules Nyctalus noctula as a model. First, we examined seasonal changes in body mass. Second, we predicted and then measured potential changes in flight metabolic rate in a wind tunnel. Third, we conducted a meta-analysis of published data to assess effects of different tag masses on the weight and behaviour of bats. Results Individual body mass of common noctules varied seasonally by 7.0 ± 2.6 g (range: 0.5–11.5 g). Aerodynamic theory predicted a 26% increase in flight metabolic rate for a common noctule equipped with a 3.8 g tag, equating to 14% of body mass. In a wind tunnel experiment, we could not confirm the predicted increase for tagged bats. Our meta-analysis revealed a weak correlation between tag mass and emergence time and flight duration in wild bats. Interestingly, relative tag mass (3–19% of bat body mass) was not related to body mass loss, but bats lost more body mass the longer tags were attached. Notably, relatively heavy bats lost more mass than conspecifics with a more average body mass index. Conclusion Because heavy tags (> 3 g) were generally used for shorter periods of time than lighter tags (~ 1 g), the long-term effects of heavy tags on bats cannot be assessed at this time. Furthermore, the effects of disturbance and resource distribution in the landscape cannot be separated from those of tagging. We recommend that tags weighing 5–10% of a bat’s mass should only be applied for a few days. For longer studies, tags weighing less than 5% of a bat's body mass should be used. To avoid adverse effects on bats, researchers should target individuals with average, rather than peak, body mass indices.

Background: External tags, such as transmitters and loggers, are often used to study bat movements. However, physiological and behavioural effects on bats carrying tags have rarely been investigated, and recommendations on the maximum acceptable tag mass are rather based on rules of thumb than on rigorous scientific assessment. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive three-step assessment of the potential physiological and behavioural effects of tagging bats, using common noctules Nyctalus noctula as a model. First, we examined seasonal changes in body mass. Second, we predicted and then measured potential changes in flight metabolic rate in a wind tunnel. Third, we conducted a meta-analysis of published data to assess effects of different tag masses on the weight and behaviour of bats. Results: Individual body mass of common noctules varied seasonally by 7.0 ± 2.6 g (range: 0.5–11.5 g). Aerodynamic theory predicted a 26% increase in flight metabolic rate for a common noctule equipped with a 3.8 g tag, equating to 14% of body mass. In a wind tunnel experiment, we could not confirm the predicted increase for tagged bats. Our meta-analysis revealed a weak correlation between tag mass and emergence time and flight duration in wild bats. Interestingly, relative tag mass (3–19% of bat body mass) was not related to body mass loss, but bats lost more body mass the longer tags were attached. Notably, relatively heavy bats lost more mass than conspecifics with a more average body mass index. Conclusion: Because heavy tags (> 3 g) were generally used for shorter periods of time than lighter tags (~ 1 g), the long-term effects of heavy tags on bats cannot be assessed at this time. Furthermore, the effects of disturbance and resource distribution in the landscape cannot be separated from those of tagging. We recommend that tags weighing 5–10% of a bat's mass should only be applied for a few days. For longer studies, tags weighing less than 5% of a bat's body mass should be used. To avoid adverse effects on bats, researchers should target individuals with average, rather than peak, body mass indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: GPS-transmitters enable detailed study of animal behaviour but may impact the animals. Impacts vary from short-term stress and habituation to longer-term effects on e.g., migration and reproduction. To study impacts, ideally, true controls (i.e., uncaptured or untagged animals) are used, but unbiased assessments of their migration timing and breeding performance are challenging, especially in remote areas. Alternatively, quasi-controls can be used: individuals tagged longer ago, or the same tagged individuals but in later years. Quasi-controls reveal tagging effects that differ between the first and following years. Results: We captured Pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) in spring and summer and deployed GPS-transmitter neckbands. In spring, geese were caught with cannon or clap nets on stopovers in Norway and Finland, 2 weeks before departure to breeding areas in Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya. In summer, geese were rounded up during wing moult in Svalbard. First, we compared geese tagged recently in spring with geese tagged in spring or summer 1–4 years prior. Newly tagged geese migrated significantly later, by 2 days, than previously tagged geese, both at departure from the spring stopover and arrival to the breeding grounds, while migration duration did not differ. Breeding propensity and laying date did not differ, but nesting success tended to be lowered, resulting in a significantly lower annual probability to produce hatchlings in recently tagged geese than in previously tagged geese. Second, within individuals tagged in spring, spring migration advanced in their next year, suggesting delay in their first spring. This was likely not an ageing effect, as geese tagged in summer showed no advancing spring migration timing over the years. Third, in Svalbard, observed brood sizes of geese tagged in summer and untagged geese did not differ 1 year after tagging. Conclusions: The capture and GPS-tagging of geese 2 weeks before spring departure delayed their spring migration and lowered their probability to produce hatchlings in that year. These effects lasted longer than previously reported week-long effects of GPS-tagging on time budgets in summer and of neck-banding on spring body condition. Additional study is needed to evaluate longer-term or permanent effects which remain undetected with quasi-controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of fifth Generation of cellular communication with its key features that superior over all the precedent generations. However, there are some challenges need to be taken into consideration. The main crucial part of communication system is the receiver and as it is known there are two main types of receivers which can be used to demodulate the signals and recover the transmitted data. In this paper, we used those two types of algorithm receivers which are the Non-Coherent and Coherent receivers. They are firstly demonstrated in details in accordance with receiver specification design and then moved to the practical side of implementation. In which novelty of our work is highlighted, by carrying out those different algorithms on the ADSP 21364 SHARC board where initially sampling the received DPSK signal, design the Bandpass and lowpass digital filtering respectively and all to be compiled by Analog Devices VisualDSP + + software that is programmed by C language prior to download to the ADSP Board chip. The same algorithm is followed in the frame synchronization for both of them by detecting the message through distinguishing the preamble of the message " + + + + " data which is before the 72 bytes (real message).Then that actual message will be stored and dumped to the memory and displayed to ensure from the received message whether it is corrupted with errors or not. However, it is clearly noticed that the Coherent receiver is more efficient than the Non-coherent, but it still a bit expensive because used double look-up tables for cosine and sine in IQ converter. Finally, coherent receiver with Costas loop algorithm was implemented as well to improve the previous differential detection scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-power transmitter driver for chiplet interconnection was designed and experimentally implemented based on the interchip interconnection standard proposed by the UCIe protocol. The driver circuit adopts a source series terminated (SST) diver, whose power consumption is only 1/4 that of the current mode logic (CML) structure. In add-on, based on adjustable feedforward equalization technology, the driver circuit adjusts the equalization strength for different channel attenuations. By de-emphasizing equalization, it enhances the quality of the transmitted signal, ultimately reducing inter-symbol interference. This circuit was designed under CMOS 28 nm process. The front-end simulation results show that the maximum equalization intensity is --3. 7 dB when the 0. 9 V voltage is supplied. When the 32 Gbps NRZ signal passes through the 21 mm channel (the attenuation at the 16 GHz Nyquist frequency is --2. 37 dB), after adjusting the appropriate equalization intensity, the eye height of the output waveform eye diagram is 253 mV (71.8%), the eye width is 27 ps (87%), and the simulation power consumption is only 4. 0 mW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several circuit components can induce bit errors at high-speed wireline interfaces. Hence, accurate identification and correction of error points in various circuits using straightforward techniques are crucial. A serializer in the transmitter may experience abnormal operations due to a timing mismatch between data and clock signals, leading to bit errors. Hence, we propose a debugging circuit to address this challenge for detecting timing mismatches between input data and clock signals within the tri-state inverter-based 2:1 serializer with a half-rate clocking architecture. The debugging circuit uses a true single-phase clocked (TSPC) DFF, TSPC latch, and XOR gate, which are simple complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logics, and did not necessitate additional pads or experimental equipment, resulting in minimal area occupation and low power consumption. Using identical data and clock signals with the 2:1 serializer, the timing relationship between the data and clock signals can be detected. Unlike complex debugging methods that rely on intricate algorithms and extensive programming, our approach simplifies debugging, reducing test time. We developed a prototype transmitter using a 28-nm CMOS process to validate the effectiveness of our proposed solution. The 2:1 serializer was designed to function correctly or not by manually adjusting the input clock phase for testability. The proposed debugging circuit effectively detected timing mismatches in the serializer at speeds up to 7.5 Gb/s. The circuit occupied only 0.4% of the total area and consumed only 0.2% of the total transmitter power.

Battery management systems (BMS) in electric vehicles (EVs) require robust communication interfaces to accurately monitor and control lithium-ion battery cells. The communication interface of daisy chain architecture has attracted more and more attention because of its lower deployment cost compared with the communication architecture of the controller area network (CAN). However, in automotive electronics, in order to meet safety standards, it is difficult to implement circuits that are highly robust to electromagnetic interference, which has also attracted many practitioners to study it. The problem of partial electromagnetic interference and clock jitter can be addressed not only by employing methods commonly used in the field of analog signals, but also by leveraging algorithms utilized in the domain of digital signals. This paper proposes an EMI-immune daisy chain interface circuit with a PID-based clock-data-recovery (CDR) algorithm, utilizing either a capacitor or a transformer as an isolator. The system includes a transmitter, an active receiver, a wake-up receiver, and the corresponding algorithm digital circuits, achieving a successful transmission under 39-dBm DPI injection. Simulation results demonstrate a CMTI of 100kV/ $\mu $ s and low power consumption. The proposed CDR algorithm enables effective operation in the presence of clock frequency offset and EMI between chips. This paper thoroughly examines the underlying principles of the algorithm, supplemented by comprehensive test environments and accompanying data visuals.

This paper presents a Ka-band beam steering transmitter exploiting a coupled varactor loaded transmission line (VLTL) phase shifter and a CMOS transmitter chip with an integrated frequency multiplier. The short-coupled line couplers placed along a single VLTL provides multi-phase outputs while minimizing the impedance mismatch and unequal power distribution along the VLTLs. The inherent phase-accumulating nature along the VLTL reduces the burden of wide phase control range required for using separate phase shifters for each channel. Additionally, the frequency multiplier with a multiplication ratio of 8 reduces the required amount of phase change at the reference frequency and therefore the tuning range of the varactor, which also minimize a change of line characteristic impedance to ensure the impedance matching of the VLTL. Hence, a 32 GHz phased array transmitter is implemented using a single VLTL phase shifter operating at a low reference frequency of about 4 GHz. The fabricated $1\times 4$ phased array transmitter achieves a continuous beam steering range of ±20° in the E-plane using a single control voltage. The sidelobe level is below -10 dB at all scan angles and the peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is 38.1 dBm at 31.6 GHz and the 3-dB bandwidth of 2.4 GHz is achieved.

Several researchers argue that political discourse or, especially, political communication, is strategic interaction, because several actors participate in this communication, such as: a politician and the public, or a politician – a politician. Political discourse is one of the most emotionally consistent. The emotional universe in political discourse is sometimes even exaggerated and/or false. It is represented by means such as: affective verbs, conditional-optative verbs, inverted topic, adjectives at the superlative degree. The purpose of political discourse is to manipulate the opinion of the public so that the speaker emerges a winner, to present his own opinion in a reasoned manner. The speaker’s desire is to gain the public’s trust, to accumulate sympathizers, to spread political ideologies in masse, most often political speech arouses controversial opinions among the public, therefore it is considered a speech with a strong degree of emotionality.

A method for compensation of frequency-selective (FS) in-phase/quadrature (IQ) imbalance of a wideband transceiver is proposed in the paper. It is dedicated for implementation in software defined radio (SDR) cellular base stations. Both transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) IQ impairments are corrected by complex valued finite impulse response (FIR) filters which are designed based on previously found imbalance correction models. The compensation performance is assessed after the method was implemented in the SDR platform capable of transmitting signals at different central frequencies. At frequencies higher than 3 GHz measured IQ gain and phase error functions exhibit asymmetrical characteristic. In order to reduce the level of asymmetry, adopted IQ gain correction model incorporates odd polynomial elements while the phase correction model includes even polynomial parts. Regardless of utilized central frequency IQ impairments are efficiently compensated. The advantage of the proposed method is low complexity. The method doesn't require specialized hardware for calibration, instead, it uses the RF loopback. At central frequency of 3.5 GHz, transmitter image rejection ratio (IRR) is increased from 20 dBc to 45-50 dBc by applying the proposed method. After receiver imbalance is compensated, the improvement in IRR of more than 25 dBc is achieved.

This paper presents a modified current-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) driver as a transmitter for short-range light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, where a stable bias generator is suggested with a regulated cascode current mirror circuit to provide the bias current of 1 mA with a trivial deviation of 5.4%, even at the worst-case process–voltage–temperature (PVT) variations. Also, a modified current-steering logic circuit is exploited with N-type MOSFET (NMOS) switches to deliver the modulation currents of 0.1~10 mApp to the VCSEL diode simultaneously, with no overshoot distortions. Post-layout simulations of the modified current-mode VCSEL driver (m-CMVD), using 180 nm CMOS technology, demonstrate very large and clean output pulses with significantly reduced signal distortions. Hereby, the VCSEL diode is transformed into an equivalent circuit with a 1.6 V DC voltage and a 50 Ω resistor for circuit simulations. The proposed m-CMVD consumes a maximum of 11 mW from a 3.3 V supply voltage and the chip core occupies an area of 0.196 mm2.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France is the property of Societe Zoologique de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The VLSI integration technology is growing at a rapid rate. As a result, there is a need for smart devices with high performance operation. This plays a vital role in the consumer industry at larger scale in day-to-day life. To enhance performance of the new devices, more robust interfacing standards are required. Hence, the proposed paper discusses the design of the I/O standard LVCMOS18 buffer with 0.9V interface at the transmitter with an operating frequency of 150 MHz. The interface I/O design uses 90nm GPDK technology and is tested with various process corners with 4 mA current drive capability. The results obtained are found to be encouraging for all the design specifications of LVCMOS 18 I/O standard for the transmitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for compensation of frequencyselective (FS) in-phase/quadrature (IQ) imbalance of a wideband transceiver is proposed in the paper. It is dedicated for implementation in software defined radio (SDR) cellular base stations. Both transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) IQ impairments are corrected by complex valued finite impulse response (FIR) filters which are designed based on previously found imbalance correction models. The compensation performance is assessed after the method was implemented in the SDR platform capable of transmitting signals at different central frequencies. At frequencies higher than 3 GHz measured IQ gain and phase error functions exhibit asymmetrical characteristic. In order to reduce the level of asymmetry, adopted IQ gain correction model incorporates odd polynomial elements while the phase correction model includes even polynomial parts. Regardless of utilized central frequency IQ impairments are efficiently compensated. The advantage of the proposed method is low complexity. The method doesn't require specialized hardware for calibration, instead, it uses the RF loopback. At central frequency of 3.5 GHz, transmitter image rejection ratio (IRR) is increased from 20 dBc to 45-50 dBc by applying the proposed method. After receiver imbalance is compensated, the improvement in IRR of more than 25 dBc is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work deals with the design, modelling and research of an antenna system for transmitting and receiving information in satellite systems. It was revealed that this antenna array with a transmitter of 85 dBWt is guaranteed to solve the target problem of providing mobile satellite communications with both one global beam and a plurality of beams with a width of 0,7 × 0,7°. It should be added that the advantage of forming multiple beams compared to a global beam with a single phased antenna array is: higher data rate, relatively low requirements for antenna systems of ground stations, greater noise immunity of the radio link, the ability to dynamically control the signal power in each beam.

The aim of the research is to identify the impact of the blended learning strategy for those with outstanding performance in learning the skills of transmitting and receiving volleyball for students, as well as knowing the preference in the effect between the two groups (experimental and control). (I used with it the strategy used by the teacher) on a homogeneous sample of fifth preparatory students, numbering (24) students, who were chosen through the two measures of distinguished motor performance for the skills of sending from above (tennis) and receiving from the bottom of the research community consisting of (150) students After excluding a number of students in the School of Literary Newspapers for Boys in Baghdad Governorate - Al-Karkh II, the two skills of forwarding facing from the top (tennis) and receiving transmissions from the bottom were chosen by the researchers, and they conducted the exploratory experiment on a sample of (10) students from (with distinguished motor performance ) for the two aforementioned skills from the research community and from outside the research sample, they were chosen through the two measures of distinguished motor performance for these two skills, then they conducted pre-tests to ensure the equivalence of the two groups, to start with the main experiment from one starting point, and after applying the educational units amounting to (12) educational units at an average One educational unit per week for each group, after which the post-tests were conducted under the same conditions as the pre-tests. After processing the data statistically, the two researchers reached the most important conclusions: There is a positive effect (of the blended learning strategy) and (the strategy used by the teacher) in learning the skills of sending from above (tennis) and receiving from below in volleyball in the research sample, in varying proportions. There is a preference for blended learning strategy over the strategy used in learning these two skills.

This paper presents the findings of radio wave characterization based on the measurement data at 5.8 GHz. The measurement data were collected by a testbed channel, which links with the following scenarios: a single tree, a row of trees, a row of trees and a road, a row of trees, a road, and a building. These experiments were conducted at University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai, Johor to represent the suburban environment. The links consist of pairs of transmitting and receiving antennas that deploy the path of a line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) radio propagation wave networks. Based on the measurement data analysis, the general issue concerning the statistical probability distribution and the characteristics of LOS and NLOS are examined and discussed. Note that 5.8 GHz technology can be used in both LOS and NLOS scenarios, but its performance varies based on the presence of obstacles and signal propagation characteristics. Other prominent experimental analysis methods, such as hypothesis testing and goodness of fit tests, are implemented to consolidate the findings. The analysis found that the empirical probability density function of LOS and NLOS channels follows Gaussian, Rayleigh, and Rician distribution. Predicting specific future technological developments, such as the availability of 5.8 GHz technology, is challenging because it depends on various factors, including research and development efforts, regulatory decisions, market demand, and technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetron is a power oscillator device used in several radar transmitters for generating the electromagnetic wave (EMW) with a constructive and fixed frequency. In this work, a radar transmitter has been carried out using magnetron operates at 2,458 MHz and two conducting layers waveguides to achieve minimum loss of the signal due to the increased temperature. The magnetron is connected with the high voltage capacitor (1.0 μF) in order to store the alternating current (AC) signal delivered from the high voltage transformer. A waveguide parts have been used as transmission lines in view of connecting the magnetron to the antenna. These parts include two metal layers, the upper layer (outer) is advanced audio coding (AAC) 1350 aluminum conductor and the lower (inner) is copper. The waveguide dimension should be suitable to flow frequency from 2.2 GHz to 3.3 GHz. To measure the operating frequency, a waveguide adapter and a coaxial cable which combined with n-female connector have been connected to magnetron. The wave is delivering to the frequency counter by Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) to n-female connectors. The promising results of the proposed work have been achieved with a maximum power, efficient return loss, acceptable voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and low-cost manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, high-performance thin-film lithium niobate optical modulators have emerged that, together with advanced multiplexing technologies, are highly expected to satisfy the ever-growing demand for high-capacity optical interconnects utilizing multiple channels. Accordingly, in this study, a compact lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) photonic chip was adopted to establish four-channel wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmitters, comprising four optical modulators based on ultracompact 2 × 2 Fabry-Perot cavities and a four-channel WDM filter based on multimode waveguide gratings. The fabricated chip with four wavelength channels has a total footprint as compact as 0.3 × 2.8 mm2, and exhibits an excess loss of ~0.8 dB as well as low inter-channel crosstalk of < –22 dB. Using this LNOI photonic chip, high-capacity data transmissions of 320 Gbps (4 × 80 Gbps) on-off-keying signals and 400 Gbps (4 × 100 Gbps) four-level pulse amplitude signals were successfully realized with the ultra-low power consumption of 11.9 fJ/bit.

Background: This study investigates Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) as a possible route for data transmission, particularly given the rapid rise of the Internet of Things (IoT). Given Wi-Fi's vulnerability to interference, hacking, and worries about electromagnetic radiation (EMR) health effects, Li-Fi's potential benefits over regular Wi-Fi were especially appealing. Objective: Determine the effectiveness of Li-Fi in delivering audio data. This included building a rudimentary Li-Fi circuit to carry audio data and testing its speed, security, and dependability. Methods: In the research, audio signals were converted to optical signals using a Li-Fi-based circuit. This was sent across a network. The efficiency and sustainability of solar panels were investigated. To secure transmitted data, advanced encryption was also tried. Results: The findings underlined li-Fi's improved performance, particularly in situations of high network traffic. This advantage is due to Li-Fi's use of light waves for data transport, which are less sensitive to interference than traditional radio frequency-based solutions. This study's basic Li-Fi circuit acted as a proof of concept in audio data transfer, highlighting the potential advantages of enhanced audio quality and increased security. Conclusion: Given the rising needs of IoT, Li-Fi appears as a viable competitor for future Internet infrastructure. The study highlights the benefits of Li-Fi while emphasizing the need for ongoing research and technological advances to fully realize its potential in various applications

The role of restaurants, canteens, other forms of eatery and food service outlets are becoming very big part of most economies at different levels. However improvement in customer experience while making orders plays a very critical role in having a smooth and efficient menu ordering process. This article presents a novel hybrid approach that tackles the challenges associated with menu ordering especially in the post-covid era; both from software and hardware perspectives. First, a web-application - powered by ReactJS and GraphQL, which enables order request anywhere at any time was developed. In addition, is the implementation of hardware with mobility feature on trips to the restaurant using two Arduino microcontrollers (transmitter and receiver). The result allows the user to browse through a catalogue, check-in and out on a Thin-Film-Transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display (LCD) and deliver a seamless experience to the customer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EAST ICRF system operating space has been extended in power and phase control with a low-level RF system for the new double-strap antenna. Then the multi-step power and periodic phase scanning experiment were conducted in L-mode plasma, respectively. In the power scanning experiment, the stored energy, radiation power, plasma impedance and the antenna's temperature all have positive responses during the short ramp-ups of PL,ICRF. The core ion temperature increased from 1 keV to 1.5 keV and the core heating area expanded from |Z|≤5cm to |Z|≤10cm during the injection of ICRF waves. In the phasing scanning experiment, in addition to the same conclusions as the previous relatively phasing scanning experiment, the superposition effect of the fluctuation of stored energy, radiation power and neutron yield caused by phasing change with dual antenna, resulting in the amplitude and phase shift, was also observed. The active control of RF output facilitates the precise control of plasma profiles and greatly benefits future experimental exploration.

The Author considers the hereditary transmission as a special legal phenomenon, analyzes problematic issues of the current legislation and possible ways to resolve them based on the established judicial practice. This topic seemed to the Author quite interesting, despite its obvious lack of demand in the judicial and notarial practice of the last five years. This scientific work is the result of theoretical and practical analysis, both of the entire institute of hereditary transmission, and of such categories (transmission, transmitter, procedural mechanisms) used in cases of inheritance of certain types of property. Important legal aspects of transmission inheritance of property are investigated both in marriage – family and blood – related relations, and in directly related to them, corporate and entrepreneurial. The Author's analysis of inheritance norms is accompanied by a comparison of them with similar norms of foreign legislation. On the example of more than twenty of the most significant court decisions of the Russian judicial authorities, the peculiarities of the system for implementing the institute of hereditary transmission in the Russian Federation and similar institutions in foreign legislation are revealed. Also, on the basis of an integrated approach, the institute of hereditary transmission is investigated in its relationship with various institutions of Russian law and economic analysis of inheritance processes. We believe that business inheritance and inheritance of other types of property, in particular, digital and non-documentary assets, at this stage of the development of Russian legislation is of urgent practical importance, since, transforming and complicating, it is often these relations that significantly affect the subjects of the relations that have arisen and their goals in terms of the implementation of rights and obligations in many areas of public life. We are convinced that the active, continuous development of corporate, family, bankruptcy and intellectual property relations on the one hand and the improvement of Russian legislation on the other will give positive dynamics to the institution of hereditary transmission, simplify the possibilities of its implementation and proof, preserve its significance and essence as one of the most important institutions of Russian hereditary law.