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Drowning is currently the second leading cause of injury-related death for children 1-4 years of age in the United States and is the leading cause of death worldwide for boys ages 5-14 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies it as a public health threat and advocates for reducing drowning deaths by understanding geographical, cultural, and societal risk factors. To these three we added a fourth: historical studies. To that end, we analyzed accidental causes of death between January 1, 1880, and December 31, 1939, in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, based on interment records from the Mt. Pleasant Cemetery. From these six decades (1880-1939) of data, we classified 217 cases as accidental deaths. Drowning was the leading cause of accidental mortality, accounting for 50 accidental deaths (23%). Drowning deaths were analyzed by the decedents' age and date of death. We discuss specific historical drowning risk factors and hypothesize how they may have affected drowning deaths from 1880-1939 in Minnehaha County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1920 to 1940 in Minnehaha County there was an apparent striking increase in the incidence of fatal myocarditis and chronic myocarditis. Based on an analysis of the interment records of the Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, word frequency studies in two prominent American medical journals and a general review of related medical publications, we explore this increase. We conclude that there was no actual increase in the frequency of inflammatory disorders of the myocardium in Minnehaha County during this period. Rather, it appears that the use of the diagnostic terms was a matter of choice among local physicians that was not supported by contemporaneous clinical and pathophysiologic publications in available journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the historical evolution of our understanding of the human embryo and its implications on culture, religion, ethics, and law. It authors explore the relationship between scientific embryology and philosophical perspectives, particularly within Western civilizations and predominantly Christian doctrine, from ancient Greece to the Renaissance, highlighting how concepts of conception and fetal development influenced various aspects of society.

The article focuses on the impact of governmental leaders' decisions on clinical practice, medical science, and public health in South Dakota. It discusses how these decisions affect abortion restrictions, gender identity, vaccine use, firearms safety, and medical school curriculum, and highlights the need for healthcare professionals to address distortions of science, spread of misinformation, and prejudiced policies in order to advocate for evidence-based healthcare.

The article offers information on the limited access to abortion in South Dakota due to federal and state laws and restrictions. Topics discussed are the case of a pregnant Native American woman who was denied the option of terminating a non-viable pregnancy due to the Hyde Amendment and South Dakota Medicaid policies; the limited availability of abortion clinics in the state; and the impact of the Dobbs v. Jackson decision overturning federal protections for abortion rights.

The article informs that practice of induced abortion has engaged the minds of physicians, scholars, philosophers, politicians, theologians and the public for over two thousand years. The Hippocratic Oath is a widely recognized document that has been used as a normative Hippocratic ethic for prohibiting abortion. However, the history of the Oath's relevance in the modern abortion controversy is complex due to differences in translations, cultural and religious influences.

Hunting is a primary driver of biodiversity loss across South-east Asia. Within Cambodia, the use of wire snares to capture wildlife is a severe threat in protected areas but there have been few studies of the behaviour of hunters from local communities. Here, we combine the unmatched count technique with direct questioning to estimate the prevalence of hunting behaviours and wildlife consumption amongst 705 households living within Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. We assessed respondents' knowledge of rules, and their perceptions of patrols responsible for enforcing rules. Estimates of hunting behaviour were variable: results from the unmatched count technique were inconclusive, and direct questioning revealed 9% of households hunted, and 20% set snares around farms to prevent wildlife eating crops. Hunting with domestic dogs was the method most commonly used to catch wildlife (87% of households owned dogs). Wild meat was consumed by 84% of households, and was most frequently bought or caught, but also gifted. We detected a high awareness of conservation rules, but low awareness of punishments and penalties, with wildlife depletion, rather than the risk of being caught by patrols, causing the greatest reduction in hunting. Our findings demonstrate the challenges associated with reliably estimating rule-breaking behaviour and highlight the need to incorporate careful triangulation into study design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural resources in and around protected areas in many countries in Africa are under intense pressure as a result of illegal behaviour, such as fishing, hunting and logging. A better understanding of local people's perceptions of the nature of illegal behaviour and the relevance of conservation actions would be useful in informing conservation decisions. We gathered information on the attitudes and perceptions of communities in the vicinity of Ugalla Game Reserve in western Tanzania regarding illegal behaviour and the effectiveness of conservation practices, using household surveys, key informants, and focus groups. We found that local people use the Reserve illegally, especially for hunting (28 ± SE 6%) and logging (20 ± SE 5%). We explored behaviours that are problematic for conservation in the partially protected areas around Ugalla. Local communities reported feeling isolated, harassed and intimidated by approaches used to protect Ugalla. They were angered by the conservation of Ugalla as a trophy hunting site for foreigners, and the excessive force and beatings used by game rangers to keep them away from the Reserve. Improving local livelihoods (17%), participatory conservation (16%), and giving people land for agricultural activities (16%) were among the ways that local communities felt would reduce illegal activities. Our findings suggest the need for conservation measures to benefit local communities around Ugalla transparently and equitably. Outreach programmes would help to raise conservation awareness and attract positive attitudes towards conservation. To encourage local support for conservation, we also suggest that conservation authorities create and maintain good relations with people living near the Reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of medical reformation outlined by Hoffman in a series of three papers in South Dakota Medicine and the challenge of legislation involving the independent practice of advanced practice nurses, we undertook two surveys of physicians and patients. We wanted to better understand physicians' attitudes toward certain opportunities for reform and how they conformed to the viewpoints of our patients. We found that, at least with respect to nurse practice legislation, physicians' perceptions were at odds with their patients over questions of access and quality. Moreover, we found attitudinal differences among physicians depending upon whether they were independent or affiliated with a health care system and whether they were primary care physicians or specialists. We concluded that physicians do not yet share the common understanding necessary to advocate for a principle of medical practice encompassing the core needs of patients and the spectrum of caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses aspects of the medical practice legislation for the certified nurse practitioners (NP) and certified nurse midwives (NM) in South Dakota. It highlights the proposed standard examination for all the practitioners of the healing arts under the medical practice legislation. It also cites the importance to maintain the control of medical practice under the quality and patient welfare.

Combating the surge of illegal wildlife trade (IWT) devastating wildlife populations is an urgent global priority for conservation. There are increasing policy commitments to take action at the local community level as part of effective responses. However, there is scarce evidence that in practice such interventions are being pursued and there is scant understanding regarding how they can help. Here we set out a conceptual framework to guide efforts to effectively combat IWT through actions at community level. This framework is based on articulating the net costs and benefits involved in supporting conservation versus supporting IWT, and how these incentives are shaped by anti-IWT interventions. Using this framework highlights the limitations of an exclusive focus on "top-down," enforcement-led responses to IWT. These responses can distract from a range of other approaches that shift incentives for local people toward supporting conservation rather than IWT, as well as in some cases actually decrease the net incentives in favor of wildlife conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A first person narrative is presented that explores the author's experience of healing through poetry.

The article talks about psychiatrist and physician Chaskel Leib Kanner also known as Leo Kanner, offering information on his work on autism. Kanner took his teaching of psychiatrists under the guidance of psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin and came into the service of treating insane people and mental illness in 1920, a political phase of Germany. It discusses insanity treatment in Dakota Territory by Kanner under politics, his working in Yankton Asylum mental hospital, and his records on insanity.

The article discusses the history of the South Dakota State Medical Association (SDSMA). Topics discussed include the transitions in the field of medicine in the mid-19th century, the growth of science and medicine, Germany as a leader in innovation and teaching, medical systems that offered their services including homeopathy and osteopathy and the founding fathers of SDSMA including S.B. McGlumphy and Oran Steadman Pine.

The article discusses the struggle of physician Samuel Augustine Brown in dealing with the typhoid epidemic in South Dakota in 1885. Topics discussed include symptoms of typhoid such as high body temperature, headache and sneezing; Brown's observation regarding typhoid outbreaks such as Sioux Falls' contaminated water and Sioux Falls physicians' response to the typhoid epidemic.

Introduction Blood and blood products are essential medical treatments for all age groups. The primary source for blood products in the U.S. is volunteer donors. Thus, donor recruitment and donor retention are vital factors for a blood bank to maintain its supply. We proposed that developing a better understanding of donors' motivations to donate would improve a blood bank's ability to secure a more robust supply of blood. Methods Individuals ages 18-36 were approached to participate in the study during their blood donation appointment by completing a questionnaire. SAS software was used to statistically analyze the responses. Univariate analysis was done using Fisher's exact test. A multivariate model was constructed controlling for age and marital status, including the variables that were significant in univariate analysis. Results No individual motivating or inhibiting factor reached statistical significance. The odds ratio for subsequent donation for donors with 10-plus donations versus those with one to three donations was 4.296 (p-value 0.004). The odds ratio regarding donors' likelihood of returning to donate for those donating within three to six months versus 1-plus year was 4.806 (p-value <0.001). No employer was found to discourage blood donations. Conclusions Although no individual factors were found to be statistically significant, the identification of optimal time intervals and total number of donations at which donors are more likely to return may allow for more strategic scheduling of blood drives, increasing the likelihood of a donor returning while also increasing the total number of donations for that individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of the mother's question from the prior visit became clear and the doctor again looked at the child's eyes, seeing, for the first time, that they were protruding. The doctor obtained a throat culture and wrote out prescriptions for an antihistamine, a decongestant and a mucolytic, requesting of the mother that she bring the child back in three days or sooner if she got worse. Extenuating Circumstances 136 M any of the elements we teach medical students have parallels in the non-medical universe where dwell philosophers, plumbers, salespersons, restaurant wait staff and sanitary engineers among others. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the use of feces in medical conditions and the difference in the words used for feces. It discusses the singular and plural use of the term feces, how feces can be used as an effective biological waste product as a fertilizer, how it had been used as stench weapon as per history in which Iranian nomads used dung with venom at the top of their missiles.