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Background: There is controversy on the efficacy and safety of chemical peels used to treat Hispanic women with melasma. Studies evaluating superficial peels for melasma are limited due to lack of controls, blinding or objective assessment tools, poor inclusion of darker phototypes, and small sample number. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peels when added to hydroquinone and tretinoin in the treatment of melasma in Hispanic women. Methods: A single blinded, prospective, split-face trial of superficial TCA peels was performed on Hispanic women with melasma. Topical hydroquinone and tretinoin were used on both sides. A total of four monthly peels were performed on one side. The relative reduction of melasma severity was evaluated using narrowband reflectance spectrophotometry (NRS), Modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), and Global Melasma Severity Assessment (GMSA). Adverse events were monitored. Results: Thirty-three patients completed the study. Pigment intensity was reduced on both sides based on all measures. A greater improvement of mMASI and GMSA was achieved on the peeled side. Limitations: Limitations include the single-center study design with one blinded investigator. Conclusion: Based on our results, TCA peels appear to be safe and effective in augmenting treatment response on melasma patients with phototypes III and IV treated with hydroquinone and tretinoin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Accurately identifying and quantifying polar metabolites using untargeted metabolomics has proven challenging in comparison to mid to non-polar metabolites. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry are predominantly used to target polar metabolites. Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate a simple one-step extraction combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) that reliably retains polar metabolites. Methods: The method involves a MilliQ + 10% trichloroacetic acid extraction from 6 healthy individuals serum, combined with porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The coefficient of variation (CV) assessed retention reliability of polar metabolites with logP as low as − 9. QreSS (Quantification, Retention, and System Suitability) internal standards determined the method's consistency and recovery efficiency. Results: The method demonstrated reliable retention (CV < 0.30) of polar metabolites within a logP range of − 9.1 to 5.6. QreSS internal standards confirmed consistent performance (CV < 0.16) and effective recovery (70–130%) of polar to mid-polar metabolites. Quality control dilution series demonstrated that ~ 80% of annotated metabolites could be accurately quantified (Pearson's correlation coefficient > 0.80) within their concentration range. Repeatability was demonstrated through clustering of repeated extractions from a single sample. Conclusion: This LC–MS method is better suited to covering the polar segment of the metabolome than current methods, offering a reliable and efficient approach for accurate quantification of polar metabolites in untargeted metabolomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effectiveness of the autologous plasma-rich fibrin plug technique for repairing small tympanic membrane perforations. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is also called second generation platelet rich plasma due to its high amount of growth factors which could be used in tympanic perforation closure. Being autologous, it is readily available with no immunogenic reactions. PRF membrane has a strong elastin fibrin structure containing growth factors and hence can be considered as an ideal sealing material or an adjuvant to the graft in repairing tympanic membrane perforations. Ours is a prospective study. A total of 52 patients with dry small tympanic membrane perforation were included in the study. In this technique, 10 ml of blood is withdrawn from the patient, processed in a centrifuge machine, and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is separated from the mixture for use in the repair of small tympanic membrane defects. Out of the 52 patients, 42 experienced successful repair (full closure) of the tympanic membrane. The mean time of closure of the perforation was around 2 weeks. However, five of them encountered failure. Although the size of the perforation decreased compared to the preoperative size. Additionally, two patients developed granulations on the tympanic membrane. No major side effects were noted. Autologous PRF is a product derived from whole blood through the process of centrifugation. It is safe and effective in promoting the natural process of wound healing by incorporating a high concentration of platelet-derived growth factors as well as fibrin into the graft mixture. This facilitates the rapid healing of tympanic membrane perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroacetic acid is a common nonvolatile byproduct of drinking water disinfection and poses carcinogenic risks to the human body. In this study, four types of nano-oxide@microcrystalline-cellulose-based adsorbents (P25@microcrystalline cellulose, SiO₂@microcrystalline cellulose (MCC-g-GMA@SiO2), Fe3O4@microcrystalline cellulose, and Fe2O3@microcrystalline cellulose) were successfully prepared by the pre-radiation grafting-embedding method. Subsequently, their ability to remove trichloroacetic acid from drinking water was investigated. The micro zonation morphology and surface properties of the materials were characterized and tested using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization methods. The effects of monomer concentration, embedding concentration, and absorbed dose on the weight gain rate were systematically investigated. A complete static adsorption equilibrium curve was obtained on the basis of the results of adsorption experiments of four buried nano-oxides. The performance of SiO2@microcrystalline cellulose was found to be significantly higher than that of the other three adsorbents. When the volum percentage of monomer concentration was 30%, the mass percentage of embedding concentration was 4%, and the absorbed dose was 60 kGy, the removal rate of trichloroacetic acid in drinking water reached 83.27%. This series of adsorbent materials present significant potential for practical application in drinking water purification.

[Display omitted] • The biodegradable surfactant-dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) was used as metal inhibitor. • Traces of BS-12 (10 mg·L−1) showed high inhibition efficiency (95.3 %) to cold-roll steel (CRS). • The MD simulations showed that the BS-12 adsorbed on the CRS surface horizontally. • The density of state proved that the electron transfer within BS-12 and CRS. • Adding BS-12 had no side effect on the performance of the nanofiltration membrane. The membrane process is an effective way to realize resource reutilization. Most membrane devices are made of cold-roll steel (CRS), which is easy to corrode when operating in acid conditions. Herein, the biodegradable surfactant dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) was used as the inhibitor to protect the CRS in the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution. The long-term stability membrane tests showed that adding BS-12 will not harm the membrane performance. The weight loss experiments proved that adding BS-12 with trace amount (10 mg·L−1) endowed the CRS with good inhibition efficiency (95.3 %). The electrochemical tests indicated that the mixed inhibitor- BS-12 works by inhibiting the anode and cathode simultaneously, and the polarization resistance increased to 21 times. The SEM, AFM, and CLSM tests proved that adding BS-12 enabled the CRS surface to remain stable. The FTIR and XPS tests proved that BS-12 adsorbed on the CRS surface via physical and chemical adsorption. The theoretical calculations proved the horizontal adsorption of BS-12 on the CRS surface and the existence of the electron transfer within the BS-12 and CRS. The BS-12 showed great potential in the CRS inhibition of the membrane separation and purification processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There are several treatment options for genital warts, but many can cause skin sensitivities or lead to a recurrence of lesions. This study seeks to compare the effectiveness of 20% zinc oxide ointment with 80% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution for treating genital warts. Materials and Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 88 women with genital warts were divided into two groups of 44. Group A received treatment with zinc oxide, while group B was treated with TCA. Patients were followed up three times, at the end of the fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks after the start of treatment, to assess the effectiveness of the treatments for genital warts. Results: The number, thickness, and diameter of genital warts decreased significantly in both groups during 12-week period (P=0.0001). However, the reduction in the number, thickness, and diameter of warts was significantly greater in the TCA group compared to the zinc oxide group (P=0.001). After 12 weeks, the TCA group achieved complete clearance of lesions in 84.1% of patients, while the zinc oxide group had a 31.7% clearance rate (P=0.001). Conclusions: Given the significantly higher rate of complete clearance of lesions achieved with TCA compared to zinc oxide, it may be a more effective treatment option and preferable in the management of genital warts.

Background: Acne is a common skin condition that is prevalent in 90% of the adolescent population. Inflammatory lesions of acne may lead to scarring. Various treatment modalities such as subcision, punch excision, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and fractional lasers have been tried for acne scars but with unsatisfactory results. Purpose: The aim of the present study is to compare the efficacy of microneedling with Jessner’s plus 35% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel versus the efficacy of microneedling with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for the management of atrophic acne scars. Methods: Sixty patients having atrophic scars due to acne were segregated into two groups each containing 30 patients. On Group A, patients microneedling was performed at weeks 0, 6, and 12 and Jessner’s plus 35% TCA peel was performed at weeks 3, 9, and 15. On Group B, patients microneedling and intradermal PRP were performed sequentially at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Patients were followed at the outset of the procedure and 24 weeks after the procedure using the Echelle d’Evaluation Clinique des Cicatrices d’acne (ECCA) score. Results: The difference in the mean ECCA score at the outset of the procedure and 24 weeks after the procedure was more in Group B as compared to Group A (47.8 ± 13.6 vs. 39.1 ± 11.4). Conclusion: The efficacy of the combination of microneedling with PRP was higher than the combination of microneedling with Jessner’s plus 35%TCA peel for the treatment of atrophic acne scars.

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions The hands are one of the areas where skin aging is most noticeable, alongside the face, but limited studies used dermoscopic evaluation on hand aging. The Dermoscopy Photoaging Scale (DPAS) is frequently used to assess face aging but is never used for hand aging. Treating skin aging using chemical peeling is a commonly used method to rejuvenate the skin on the hands, as it is relatively affordable. Using multiple chemical peels may yield more significant results.To determine the effectiveness of a chemical peeling combination in retarding hand aging and to assess the utility of DPAS in this process.This study involved 69 Fitzpatrick skin types III–IV volunteers aged 20–69. One hand of each participant was treated with 20% glycolic acid (GA), while the other received a combination of peels consisting of 20% GA and 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The hands were clinically examined before and after the treatments, and dermoscopic examinations were performed using a modified DPAS.Four treatments improved clinical and dermoscopic characteristics in both hands. The combined peeling considerably improved pigmentation intensity on the dorsal hand compared to the GA peel (p < 0.001). Post‐chemical peeling patient satisfaction increased significantly.The modified DPAS is a valuable instrument to assess the signs of hand aging. The combination of GA and TCA effectively improves skin aging of the hands and offers an accessible and economical option for addressing skin aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There are several treatment options for genital warts, but many can cause skin sensitivities or lead to a recurrence of lesions. This study seeks to compare the effectiveness of 20% zinc oxide ointment with 80% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution for treating genital warts. Materials and Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 88 women with genital warts were divided into two groups of 44. Group A received treatment with zinc oxide, while group B was treated with TCA. Patients were followed up three times, at the end of the fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks after the start of treatment, to assess the effectiveness of the treatments for genital warts. Results: The number, thickness, and diameter of genital warts decreased significantly in both groups during 12-week period (P=0.0001). However, the reduction in the number, thickness, and diameter of warts was significantly greater in the TCA group compared to the zinc oxide group (P=0.001). After 12 weeks, the TCA group achieved complete clearance of lesions in 84.1% of patients, while the zinc oxide group had a 31.7% clearance rate (P=0.001). Conclusions: Given the significantly higher rate of complete clearance of lesions achieved with TCA compared to zinc oxide, it may be a more effective treatment option and preferable in the management of genital warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External cervical root resorption may be occasionally mistaken for root caries and vice versa. Radiographical and clinical differential diagnoses of cervical root resorption and root caries are essential for correct treatment planning and a successful treatment outcome. This article reviews the contemporary literature and summarises the prevailing professional consensus pertaining to external cervical root resorption. Clinical diagnostics which help distinguish cervical root resorption from root caries are outlined and treatment approaches of external cervical root resorption are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare trichloroacetic acid (TCA) versus electrocautery (ECA) for the treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). This is an observational, single-center study. All subjects with HIV who had anal HSIL treated with TCA or ECA from 2010 to 2022 were included. Effectiveness was evaluated by on-treatment analysis, defining response as the resolution of HSIL and recurrence as a new diagnosis of HSILs during follow-up. A propensity score analysis was used to adjust for confounding factors. In total, 227 and 260 HSIL episodes were treated with ECA and TCA, respectively. Response was observed in 61.7% (95% CI: 55.3–68) of cases treated with ECA and in 73.1% (95% CI: 67.8–78.5) with TCA (p =.004). The effectiveness of TCA was higher in large and multifocal HSILs. Side effects were common with both treatments, but no serious events were described. Tolerability was good in 77.1% and 80.7% of patients treated with ECA and TCA, respectively. At 24 months, recurrent HSIL were observed in 36.3% (95% CI: 27.3–45) and 28% (95% CI: 20.2–35.8) in the ECA and TCA groups (p =.049). A nadir CD4 cell count ≤200 cells/µl was found to be a risk factor for recurrence (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.12–2.78). In this study, treatment with TCA showed high effectiveness, low recurrence and good tolerability. Considering the benefits of TCA, it could be considered one of the first-line treatments for anal HSIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acanthosis nigricans is a common hyperpigmentation disorder with a profound aesthetic impact. The primary concern of most patients is the cosmetic improvement, that is way there is a continuous search for the most effective cosmetic therapeutic option. METHODS: 40 acanthosis nigricans patients were included, lesions are split into equal halves; right side treated with TCA 15% peel and left side was treated with microneedling followed by TCA 15% peel, both sides were treated monthly for three months. Response to treatment was assessed by acanthosis nigricans grade improvement along with the percentage of improvement in texture and pigmentation individually. RESULTS: There was statistically signiffcant improvement in acanthosis nigricans grade after treatment in both sides. The combination side showed more improvement in terms of texture and pigmentation. CONCLUSION: Both TCA 15% alone or combined with microneedling were effective in improving acanthosis nigricans with superior results in combination modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein glutaminase (PG), originating from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum, can catalyze the deamidation of glutamine residues in plant proteins into glutamic acid, thus enhancing its functional properties. However, the low yield of PG limits its industrial production. In this study, the yield of PG in C. proteolyticum TM1040 increased by 121 %, up to 7.30 U/mL in a 15 L fermenter after medium optimization. Subsequently, purified PG was obtained by cation exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). The degree of deamidation (DD) of wheat gluten after purified PG deamidation was 87.11 %, which is superior to chemical deamidation in safety and DD. The emulsifying and foaming properties of deamidated wheat gluten were 2.67 and 18.86 times higher, and the water- and oil-holding properties were 4.23 and 18.77 times higher, respectively. The deamidated wheat gluten with enhanced functional properties was used to improve the flavor and texture in baking cakes.

Abstract Background The tympanic membrane (TM) forms the partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear. Perforations occur as a result of acute otitis media or traumatic causes which undergoes healing spontaneously over 3 to 4 weeks. Non-surgical methods are successful in the closure of small to medium-sized perforations. Chemicals used for the cauterization of the margins of perforation are trichloroacetic acid and silver nitrate. This study was performed in a total of 90 patients. External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, site and size of perforation, and middle ear mucosa status were assessed followed by pure tone audiometry. One group constituting 45 subjects underwent TCA cauterization under sterile precautions. Another group of 45 subjects underwent the same procedure with TCA cautery and gel foam application for perforation closure. The procedure was repeated once a week for about 6 weeks. The effectiveness of these two procedures was compared between the two groups after a waiting period of 2 weeks. Results The mean age of the study population is 41.84 ± 16.71. Of the 90 study participants, 54.4% (N = 49) were less than 40 years of age, gender, cause, and laterality of perforation were not associated with the outcome whereas the size of the perforation was significantly associated with the closure of TM perforation with chi-square value of 7.028 and P value of 0.008 (

Introduction: Seborrheic keratosis (SK) are benign lesions with cosmetic concerns. Role of TCA and erbium YAG laser has already been described individually in the literature. However, there is a scarcity of data on the comparative evaluation of these two modalities in SK. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety profile of Erbium YAG laser ablation with 70% TCA for the treatment of facial SK. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 cases of facial SK were included in the study. Group A included SK lesions on the right side of face treated with Erbium YAG laser ablation while Group B included SK lesions on the left side of face treated with topical 70% trichloroacetic acid. Repeated sessions of laser and TCA application were given at 2-week intervals till cure was achieved or up to a maximum of three sessions. Grading of response to treatment was assessed as complete response (100% clearance), partial response (>50 to 99% improvement), and inadequate or no response (<50% improvement). Results: Complete clearance was observed in 40 (80%) and 29 (58%) cases in Groups A and B, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in clearance rates between the two groups (P = 0.019). Number of sessions was significantly lesser in laser group (mean ± SD = 1.24 ± 0.43) than in the 70% TCA group (mean ± SD = 1.88 ± 0.79) (P = 0.001). Statistically significant lesser downtime was observed in group A (P = 0.001). Patient satisfaction rate was much higher in group A. Hyperpigmentation was more common in group B (TCA). Conclusion: Although both the treatment modalities achieved good results, erbium YAG laser ablation showed superior results than 70% TCA with better patient satisfaction rates but more downtime. Also, no major adverse effects were observed in the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is a benign cosmetic condition. Although the role of CO2 laser is well described, there are only a few studies on Erbium: YAG in XP. Similarly, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is commonly used in XP. However, there are only a few studies comparing these modalities in the treatment of XP. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Erbium: YAG laser and 50% TCA in the treatment of XP with the role of dermoscope in the evaluation of lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 subjects were randomly allocated into two groups: group A (TCA) and group B (laser). All patients were subcategorized into three grades viz. I (mild), II (moderate), and III (severe) using a self-devised scoring system. Results: About 25% and 70% of patients achieved complete clearance in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.017). The rate of recurrence was 40% and 15% in groups A and B. Dyspigmentation and erythema were the most common side effects. Pretreatment dermoscopic evaluation of the lesion showed a network of brown streaks on a background of a yellowish structureless area and was used to assess the area and margins of the lesion where the adipose tissue was found during the procedure and serial assessment of the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To Evaluate the efficacy and Safety of Fractional CO2 Laser versus 70% trichloroacetic acid peel in the treatment of facial freckles and lentigines in Asian people of skin type III & IV. Methods A randomized clinical trial, with 92 cases complying with inclusion standards were enrolled. In groups A, 46 patients were treated with fractional CO2 laser. In group B, 46 patients were treated with 70% trichloroacetic acid peel. All the patients were treated and assessed at four weekly intervals for three consecutive sessions by taking photographs. Final results were concluded one month after the last session. Results 92 patients completed the study with mean age of 29±5 years. In group A, 38% patients showed 75% lightening while in Group B, 49% patients showed good response in lesions clearance on face (80-90% lightening). So, the efficacy was significantly higher in patients treated with 70% TCA peel as compared to CO2 laser (p-value=0.001). Overall percentage reduction in PSI score was higher in group B (64.80%) followed by group A (46.61%). Conclusion 70% TCA was found more efficacious than CO2 laser for pigmented lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tympanic membrane (TM) forms the partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear. Perforations occur as a result of acute otitis media or traumatic causes which undergoes healing spontaneously over 3 to 4 weeks. Non-surgical methods are successful in the closure of small to medium-sized perforations. Chemicals used for the cauterization of the margins of perforation are trichloroacetic acid and silver nitrate. This study was performed in a total of 90 patients. External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, site and size of perforation, and middle ear mucosa status were assessed followed by pure tone audiometry. One group constituting 45 subjects underwent TCA cauterization under sterile precautions. Another group of 45 subjects underwent the same procedure with TCA cautery and gel foam application for perforation closure. The procedure was repeated once a week for about 6 weeks. The effectiveness of these two procedures was compared between the two groups after a waiting period of 2 weeks. Results: The mean age of the study population is 41.84 ± 16.71. Of the 90 study participants, 54.4% (N = 49) were less than 40 years of age, gender, cause, and laterality of perforation were not associated with the outcome whereas the size of the perforation was significantly associated with the closure of TM perforation with chi-square value of 7.028 and P value of 0.008 (< 0.05). Overall, TM closure was achieved in 3.56 applications in TCA with gel foam patching whereas in 6.02 applications with TCA alone. Conclusion: TCA cauterization with or without gel foam patching can be performed as a first-line treatment in adults with small to medium-sized perforations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acanthosis nigricans (AC) is a common chronic skin disorder clinically presenting as velvety, hyperpigmented lesions that can affect any part of the body, including the face. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of fractional CO2 laser and TCA 20% peel in the treatment of pseudo-acanthosis nigricans. METHODS: The current study adopted an experimental, comparative split-neck design. It included a total of 20 patients with bilateral pseudo-acanthosis nigricans of the neck. Each patient was subjected to four sessions, spaced three weeks apart, involving fractional CO2 laser therapy on the right side and TCA 20% application on the left side. The evaluation of cases involved the utilization of the ANASI score and the assessment conducted by two dermatologists blinded to the treatment, both prior to and three months following the treatment. RESULTS: Regarding Clinical improvement, 20% of the Fractional CO2 laser side had excellent improvement, and 45 percent had marked improvement. In contrast, the TCA 20% peel side had 2 percent marked improvement, 50 percent moderate improvement, and 40 percent mild improvement. In terms of response to therapy sessions, there was a statistically significant difference between the studied treatment sides (p<0.001). Regarding ANASI score differences between treated sides before and after treatment, a statistically significant reduction in ANASI score was observed, with a higher percentage of reduction in the Fractional CO2 laser side compared to the TCA 20% peel side. LIMITATIONS: The primary limitations are the small sample size and short follow-up period. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of pseudo- acanthosis nigricans, it appears that fractional CO2 laser and TCA 20% are promising, effective, and well-tolerated modalities. However, the Fractional CO2 laser was associated with a better response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical peeling treats facial cutaneous aging and may avoid risks in patients with sensitive skin, darker skin types, limited finances, or concern for side effects of other resurfacing techniques. Tolerability and improvement of photoaging using a combination peel containing 6% trichloroacetic acid and 12% lactic acid for treatment of mild‐to‐moderate signs of facial photoaging were assessed. This is a prospective, single‐center, single‐arm, study of 32 female subjects with mild‐to‐moderate signs of facial aging and Fitzpatrick Skin Types I–V treated with three monthly treatments of a combination peel containing 6% trichloroacetic acid and 12% lactic acid. After 3 treatments, there were statistically significant improvements in clarity, brightness, redness, pigmentation, fine lines, tactile and visual roughness, and overall appearance scores. Subjective improvements in photoaging parameters varied from 53% (fine lines) to 91% (clarity/brightness). Three treatments with a combination peel containing 6% trichloroacetic acid and 12% lactic acid achieved improvements in signs of facial photoaging. This procedure is safe and effective at treating cutaneous aging for all skin types and a viable option for patients who wish to avoid other resurfacing techniques such as laser resurfacing, microneedling among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds contain many macronutrients including protein, therefore they can be utilized to fulfil the protein requirements of human beings. This research focused on extracting total protein in green seaweed Ulva anandii (Amjad et Shameel 1993), from the crude extracts, by using the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and acetone precipitation methods, and the estimation of crude extract (water-soluble proteins), and those obtained from the two above-mentioned methods. The results indicate that the water-soluble proteins had the highest quantity (949.75µg/mL) followed by the TCA precipitation method (831µg/mL), while the acetone precipitation method had the least concentration of total protein (100 µg/mL). The study concludes that treatment with organic solvents lowers the quantity of protein extracted from U. anandii.

Prasetyadi Mawardi, Lian Kamilah, Fanny Fauziyyah Heryadi, Azhar Arrosyid Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University/Dr Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Prasetyadi Mawardi, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University/Dr Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, Tel +6281229750211, Email prasetyadi_m@staff.uns.ac.idIntroduction: Anogenital warts (AGW) is one of the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Treatment modalities of AGW yield low clearance and recurrence rate, so that chemical cautery with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and electrosurgery are widely used to remove the lesions without any severe side effects.Objective: To investigate the efficacy of chemical cautery with TCA and electrosurgery in AGW based on clinical trials or case series.Methods: The systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) but not registered to the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO). To acquire proper and accurate information from relevant literature, two databases PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2013 to March 2023.Results: Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review, comprising seven articles on chemical cautery and six electrosurgery articles. The highest cure rate of chemical cautery with TCA was 94.1% while electrosurgery was 100%. A relatively low recurrence rate during 1 year follow-up was observed in electrosurgery with 14.6%, whereas the chemical cautery was 27.6%.Conclusion: Electrosurgery for AGW treatment had higher cure rate with lower recurrence rate compared to chemical cautery with TCA. Numerous adverse effects of electrosurgery were reported include bleeding and scar formation as high risk of HPV infection.Keywords: anogenital warts, chemical cautery, electro cautery, electrosurgery, trichloroacetic acid

Abstract We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the protective roles of boron (B) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-induced hepatotoxicity by assessing TCA exposure in vivo and exploring the potential mechanisms by which B protects against TCA-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. For the in vivo study, we evaluated TCA-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 25, 50, 125, and 500 mg/kg/day of TCA, respectively, for 21 days. We found that the mice’s liver weight was significantly increased, and that there were changes in hepatic histopathology, particularly in mice treated with the highest dosage (500 mg/kg/day). TCA also increased the hepatic oxidoreductase activity of medium-chain and long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA), which are biomarkers of peroxisome proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, we established a TCA-induced HepG2 cell model of oxidative damage to estimate the cytotoxicity and determine the positive effects of B administration in vitro. We found that B administration significantly reduced oxidative stress by attenuating the production of TCA-induced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. B also significantly downregulated the concentrations of certain cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor-beta, which are predominantly associated with the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In addition, B significantly upregulated phospho-p38 levels and downregulated Bax and p21 levels in the cytoplasm and downregulated p38 and p21 levels in the nucleus. Taken together, our findings suggest that the protective role of B against TCA-induced hepatotoxicity primarily involves alleviation of oxidative damage and cell apoptosis caused by TCA and might be mediated via the p38 MAPK pathway.

A facile one-pot four-component synthetic methodology is evolved to construct novel copper(II) benzo[f]chromeno[2,3-h]quinoxalinoporphyrins in good yields via a sequential reaction of copper(II) 2,3-diamino-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins, 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, aromatic aldehydes, and dimedone in the presence of a catalytic amount of trichloroacetic acid in chloroform at 65 °C. Further, the newly prepared copper(II) porphyrins were transformed to the corresponding free base and zinc(II) benzo[f]chromeno[2,3-h]quinoxalinoporphyrins under standard demetallation and zinc insertion conditions. The absorption and emission properties of the obtained porphyrins were investigated by using UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The preliminary photophysical results revealed a significant red-shift in their absorption and emission spectra as compared to the meso-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)porphyrins due to the extended π-conjugation.

Background: Isolated tracheo-esophageal fistulas (TEF) are rare and challenging, possibly leading to severe complications. We evaluated the outcomes in a large series of patients treated in 9 referral Centers for airway surgery, and suggested an ideal management algorithm. Methods: A multicentric retrospective study on TEF was performed. Results: 186 cases were collected. Among 101 patients with recurrent TEF after EA repair, 1 was treated successfully with thoracoscopy, 23 with open surgery with TEF division and tissue interposition, with 15 complete resolution (65 %), 2 TEF recurrence (9 %) and 6 other complications (26 %), and 77 received TCA endoscopic cauterization, with complete resolution in 61 (79 %). Among 54 patients with congenital H-type fistula, 1 received conservative treatment with resolution; 4 underwent thoracoscopy (50 % resolution); 6 had endoscopic cauterization (33 % resolution); 44 received open surgery, with 43 (98 %) successes. In the last group, the majority of TEF was ligated and divided with tissue interposition. Among 26 post-traumatic fistulas (mechanical trauma, battery or caustic ingestion), 6 patients received endoscopic procedure and 5 of them (83 %) reached complete resolution. The other 19 received open surgery (trans-tracheal direct FTE closure with tracheal resection), and 12 had complete resolution (63 %). Two patients eventually died and complication rate was 23 %. Other 5 cases (3 Bronchial-Esophageal Fistulas and 2 TEF after cleft repair) were treated endoscopically or with open approach. Conclusion: Endoscopic cauterization can be the preferred treatment for recurrent TEF after EA, while for the congenital H-type and post-traumatic TEF the open approach remains our first choice.

Since antiquity, chemical peelings are still widely used to treat skin aging. There are a variety of substances, techniques, and considerations for each type of peeling. However, this case series aims to present a non-described form of application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and retinoic acid to treat fine static wrinkles on the face. The technique consists of applying the TCA peeling directly to the facial rhytids and, subsequently, retinoic acid peeling all over the face for 6 hours.

Background: Lactic acid is a common active ingredient in many topical skincare products; however, measuring its delivery into the skin is challenging due to the presence of a large level of endogenous lactic acid. In this study, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) was used to quantitatively and qualitatively measure the delivery of lactic acid into the skin from a range of topical skincare products. Materials and methods: Porcine skin samples were treated with various skincare products containing lactic acid. After 24 h, skin samples were sectioned and treated via H&E staining or prepared for MALDI‐MSI using chemical derivatization. Samples were then analyzed by MALDI‐MSI imaging to obtain lactic acid distribution in the entire skin section. Results: Due to the high level of endogenous lactic acid in the skin, a "triple isotope" of lactic acid (L‐Lactic acid‐13C3), was needed to provide full resolution from the skin's background signal with MALDI‐MSI. With this approach, the topically delivered lactic acid could be quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed from a variety of skincare products. Conclusions: The combination of L‐Lactic acid‐13C3 and MALDI‐MSI was successfully used to quantitatively and qualitatively measure the topical delivery of lactic acid from a variety of skincare products. This approach could be used in future work to better understand the mode of action of lactic acid as an active ingredient in skincare products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the protective roles of boron (B) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-induced hepatotoxicity by assessing TCA exposure in vivo and exploring the potential mechanisms by which B protects against TCA-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. For the in vivo study, we evaluated TCA-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 25, 50, 125, and 500 mg/kg/day of TCA, respectively, for 21 days. We found that the mice's liver weight was significantly increased, and that there were changes in hepatic histopathology, particularly in mice treated with the highest dosage (500 mg/kg/day). TCA also increased the hepatic oxidoreductase activity of medium-chain and long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA), which are biomarkers of peroxisome proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, we established a TCA-induced HepG2 cell model of oxidative damage to estimate the cytotoxicity and determine the positive effects of B administration in vitro. We found that B administration significantly reduced oxidative stress by attenuating the production of TCA-induced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. B also significantly downregulated the concentrations of certain cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor-beta, which are predominantly associated with the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In addition, B significantly upregulated phospho-p38 levels and downregulated Bax and p21 levels in the cytoplasm and downregulated p38 and p21 levels in the nucleus. Taken together, our findings suggest that the protective role of B against TCA-induced hepatotoxicity primarily involves alleviation of oxidative damage and cell apoptosis caused by TCA and might be mediated via the p38 MAPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common warts are benign skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus. Although they are usually not harmful, they can cause pain, depending on their location. While many modalities are available for treatment of warts, none is a gold standard, and many are not affordable and/or have suboptimal outcomes. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a chemical tissue-destroying agent used as a highly concentrated solution for wart management. While available and efficient, it is difficult to handle as the solution spreads to tissue surrounding the wart causing pain and burning. Hence, we developed a new polymer-based gel of high TCA content (100% w/v). Gels were formed successfully as hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and chitosan were used to impart viscosity and bioadhesion. Formulae of different concentrations were tested for their physical properties, and the optimal formulation was selected for clinical evaluation. A combination of 3% HEC and 2% chitosan provided optimal viscosity and limited water content and have acceptable stability. The efficacy and safety of the biweekly application of TCA gel were evaluated in 30 patients. The clinical study revealed gel's efficacy and tolerability; half of the patients showed a complete cure, and 90% showed improvement within 6 weeks. Only 10–12% of the patients reported side effects. In summary, transforming TCA solution into a gel enabled its application and handling in a practical manner by physicians and patients alike, while maintaining its efficacy as a tissue-destroying agent. Moreover, it is economic and easy to apply, rendering it a promising formulation for similar conditions requiring controlled tissue ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder caused by a breakdown in the follicular immune privilege system, resulting in non-scarring hair loss. Many therapeutic options have been tested with variable results. Aim of the work: To assess the efficacy of trichloroacetic acid [TCA] 35% in patients of alopecia areata.Patients and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 40 patients recruited from department of dermatology and venereology, Al-Hussein hospital. Every patient was treated by 3 sessions of TCA 35% with one-month intervals. The assessment was done by clinical, trichoscopy, and histopathological examination.Results: The study included 40 patients, 22 males [55%] and18 females [45%]. The mean age of studied patients was 25.6 ± 8.6 years with a minimum age of 16 years and a maximum age of 50 years. The duration of the disease ranged between 2 months and 10 years with a mean duration of 2.7 ± 2.5 years. Thirty patients [75%] showed improvement at the end of TCA sessions.Conclusion: Based on our findings, topical application of TCA 35% is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with alopecia areata. Moreover, it can be used in wide areas of the scalp and cases of alopecia totalis.

Objective: Our aim in this study is to determine if a pretreatment could make bone cement connection stronger and reduce the failure rate. Material and Methods: Twenty-four 6-9 months old female rats were divided into 2 groups as "day 0" and "day 90". Four different applications were made to the 2 × 2 cm² surgical area. Freshly prepared glass ionomer bone cement (GIBC) was applied by removing the periosteum with bipolar in the first application, by keeping the perichondrium intact in the second application, by removing the periosteum with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution in the third application, and by removing the periosteum mechanically in the last application. After these rats were sacrificed on day 0 and day 90, mechanical tests were made to the bone cements and shear strength values were calculated by dividing the maximum measured forces by the apparent contact areas. Results: Although shear forces were higher on day 90 than on day 0 (p=0.007), subgroup analyses revealed that the differences were significant in only the subperiosteum group (p=0.003). According to the pairwise comparisons, subperiosteal bone cement application yielded significantly higher shear forces on day 90 compared to the others (p<0.003) while the supraperiosteum, TCA, and electrocoagulation groups were similar to each other. Conclusion: GIBC reached its highest shear strength with time after a subperiosteal application. We do not recommend any of the pre-treatments tried in this study over a supra periosteal application before a bone cement ossiculoplasty since no increase in shear strength could be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a headspace -gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (HS -GC -MS) method for determining trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in urine that can solve the interference of chloroform. Methods According to the principle that trichloroacetic acid transforms into chloroform after heating and decarboxylation in a water bath, the HS-GCMS method was used to detect the peak area of chloroform before and after the water bath of the sample, and the accurate concentration of TCA was calculated according to the difference in peak area. Results The method was used to determine TCA in urine, and it showed good linearity in the range of 0.01 -50 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 9, a detection limit of 0.2 μg/L, a recovery rate of 96.8%-100.4%, and a relative standard deviation of 1.5%-2.3%. The sample can be stored at room temperature, 4 °C, or -25 °C for 14 days without degradation. When chloroform was less than 10 mg/L, there was no interference with the determination. Conclusions The method is simple, fast, and accurate and is suitable for determining TCA in the urine of occupational populations and poisoned patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroacetic acid is known as one of the harmful disinfection byproducts with chlorine of tap water and is regulated according to legally binding standards in Japanese Drinking Water Quality Standards. We developed a high-purity trichloroacetic acid reference material, NMIJ CRM 4074-a, with certified purity as a traceability source of standard solution supplied under the Japan Calibration Service System (JCSS). As trichloroacetic acid is hygroscopic, water could be the main impurity. Although all impurities in the sample can be possibly detected by the freezing point depression method (FPD), it was unclear for trichloroacetic acid whether water was detected by FPD owing to evaporation of water from the sample during fusion. Therefore, we confirmed that water in trichloroacetic acid was detected as an impurity by FPD. The procedure was validated from an increment of purity by FPD due to reduction of water content and an agreement of purity by FPD with those by neutralization titrimetry (NT) and mass balance approach (MBA), both methods were based on different measurement principles from FPD. The certified value was determined to be (0.999 ± 0.003) kg kg−1 from the purity assay by FPD and NT, and uncertainties due to the homogeneity and stability of the CRM were included in the expanded uncertainty. The reliability of the certified value was verified by the agreement of purities by FPD, NT, and MBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemical peeling is the controlled wounding of the epidermis and dermis for skin rejuvenation, involving the application of ablative agents to induce keratolysis and regeneration of damaged cell layers. Prolonged erythema is one complication of this procedure. We report the prevalence and probable etiology of prolonged facial erythema in a cohort of patients treated with medium‐depth chemical peels. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted of all medium‐depth facial chemical peels performed at two major teaching hospitals. All patients had severe facial photodamage affecting at least 75% surface area of the face. The occurrence of prolonged erythema following this peel was then identified and analyzed. Results: Of our treatment cohort (n = 82, 51 women, 31 men) with 60 years mean (61.3 years for women, 56.7 years for men), 10 patients (12%; eight women, two men) experienced prolonged erythema beyond a month of treatment. Facial psoriasis was not apparent at the time of chemical peel but manifested as prolonged erythema beyond the expected timeframe following the procedure. Conclusion: When patients experience prolonged erythema beyond a month of treatment and fail to respond to standard treatments, clinicians should examine carefully for extra‐facial psoriasis prior to this procedure, and also consider facial psoriasis a possible cause of prolonged post‐peel erythema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background & Aim: A tumor is merely a mass of tissue that does not perform any physiological function; it can be either benign or malignant. Cancer is being regarded as a malignant ailment emerging from unrestricted cell division occurring in the body to make mass of tissues. Spondias mombin L. (Family- Anacardiaceae) grows in coastal areas and in the rain forest into a big tree of up to 15 – 22 m. This study investigated the efficacy of S. mombin aqueous and n-hexane extracts in chemically induced tumor-bearing animals. Experimental: Twenty-eight (28) healthy rats were used and grouped into seven (7). Six groups were induced with trichloroacetic acid and ethidium bromide leaving out normal control group for 28 days prior to treatments. LBH589 (standard anticancer drug, 500 mg/kg) served as positive control. At the termination of the experiments, the animals were sacrificed; solid tumor volume was determined, blood and tissue samples were collected for hematology and histopathology respectively. Results: The results showed very significant reduction in the solid tumour volumes of S. mombin leaves extracts treated groups compared to positive and untreated control groups. The result of hematological parameters showed that the hemoglobin content, red blood cell and white blood cell counts of all treated groups were near to normal control group. Normal histological features were observed in control group animals, the negative groups showed the manifestations of cancer, all the treatment groups showed significant levels of repair almost similar to normal features in control group particularly in intestines and lungs of the experimental animals. Recommended applications/industries: The present data provided substantial evidence that S. mombin leaves suppressed tumor growth in experimental animals and suggested that the extracts are potential antitumorigenic agent inhibiting chemically induced lung and intestinal tumors.

Currently, the bottom-up approach, in which proteins are digested by enzymes such as trypsin prior to mass spectrometry, is the mainstream approach in mass spectrometer-based proteomics. In this approach, the enzymatic digestion process strongly affects the reproducibility of protein identification and quantification. Here, we quantitatively evaluated the enzymatic digestion of proteins under various conditions by quantitative proteomics using data-independent acquisition and found that proteins precipitated with acetone after solubilization with SDS were fully digestible without re-solubilization. This result implies that organic solvent treatment makes cells amenable to trypsin digestion. Direct trypsin digestion of methanol-fixed cells achieved the same digestion efficiency and quantitative reproducibility as the conventional method. Furthermore, this method was found to be equally applicable to mouse liver samples. The establishment of this method indicates that the sample preparation process in bottom-up proteomics can be simplified while maintaining high digestion efficiency and is expected to become a general method for sample preparation in bottom-up proteomics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the challenges in health system in occurrence of which oxidative stress plays an important role. Considering Froriepia subpinnata (Anarijeh=FS) antioxidant effects, this study aimed to investigate its effect on preventing the occurrence of liver toxicity induced by Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in animal model. FS hydroalcoholic extract was prepared from the aerial parts by maceration method. Forty-eight rats were divided into 8 groups as: control animals, treated with TCA (500 mg/kg) TCA+FS treated groups (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), FS treated group 400 mg/kg, and doxorubicin (DOX) treated group (at 2.5 mg/kg) and TCA + DOX treated group. After 28 days, blood was collected and serum was isolated. then Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured followed by liver tissue examination of histopathologically by light microscope. TCA significantly increased the amount of MDA and FS, at different concentrations, (100, 200, and 400mg/kg) decreased it compared to other groups (P=0.05). The amount of TNFa was decreased by TCA but DOX increased considerably and FS treatment did not change the effect of TCA on TNFa level. Serum level of GPX, TAC, ALT, AST and ALP did not change by either TCA or FS treatment. TCA damaged liver tissue and caused hepatocyte degeneration, sinusoidal stenosis and vacuolization of cytoplasm. FS protected liver tissue in a dose dependent manner and at the dose of 400 mg/kg had better effect on reducing tissue damages. FS has a protective effect against histopathological changes induced by TCA in rat's liver tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was performed to assess the localization of radiolabeled Carnitine (CARNT) in different organs of rats. Radiolabeling of Carnitine (CARNT) was performed using Tc-99m with reasonable purity of 96.7±2.21% at the optimum conditions. The radiochemical purification of the 99mTc-CARNT was achieved by the TLC tool in two solvents and confirmed by the electrophoresis procedure. The 99mTc-CARNT was injected into three groups of rats. These rats were classified into three groups: the first one is a control group, the second was a pretreated group which was the toxicity group primarily treated by inactive Carnitine, and the last group is the toxicity rats group. The toxicity of rats was induced by Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA). The biochemical markers were done to describe the impacts of TCA on the enzymes and lipids of the rats. The accumulation of 99mTc-CARNT was examined at various times from 15.00 min to 120.00 min in three groups of rats (control, pretreated, and toxicity rats). The results explained that the 99mTc-CARNT was accumulated in the hepatotoxicity liver which was induced by the TCA higher than in control and pretreated rats. Hence, the data exhibited that the 99mTc-CARNT may be helpful for the determination of hepatocyte dysfunction in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a definitive diagnosis, management of invasive cervical resorption (ICR) usually requires multiple steps to eliminate this pathosis. These may include the surgical isolation of the defect and removal of the fibrous, clastic cellular-based resorptive tissue, use of a high concentration of an escharotic agent to eliminate resorptive channels of the invasive pathosis that burrow deeply into the tooth structure, root canal treatment and a proper restoration, using a biocompatible resin-based material. This approach has been shown to be widely acceptable in many cases of ICR. The effectiveness of eliminating the invasive process depends greatly on the safe and judicious use of the escharotic agent, namely 90% trichloroacetic acid, which may also cause damage to the adjacent healthy tissue if not used properly. This case report addresses the use of a lower concentration of trichloroacetic acid in an attempt to safeguard the adjacent tissues in the presence of a significant ICR defect, with a positive outcome being noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The purpose of the work was to determine the effect of trichloroacetic (TCA) and perchloric (HClO4) acids on the result of ninhydrin reaction with various amino acids. Methods. A standard method of amino acid detection using a ninhydrin reagent was applied. Optical spectra and density of reaction products were determined spectrophotometrically. Results and conclusions. As a result, it was found that the studied acids change the spectral characteristics of the products of the ninhydrin reaction with amino acids. TCA significantly reduced the optical density of chromophores, and HClO4 also led to a significant shift of the spectra of the reaction products into the short-wavelength region. An exception was the reaction with proline, as a result of which a well-defined maximum appeared in the product spectrum: ?= 620 nm in the presence of TCA and ?=515 nm with HClO4. At the same time, in the presence of HClO4, the reaction became highly specific for proline. Conditions. The ninhydrin reaction with proline upon addition of HClO4 were analyzed in detail. As a result, a new method of highly specific determination of proline in the presence of other amino acids was proposed.

Invasive cervical resorption is a silent, yet aggressive resorption on the external surface of root that affects the cervical area below the epithelial attachment and above the ridge crest. Proper diagnosis and management of this condition determine the outcome of the treatment. Advancements in digital imaging modalities such as cone‑beam computed tomography have enabled the clinician to diagnose and locate extent of pathological changes with great precision. Studies have reported that the use of 90% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has got the ability to arrest the clastic activity. The commonly used materials to seal the resorptive defect are mineral trioxide aggregate and its modifications. This is a case report of surgical management of invasive cervical root resorption of mandibular canine using 90% TCA and the bioactive cement, Biodentine as restorative material to seal the defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Solar lentigo (SL) is a benign hyperpigmented spot occurring due to ultraviolet exposure, most commonly in the elderly. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peeling with Q‐switched laser in the treatment of SLs. Methods: This assessor‐blind split‐hand randomized controlled trial included 45 patients with symmetric SLs on the back of their hands referred to the dermatology clinics from March 1 to June 24, 2021. TCA 35% was applied to the back of one hand, and the contralateral hand received Q‐switched laser. The interventions were repeated for a total of three sessions 4 weeks apart. Eight weeks after the last treatment session, lesion lightening was graded from 1 to 4. Patient satisfaction with treatment was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Adverse events were also noted. Results: Of the 45 patients included in the current study with a mean age of 52.71 ± 9.73 years, 11 (24.4%) were male. The Fitzpatrick skin type was II in 11 patients (24.4%), III in 23 (51.1%), and IV in 11 (24.4%). Lesion lightening and patient satisfaction were both significantly better with Q‐switched laser compared to TCA peeling (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] ‐1.69; −0.79, p < 0.001 and SMD = ‐1.12, 95% CI ‐1.56; −0.67, p < 0.001, respectively). Overall, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurred in one patient in the laser group and for in the TCA group. Also, erythema and pruritus were observed in all patients of both groups after intervention which were treated with topical repair cream. Conclusions: Q‐switched laser was superior to TCA peeling for the treatment of SLs in terms of lesion lightening and patient satisfaction with a large effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design a new electrochemical horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biosensor with excellent analytical performance, black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanocomposites were used as the modifier, with a carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) as the substrate electrode. The SWCNTs-BP nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple in situ mixing procedure and modified on the CILE surface by the direct casting method. Then HRP was immobilized on the modified electrode with Nafion film. The electrocatalysis of this electrochemical HRP biosensor to various targets was further explored. Experimental results indicated that the direct electrochemistry of HRP was realized with a pair of symmetric and quasi-reversible redox peaks appeared, which was due to the presence of SWCNTs-BP on the surface of CILE, exhibiting synergistic effects with high electrical conductivity and good biocompatibility. Excellent electrocatalytic activity to trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were realized, with a wide linear range and a low detection limit. Different real samples, such as a medical facial peel solution, the soak water of pickled vegetables, and a 3% H2O2 disinfectant, were further analyzed, with satisfactory results, further proving the potential practical applications for the electrochemical biosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a common non-volatile by-product of chlorination disinfection for drinking water. It is necessary to know the epigenetic toxicity and mechanisms for establishing safe exposure limit for environmental TCA exposure. This study explored the histone modification variations of TCA-treated human hepatocytes L-02 at different time and concentrations. TCA (0.1 mM, 0.3 mM and 0.9 mM) had an inhibitory effect on the growth of L-02 cells, with no significant changes in morphology. Treated with TCA for 24 h and 48 h, L-02 cells showed decreased mRNA and protein level of histone deacetylases (HDACs), but increased after 72 h. The downregulation of HDACs in early stage of TCA exposure might be one of the important reasons for the increase of H3K9ac level. These changes of histone modification may serve as early epigenetic biomarkers for TCA exposure and the related diseases, offering the safe environmental exposure concentration reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]