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Proximal remote sensing offers a powerful tool for high-throughput phenotyping of plants for assessing stress response. Bean plants, an important legume for human consumption, are often grown in regions with limited rainfall and irrigation and are therefore bred to further enhance drought tolerance. We assessed physiological (stomatal conductance and predawn and midday leaf water potential) and ground- and tower-based hyperspectral remote sensing (400 to 2,400 nm and 400 to 900 nm, respectively) measurements to evaluate drought response in 12 common bean and 4 tepary bean genotypes across 3 field campaigns (1 predrought and 2 post-drought). Hyperspectral data in partial least squares regression models predicted these physiological traits ( R 2 = 0.20 to 0.55; root mean square percent error 16% to 31%). Furthermore, ground-based partial least squares regression models successfully ranked genotypic drought responses similar to the physiologically based ranks. This study demonstrates applications of high-resolution hyperspectral remote sensing for predicting plant traits and phenotyping drought response across genotypes for vegetation monitoring and breeding population screening.

Regulation of fruit development has been central in the evolution and domestication of flowering plants. In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a major global staple crop, the two main economic categories are distinguished by differences in fiber deposition in pods: a) dry beans with fibrous and stringy pods; and b) stringless snap/green beans with reduced fiber deposition, but which frequently revert to the ancestral stringy state. To better understand control of this important trait, we first characterized developmental patterns of gene expression in four phenotypically diverse varieties. Then, using isogenic stringless/revertant pairs of six snap bean varieties, we identified strong overexpression of the common bean ortholog of INDEHISCENT (PvIND) in non-stringy types compared to their string-producing counterparts. Microscopy of these pairs indicates that PvIND overexpression is associated with overspecification of weak dehiscence zone cells throughout the entire pod vascular sheath. No differences in PvIND DNA methylation were correlated with pod string phenotype. Sequencing of a 500 kb region surrounding PvIND in the stringless snap bean cultivar Hystyle revealed that PvIND had been duplicated into two tandem repeats, and that a Ty1-copia retrotransposon was inserted between these tandem repeats, possibly driving PvIND overexpression. Further sequencing of stringless/revertant isogenic pairs and diverse materials indicated that these sequence features had been uniformly lost in revertant types and were strongly predictive of pod phenotype, supporting their role in PvIND overexpression and pod string phenotype.SignificanceFruit dehiscence is a key trait for seed dissemination. In legumes, e.g., common bean, dehiscence relies on the presence of fibers, including pod “strings”. Selections during domestication and improvement have decreased (dry beans) or eliminated (snap beans) fibers, but reversion to the fibrous state occurs frequently in snap beans. In this article, we document that fiber loss or gain is controlled by structural changes at the PvIND locus, a homolog of the Arabidopsis INDEHISCENT gene. These changes include a duplication of the locus and insertion/deletion of a retrotransposon, which are associated with significant changes in PvIND expression. Our findings shed light on the molecular basis of unstable mutations and provide potential solutions to an important pod quality issue.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have no competing interests.

Tele-mental health (tele-MH) is an important asset in rural areas across the United States where in-person service access can be limited This resource is even more critical now during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased demand for a virtual alternative to community-based mental health and substance use disorder services Many individuals are seeking behavioral health services due to distress related to COVID-19, in addition to a new group of individuals in need of these services who have been released from jails and prisons to prevent transmission of the virus within the facilities Jurisdictions around the country have rapidly implemented and/or expanded tele-MH to continue vital service provision The authors conducted semistructured phone interviews with five senior-level professionals involved in tele-MH provision across four rural U S regions (a six-county region of western Montana;Cumberland County, Maine;Polk County, Iowa;and a 10-county region of western South Dakota) concerning tele-MH services before and since COVID-19, benefits of the expanded technology, challenges to implementation, and any data collected thus far regarding satisfaction and effectiveness of tele-MH These examples of rural communities that have accelerated policy and programmatic changes around tele-MH may be beneficial for other communities considering tele-MH as well as serve as valuable opportunities for additional evaluation and sustainability post-COVID-19 (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Public Significance Statement-This article provides an overview of the particular challenges in rural community behavioral health service delivery since the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as how tele-mental health can assist with addressing these significant needs The discussion includes program descriptions of four rural areas of the United States that have implemented or expanded tele-mental health in behavioral health and criminal justice system services since the outbreak, which may serve as guidance for other rural communities around the United States (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

A conceptual model for community-based strategic planning to address the criminalization of adults with mental and substance use disorders, the Sequential Intercept Model has provided jurisdictions with a framework that overcomes traditional boundaries between the agencies within the criminal justice and behavioral health systems. This article presents a new paradigm, Intercept 0, for expanding the utility of the Sequential Intercept Model at the front end of the criminal justice system. Intercept 0 encompasses the early intervention points for people with mental and substance use disorders before they are placed under arrest by law enforcement. The addition of Intercept 0 creates a conceptual space that enables stakeholders from the mental health, substance use, and criminal justice systems to consider the full spectrum of real-world interactions experienced by people with mental and substance use disorders with regard to their trajectories, or lack thereof, through the criminal justice system.

This article describes a project that generated the recommendations of a panel of experts regarding the jail as a venue for the delivery of behavioral health care services. The project was a component of the MacArthur Foundation’s Safety and Justice Challenge initiative, which seeks to address over-incarceration by changing the way jails are conceptualized and used. The recommendations were grounded largely in the sequential intercept model that rests on two core principles: minimize the inappropriate penetration of persons with mental illness into the criminal justice system and recognize that the community is the unit of analysis to address criminal justice–mental health problems successfully. Other topics presented in the context of the initiative included bringing the community to scale, jail diversion, the limits of jail responsibility, and the Affordable Care Act’s role in providing insurance coverage for detainees.

This report provides a simple plugin methodology using the Python programming language. The methodology supports dynamic loading of plugins at execution time, allowing the user to select which plugin to use from the command line.

Large scale experimentation and analysis of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is an expensive and time consuming task. Even with the best planning, the environment at the time of the experiment is unpredictable, making large scale controlled experiments difficult to impossible to perform. At the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) we are using the EMANE (Extensible Mobile Ad-hoc Network Emulation) environment to supplement and extend live experiments in a controlled environment. Our emulation environment includes locally developed tools for real-time path loss calculations using the Longley-Rice irregular terrain model implemented on GPGPUs (General Purpose Graphics Processing Units). This real-time path loss calculation capability allows for the integration of virtual devices with live experiments and forces modeling and simulations. Live experiment integration is identified as one method to increase the perceived scale of the MANET to live participants and increase the repeatability of the experiment. This emulation system is currently being scaled to 1000s of CPU cores and emulated radios through the use of high performance computing assets and approaches. We will present this emulation platform in the context of the performance analysis of a MANET application, namely VoIP (Voice over IP).

While working on porting a C based project to use the GNU AutoTools for configuration and compilation we discovered that the guides available online were either outdated or not clear enough for someone unfamiliar with AutoTools. After successfully adding AutoTools to that project and many others, we thought other programmers may benefit from what we learned and the basic starter files that we created that make starting a new project from scratch or adding AutoTools to an existing project a snap. This report is not intended to be an in depth guide to all of the possible features and capabilities AutoTools provides. It is intended to provide the information and basic AutoTool configuration files needed for a typical project.

In a great many models constructed of various materials and analyzed in accordance with the theory of scale models, asphalt was the most nearly satisfactory material found to represent the salt, and weak muds of greater density than the asphalt were found to be best suited to represent the sedimentary overburden above the salt. The motivating force causing the upward growth of the model domes was produced by the contrast in the densities of the materials. Single domes were initiated in the laboratory by irregularities on the original asphalt surface, variations in overburden thickness, lateral variations in overburden density, deformation which produced normal faulting of the overburden, and by folding resulting from externally applied forces. The flowage of material into a dome produced a peripheral sink in the asphalt, which in turn caused the initiation of a group of secondary domes in a nearly circular arrangement about the margins of the sink. It appears, therefore, that it is not necessary to call upon a separate geologic event to account for the initiation of each known salt dome. Furthermore, no linear arrangement of salt domes should be expected if many domes are of secondary origin. The diameters of the model domes were approximately equal to the thickness of the source layers from which they developed. Attempts to form domes with large diameters from thin source beds were entirely unsuccessful. If a similar relationship between dome diameter and source-bed thickness exists in sedimentary basins, the source layer of salt in the salt-dome provinces of the Gulf Coastal Plain must be several thousands of feet thick. When the thickness of overburden above the top of a model dome exceeded a certain value, no further movement of the dome occurred provided that the overburden had a finite shear strength. The actual thickness required to prevent the growth of a dome depended on the height of the dome above its source layer, the density contrast between the overburden and the salt equivalent, and the strength of the overburden. In the models that were considered to be most nearly dimensionally correct, this critical thickness was approximately the same as the height of the dome above its source layer. Although the model domes displayed a variety of shapes in the early stages of their development, depending on the method of initiation employed, they became circular in horizontal cross section as they grew upward through successive layers of overburden. When the top of an asphalt dome entered overburden layers of low strength and low density near the surface of a model, the upper part of the dome commonly increased in diameter. The overburden was arched and fractured by the growth of the model domes. Beds penetrated by the asphalt core were broken by radial fractures, and the nearly triangular segments between these fractures were upturned by the rising asphalt. Layers above the core were arched and broken by normal faults. Grabens over the centers of many of the domes occurred as a result of the greater uplift of marginal fault segments; radial faults were numerous. The fault patterns in the models were controlled by the size and shape of the core, the depth of the core beneath the faulted layer, the amount of uplift of that layer, the configuration of the peripheral sink, and the physical properties of the overburden.