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This study investigated geospatial distributions of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the waters of the Dongjiang River and their associations with anthropogenic activities. Fifteen EDCs, with total concentrations in the river water of 149-2525 ng/L were detected, with bisphenol-A, 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and methylparaben being the five predominant EDCs. The total estrogen concentration was high downstream and significantly correlated with the spatial distribution of urban land use, wastewater discharge, population, and gross domestic product, indicating human activities have increased estrogen levels and threatened ecological health. The total risk quotient indicated a high ecological risk of estrogens to fish and a moderate to high ecological risk of personal care products to algae. Estrone, triclosan, bisphenol-A, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol were categorized as priority pollutants, which required special concern. Triclosan and triclocarban can serve as reliable chemical indicators for predicting EDC levels based on correlation analysis. The crucial factors affecting EDC levels were identified through the Mantel test and predictor importance was quantified using a multiple regression model, which can help predict occurrences and geospatial distributions of EDCs. Total phosphorus and electrical conductivity were the major predictors of EDC levels, providing promising indicators for monitoring EDCs in river water. Urban land proportion significantly affected phenolic environmental estrogens, natural estrogens, and disinfectants. In the main stream, urban population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product influenced phenolic environmental estrogen levels. A mini-review of the global distribution of EDCs in river water revealed that income and population differences among countries affect their occurrence, suggesting socioeconomic factors should be considered to mitigate EDC pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is frequently detected in aquatic environments, prompting concerns about its toxic effects on aquatic species. Understanding its occurrence and ecological risks is crucial for mitigating triclosan contamination, formulating water quality criteria, and protecting aquatic organisms. This study systematically analyzed triclosan occurrence and ecological risks in surface water across China using the Risk Quotient methodology. A total of 139 and 134 data points were collected for triclosan concentrations and toxicities of aquatic organisms, respectively. Triclosan concentrations in surface water across China ranged from 0.06 to 612 ng/L. Higher triclosan levels were observed in Eastern China compared to Central and Western China, with the average concentration being 4.21- and 7.25-fold higher, respectively. Specifically, the Southeast Rivers Basin (132.98 ng/L) and Pearl River Basin (86.64 ng/L) exhibited maximum triclosan levels, 2.57-19.58 times higher than the other river basins. Further analysis revealed elevated triclosan concentrations in small rivers and surface water within residential areas, with values of 246.1 ng/L in Zhejiang, 86.64 ng/L in Guangdong, 67.58 ng/L in Jiangsu, and 127.99 ng/L in Beijing. Additionally, species sensitivity distribution curves indicated that algae was the most sensitive species to triclosan exposure, followed by invertebrates, while fish exhibited the highest tolerance. The Predicted No-Effect Concentration for the algae, invertebrates, fish, and combined aquatic species were determined to be 0.09, 2.95, 4.44, and 1.51 μg/L, respectively. The occurrence of triclosan in surface water across China did not pose widespread ecological risks. However, targeted monitoring and mitigation efforts are needed, especially in highly developed regions. This study provides crucial insights into the status of triclosan contaminations and risks in China and contributes valuable knowledge to global efforts aimed at safeguarding aquatic ecosystems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Parabens, bisphenols (BPs), and triclosan (TCS) are common environmental phenols widely applied in industrial products, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They are endocrine disruptors and pervade the natural environment, causing significant detrimental impacts on ecosystems, including marine habitats. Therefore, in this study, 40 samples comprising coral polyps, algae, and sediments were collected from Sanya, Hainan Province, China, in which the presence and compositional profiles of parabens, BPs, and TCS were examined to identify their fate in the oceans. The results unveiled the ubiquitous occurrence of at least one paraben or bisphenol in all samples, with TCS detected in over 80% of cases. Notably, coral samples contained the most contaminants (median concentration: 9.42 ng/g dry weight-dw), followed by sediment samples (5.95 ng/g dw) and algal samples (3.58 ng/g dw). Attributed to their broadest application, methylparaben (MeP) and propylparaben (PrP) emerged as the primary paraben constituents. MeP displayed the highest median concentration in coral samples (4.42 ng/g dw), probably related to its high-water solubility and the filtration mechanism employed by the coral polyps during seawater intake. Intriguingly, bisphenol P (BPP) superseded bisphenol A (BPA) as the dominant bisphenol, especially in the algal samples, probably owing to the lipophilic character of BPP and the enhanced biodegradability of BPA within aquatic environments. The highest concentration of TCS (3.44 ng/g dw) was found in the sediment samples, associated with its long half-life in the sediments. Furthermore, the correlation between multiple parabens and TCS implies their co-use to augment antimicrobial efficacy. Future research should prioritize the examination of these phenols in diverse marine environmental media. Corresponding toxicological experiments should be conducted to visualize their transport dynamics, degradation byproducts, and toxicity to marine biota to gain insights into the risks they pose to the marine ecosystem., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The consumption of contaminated aquatic products may expose humans to residues of parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC). Despite its significance, empirical research on this issue remains limited. In this study, we employed high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to analyze extracts from 245 aquatic product samples collected randomly from local markets in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. Our analysis detected at least one of the five parabens-methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (MeP), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (EtP), propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PrP), butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BuP), and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BeP)-in 88 samples (35.9%). TCS and TCC were found in 50.6% and 51.4% of the samples, respectively, with MeP being the most frequently detected paraben. Significant negative correlations were observed between TCS and MeP (r = -0.129, p < 0.05) and between TCC and MeP (r = -0.176, p < 0.05), indicating potential different sources for these contaminants. Residue levels varied among different types of aquatic products, with TCS and TCC concentrations being higher in fish compared to crustaceans and bivalves. The health risk associated with consuming these contaminants was found to be minimal for both males and females. This study provides valuable insights into the dietary risks associated with exposure to parabens, TCS, and TCC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ingestion of breast milk represents the primary exposure pathway for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in newborns. To elucidate the associated risks, it is essential to quantify EDC levels in both breast milk and infant urine. This study measured the concentrations of 13 EDCs, including parabens (methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), propyl paraben (PP), iso-propyl paraben, butyl paraben, and iso-butyl paraben), bisphenols (bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F, bisphenol S, bisphenol AF, and bisphenol Z), triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban, in breast milk and infant urine to assess their potential health effects and endocrine disruption risks. In total, 1 014 breast milk samples were collected from 20 cities across China, along with 144 breast milk samples and 134 urine samples from a mother-infant cohort in Hangzhou. The EDCs were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Endocrine-disrupting potency was evaluated using a predictive method based on EDC affinity for 15 hormone receptor proteins. The toxicological priority index (ToxPi), incorporating population exposure data, was employed to assess health risks associated with exposure to multiple EDCs. Among the 13 EDCs, MP, EP, PP, BPA, and TCS were detected in over 50 % of breast milk samples, with the highest median concentrations observed for MP (0.37 ng/mL), EP (0.29 ng/mL), and BPA (0.17 ng/mL). Across the 20 cities, 0 %-40 % of infants had a hazard index (HI) exceeding 1. Based on affinity prediction analysis and estimated exposure, cumulative endocrine disruption risk intensity was ranked as MP > TCS > BPA > EP > PP. This research highlights the extensive exposure of Chinese infants to EDCs, offering a detailed analysis of their varying endocrine disruption potencies and underscoring the significant health risks associated with EDCs in breast milk., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), and chlorophenols (CPs) are broad-spectrum antibacterials widely used in dermatological and oral hygiene products, which could induce severe liver and intestine injuries. Hence, it is essential to establish a rapid and sensitive method to monitor TCS, TCC, and CPs in various organisms. In this work, fluorine-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF-F) was prepared by using 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tri-aniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde as two building units and employed as a solid phase microextraction (SPME) probe for the extraction of TCS, TCC and CPs. The COF-F possessed excellent hydrophobicity, a large specific surface area (1354.3 m 2  g -1 ) and high uniform porosity (3.2 nm), which facilitated high selectivity and adsorption properties towards TCS, TCC, and CPs. Therefore, the as-prepared COF-F-SPME in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been developed to provide fast and ultrasensitive detection of TCS, TCC, and CPs in biological samples. The established method demonstrated satisfactory linear ranges (0.01-100.00 μg L -1 ) and low limits of detection (0.003-0.040 μg L -1 ) for TCS, TCC and CPs. The developed method could be successfully applied to detect TCS, TCC and CPs in the liver and kidney tissues of mice, demonstrating the potential for the detection of chlorinated aromatic pollutants in the biological samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Biocides are present in personal care (including preservatives or antibacterials), pest control, and disinfectant products (including non-agricultural insecticides, fungicides, and disinfectants), and their long-term exposure may induce adverse health effects in humans. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the exposure levels and major exposure predictors of biocides among nationally representative Korean adults. The target group included adults (≥19 years) participating in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2020. We employed survey-weighted multiple regression analysis and conditional inference trees analysis to assess the associations between demographic characteristics, behavioral sources (including personal care product use, pesticide use, and dietary patterns), and urinary levels of phenol (triclosan [TCS]), parabens (methyl paraben [MP], ethyl paraben [EP], propyl paraben [PP], and butyl paraben [BP]), and the pyrethroid insecticide metabolite (3-phenoxybenzoic acid [3-PBA]). Urinary EP, BP, and 3-PBA levels were higher in South Korean adults compared with those in Western countries. Major exposure predictors for MP, EP, and PP included the use of personal care products such as sunscreen, makeup, and hair care products in KoNEHS 2018-2020. Major exposure predictors for TCS and BP were vegetable consumption, and those for 3-PBA were mosquitocide use during summer in KoNEHS 2018-2020. However, these predictors were not observed in KoNEHS 2015-2017. Collectively, our findings suggest that biocide exposure predictors vary according to changes in product use and diet habits of individuals. Therefore, developing strategies to mitigate biocide exposure based on the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the general population is imperative., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this work, we aimed to evaluate human intake of triclosan (TCS) associated with real-life use of different brands of Microban™ microwave-safe food packaging. Calculations were based on: TCS migration data (under the worst-case foreseeable conditions), MPs abundance and TCS bioaccessibility from microplastics (MPs), leached from containers under microwave heating. Bioaccessibility studies were performed with in vitro digestion of MPs, followed by liquid-liquid extraction of TCS from digestive fluids and LC-QqQ-MS analysis yielding values of 46 ± 9%. The estimated weekly intake (EWI) of TCS ranged between 11 and 42 μg/kg body weight/week, with migration being the largest contribution (0.6-2.3 mg/week), compared to leaching of MPs (75-300 μg/week). These values represent a significant source of human exposure to TCS, emphasizing the need to harmonize the ban of TCS in food contact materials worldwide and improve compliance testing of food contact articles, particularly those marketed through online sales platforms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial biocide, pervades water and sediment matrices globally, posing a threat to aquatic life. In densely populated cities like Mumbai, rivers and coastal bodies demand baseline TCS data for ecotoxicological assessment due to the excessive use of personal care products comprising TCS. This pioneering study compares spatiotemporal TCS variations and risks in freshwater and marine ecosystems employing multivariate analysis of physicochemical parameters. Over five months (January to May 2022), Mithi River exhibited higher TCS concentrations (water: 1.68 μg/L, sediment: 3.19 μg/kg) than Versova Creek (water: 0.49 μg/L, sediment: 0.69 μg/kg). Principal component analysis revealed positive correlations between TCS and physicochemical parameters. High-risk quotients (>1) underscore TCS threats in both water bodies. This study furnishes crucial baseline data, emphasizing the need for effective treatment plans for TCS in effluent waters released into the adjacent aquatic systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Parabens (PBs) and triclosan (TCS) are commonly found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). As a result, they have been extensively found in the environment, particularly in aquaculture operations. Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) consumption has significantly risen in China. Nevertheless, the levels of PBs and TCS in this species and the associated risk to human dietary intake remain undisclosed. This study assessed the amounts of five PBs, i.e., methyl-paraben (MeP), ethyl-paraben (EtP), propyl-paraben (PrP), butyl-paraben (BuP) and benzyl-paraben (BzP), as well as TCS in crayfish taken from five provinces of the middle-lower Yangtze River. MeP, PrP and TCS showed the highest detection rates (hepatopancreas: 46-86 %; muscle: 63-77 %) since they are commonly used in PPCPs. Significantly higher levels of ∑ 5 PBs (median: 3.69 ng/g) and TCS (median: 7.27 ng/g) were significantly found in the hepatopancreas compared to the muscle (median: 0.39 ng/g for ∑ 5 PBs and 0.16 ng/g for TCS) (p < 0.05), indicating bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the hepatopancreas. The estimated daily intake values of ∑ 5 PBs and TCS calculated from the median concentrations of crayfish were 6.44-7.94 ng/kg bw/day and 11.4-14.0 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Although no health risk was predicted from consuming crayfish (HQ <1), consumption of the hepatopancreas is not recommended., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The use of healthcare products containing triclosan has surged globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we used a global spatially explicit model to simulate triclosan export by rivers to coastal seas in the post-COVID-19 era. The global triclosan model shows that the primary watersheds of triclosan export in Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, United States, Brazil, India, and China, with river mouths presenting higher ecological risk distributed in Europe, South Asia, and America. It is estimated that triclosan concentrations in more than 77 % of global watersheds will be below the toxicity threshold by 2030 if the per capita use of triclosan is halved. Rather than completely restricting the use of triclosan, we should focus on integrating the effectiveness data of triclosan to develop recommendations for essential usage, substitutes, and wastewater treatment plants that minimize triclosan pollution in the post-COVID-19 era., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Microplastic (MP) contamination is in the spotlight today, yet knowledge of their interaction with other organic contaminants in the soil environment is limited. Concerns extend to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), known for their potential to interfere with the hormonal systems of organisms and for their persistence and widespread presence in the environment. In this study, the most frequently occurring EDCs were monitored both in alluvial soil and in soil contaminated with different MPs commonly found in soil media, polyethylene, polyamide, and polystyrene. Bisphenol A and parabens were the most rapidly dissipating compounds, followed by triclosan and triclocarban, with the latter showing poor degradation. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) showed high persistence as concentrations remained nearly constant throughout the experiment. Although they fitted well with first-order dissipation kinetics, most showed biphasic behavior. The co-occurrence of MPs in the soil influenced the kinetic behavior in most cases although the differences were not very marked. MPs could impact sorption-desorption processes, affecting contaminant mobility and bioavailability to organisms in soil. These findings strengthen evidence for the influence of MPs on the behavior of soil contaminants such as EDCs, not only as vectors or sources of contaminants but by affecting dissipation kinetics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The present work provides the first data on the occurrence of different classes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface marine sediments from an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Islands, Norway). The target compounds included: ciprofloxacin; enrofloxacin; amoxicillin; erythromycin; sulfamethoxazole; carbamazepine; diclofenac; ibuprofen; acetylsalicylic acid; paracetamol; caffeine; triclosan; N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide; 17β-estradiol; 17α-ethinyl estradiol and estrone. Sampling was performed in the late summer, when high sedimentation rates occur, and over 5 years (2018-2022). Based on the environmental concentrations (MECs) found of emerging contaminants and the relative predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs), an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for sediments was performed, including the estimation of the Risk Quotients (RQs) of selection and propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in this Arctic marine ecosystem. Sediments were extracted by Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) and the extracts were purified by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Analytical determination was conducted with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). PPCPs were detected in the sediments along the fjord in all the years investigated, with overall concentrations similar in most cases to those reported in urbanized areas of the planet and ranging from a minimum of 6.85 ng/g for triclosan to a maximum of 684.5 ng/g for ciprofloxacin. This latter was the only antibiotic detected but was the most abundant compound (32 %) followed by antipyretics (16 %), hormones (14 %), anti-inflammatories (13 %), insect repellents (11 %), stimulants (9 %), and disinfectants (5 %). Highest concentrations of all PPCPs detected were found close to the Ny-Ålesund research village, where human activities and the lack of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies were recognized as primary causes of local contamination. Finally, due to the presence in the sediments of the PPCPs investigated, the ERA highlights a medium (0.1 < RQ < 1) to high risk (RQ > 1) for organisms living in this Arctic marine ecosystem, including high risk of the spread of AMR., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products. Due to its widespread use and improper disposal, it is also a pervasive contaminant, particularly in aquatic environments. When released into water bodies, TCS can induce deleterious effects on developmental and physiological aspects of aquatic organisms and also interact with environmental stressors such as weather, metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics. Multiple studies have described the adverse effects of TCS on aquatic organisms, but few have reported on the interactions between TCS and other environmental conditions and pollutants. Because aquatic environments include a mix of contaminants and natural factors can correlate with contaminants, it is important to understand the toxicological outcomes of combinations of substances. Due to its lipophilic characteristics, TCS can interact with a wide range of substances and environmental stressors in aquatic environments. Here, we identify a need for caution when using TCS by describing not only the effects of exposure to TCS alone on aquatic organisms but also how toxicity changes when it acts in combination with multiple environmental stressors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been linked to various immune deficiency disorders, including autoimmune diseases like Sjögren Syndrome (SjS). However, the detrimental effects of exposure to EDCs, including bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan (TCS), on SjS have been inadequately documented. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study that included both healthy individuals (controls) and patients with SjS (cases). We assessed serum concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), methyl parabens (MeP), ethyl parabens (EtP), and TCS. The relationship between the five EDCs levels and the risk of SjS was also explored. Additionally, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the collective influence of these EDCs mixtures on SjS, employing a weighted quantile sum regression model. Out of the five EDCs analyzed, EtP displayed the highest mean concentration (2.80 ng/mL), followed by BPA (2.66 ng/mL) and MeP (1.99 ng/mL), with TCS registering the lowest level (0.36 ng/mL). Notably, BPS exposure was significantly positively associated with the risk of being diagnosed with SjS (with an odds ratio [OR] of 1.17, p = 0.042). No statistically significant associations with SjS were observed for BPA, MeP, EtP, and TCS (p > 0.05). And we did not observe any significant effects of the EDCs mixture on SjS. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that BPS may potentially increase the risk of SjS. Although no significant effects were observed between other EDCs and SjS risk, we cannot disregard the potential harm of EDCs due to their non-monotonic dose response., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Vermicomposting represents an environmentally friendly method for the treatment of various types of biowastes, including sewage sludge (SS), as documented in numerous studies. However, there are few papers providing insights into the mechanisms and toxicity effects involved in SS vermicomposting to present a comprehensive overview of the process. In this work, the vermiremediation of SS containing various micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, and per/polyfluoroalkyl substances, was studied. Two SSs originating from different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP1 and WWTP2) were mixed with a bulking agent, moistened straw, at ratios of 0, 25, 50, and 75% SS. Eisenia andrei earthworms were introduced into the mixtures, and after six weeks, the resulting materials were subjected to various types of chemical and toxicological analyses, including conventional assays (mortality, weight) as well as tissue- and cell-level assays, such as malondialdehyde production, cytotoxicity tests and gene expression assays. Through the vermiremediation process significant removal of diclofenac (90%), metoprolol (88%), telmisartan (62%), and triclosan (81%) was achieved. Although the concentrations of micropollutants were substantially different in the original SS samples, the micropollutants vermiaccumulated to a similar extent over the incubation period. The earthworms substantially eliminated the present bacterial populations, especially in the 75% SS treatments, in which the average declines were 90 and 79% for WWTP1 and WWTP2, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the vermiremediation of such a large group of micropollutants in real SS samples and provide a thorough evaluation of the effect of SS on earthworms at tissue and cellular level., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Environmental phenols are widely distributed in the environment and human samples, suggesting potential exposure to these chemicals. We designed an intervention trial with 30 participants over 6 days to assess the urinary concentrations and half-lives of environmental phenols in Japanese young people. The target environmental phenols include three parabens (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, and propyl paraben), two benzophenones (benzophenone 1 and 3), two bisphenols (bisphenol F and bisphenol S), and triclosan. Throughout the intervention, the participants consumed the same food and drinks and used personal care products provided by the project. The target phenols were measured in urine from the participants using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. We compared the measured concentrations between the study periods to better understand the exposure tendency. Some statistically significant differences were observed. All target analytes were detected in more than 50% of samples collected on Day 0 (the day before the intervention). Methyl paraben was the dominant phenol detected in urine (1640 μg/g-creatinine), followed by ethyl paraben (119 μg/g-creatinine). Downward trends in creatinine-corrected concentrations were observed for all target analytes in some instances. Non-compartment analysis was performed to estimate urinary excretion parameters. The estimated half-lives ranged from 7.69 to 20.3 h. Use of paraben-free products during the intervention period reduced the body burden., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Tomohiko Isobe reports financial support was provided by Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Tomohiko Isobe reports financial support was provided by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after purification by QuEChERS. Methods: In May 2022, urine samples were extracted by acetonitrile, purified by QuEChERS, separated by Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and eluated with water-acetonitrile as mobile phase gradient at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The detection was conducted in negative ion mode (ESI(-)) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning, it was quantified with a internal standard method, and the methodology was verified. Results: The linear ranges of TCC and TCS were 0.5-100.0 μg/L and 1.0-100.0 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9997 and 0.9991, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation of TCC and TCS were 0.17 and 0.33 μg/L, and 0.5 and 1.0 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of TCC and TCS were 100.1%-102.8% and 96.7%-108.6%, and the relative standard deviations were 4.9%-6.7% and 4.1%-8.3%, respectively, at 2.0, 10.0 and 80.0 μg/L. Conclusion: QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS method is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible, and can be used for rapid and accurate simultaneous detection of TCC and TCS exposure levels in occupational population.

In this study, the occurrence and environmental risks related to triclosan (TCS) in the two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated in Isfahan, Iran. Influent and effluent samples were collected and analyzed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)-GC-MS method with derivatization. Moreover, the risk of TCS exposure was conducted for aquatic organisms (algae, crustaceans, and fishes) and humans (males and females). TCS mean concentrations in influent and effluent of WWTPs were in the range of 3.70-52.99 and 0.83-1.09 μg/L, respectively. There were also no differences in the quantity of TCS and physicochemical parameters among the two WWTPs. The mean risk quotient (RQ) for TCS was higher than 1 (in algae) with dilution factors (DF s ) equal to 1 in WWTP1. Moreover, the RQ value was higher than 1 for humans based on the reference dose of MDH (RFD MDH ) in WWTP1. Furthermore, TCS concentration in wastewater effluent was the influential factor in varying the risk of TCS exposure. The results of the present study showed the risk of TCS exposure from the discharge of effluent of WWTP1 was higher than WWTP2. Moreover, the results of this study may be suitable for promoting WWTP processes to completely remove micropollutants.

Microalgal-bacterial symbiosis (MABS) system performs synergistic effect on the reduction of nutrients and carbon emissions in the water treatment process. However, antimicrobial agents are frequently detected in water, which influence the performance of MABS system. In this study, triclosan (TCS) was selected to reveal the effects and mechanisms of antimicrobial agents on MABS system. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, NH 4 + -N and total phosphorus decreased by 3.0%, 24.0% and 14.3% under TCS stress. In contrast, there were no significant decrease on the removal effect of total nitrogen. Mechanism analysis showed that both the growth rate of microorganisms and the nutrients retention capacity of extracellular polymeric substances were decreased. The intracellular accumulation for nitrogen and phosphorus was promoted due to the increased cytomembrane permeability caused by lipid peroxidation. Moreover, microalgae were dominant in MABS system with ratio between microalgae and bacteria of more than 5.49. The main genus was Parachlorella, with abundance of more than 90%. Parachlorella was highly tolerant to TCS, which might be conductive to maintain its survival. This study revealed the nutrients pathways of MABS system under TCS stress, and helped to optimize the operation of MABS system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, which is widely used in several pharmaceutical and personal care products, has been known to pose adverse impacts on various groups of aquatic organisms, including fish. The present study aimed to compare the sensitivity of five selected freshwater fishes toward triclosan exposure. The acute toxicity or median lethal concentration (LC 50 -96 h) of triclosan determined using probit analysis was 1.76 mg L -1 in Anabas testudineus , 448 µg L -1 in Danio rerio , 700 µg L -1 in Gambusia affinis , 1.35 mg L -1 in Oreochromis mossambicus , and 750 µg L -1 in Pseudetroplus maculatus. Based on the length-weight relationship, the lowest condition factor, or K value, was recorded in Danio rerio (0.931) while the highest value was observed in Anabas testudineus (2.343) indicating negative allometric growth. Similarly, the weight of fishes and gill weight declined significantly ( p  < 0.05) in their respective LC 50 -96 h groups with concomitant alterations in the rate of oxygen consumption denoting respiratory distress. Triclosan exposure also resulted in the modification of fish behavior and histomorphological damage in gill tissues. The alterations in all parameters tested were more prominent in Danio rerio and thus considered the most sensitive species, while Anabas testudineus comparatively tolerated the toxicant to some extent. The study provides the baseline data that variation in the length-weight relationship is one of the major factors that influences the toxic effects of triclosan on the selected freshwater fishes.

Typha latifolia is widely used as a phytoremediation model plant for organic compounds. However, the dynamic uptake and translocation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and their relationship with physicochemical properties, such as lipophilicity (LogKow), ionization behavior (pKa), pH-dependent lipophilicity (LogDow), exposure time and transpiration, are scarcely studied. In the current study, hydroponically grown T. latifolia was exposed to carbamazepine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, and triclosan at environmentally relevant concentrations (20 μg/L each). Eighteen out of thirty-six plants were exposed to the PPCPs and the other eighteen were untreated. Plants were harvested at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days and separated into root, rhizome, sprouts, stem, and lower, middle, and upper leaf sections. Dry tissue biomass was determined. PPCP tissue concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. PPCP mass per tissue type was calculated for each individual compound and for the sum of all compounds during each exposure time. Carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and triclosan were detected in all tissues, while gemfibrozil was detected only in roots and rhizomes. In roots, triclosan and gemfibrozil mass surpassed 80% of the PPCP mass, while in leaf carbamazepine and fluoxetine mass represented 90%. Fluoxetine accumulated mainly in the stem and the lower and middle leaf, while carbamazepine accumulated in the upper leaf. The PPCP mass in roots and rhizome was strongly positively correlated with LogDow, while in leaf it was correlated with water transpired and pKa. PPCP uptake and translocation in T. latifolia is a dynamic process determined by the properties of contaminants and plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, triclosan (TCS) has been widely used as an antibacterial agent in personal care products due to the spread of the Coronavirus. TSC is an emerging contaminant, and due to its stability and toxicity, it cannot be completely degraded through traditional wastewater treatment methods. In this study, a novel strain of Enterobacter cloacae was isolated and identified that can grow in high TCS concentrations. Also, we introduced naphthalene dioxygenase as an effective enzyme in TCS biodegradation, and its role during the removal process was investigated along with the laccase enzyme. The change of cell surface hydrophobicity during TCS removal revealed that a glycolipid biosurfactant called rhamnolipid was involved in TCS removal, leading to enhanced biodegradation of TCS. The independent variables, such as initial TCS concentration, pH, removal duration, and temperature, were optimized using the response surface method (RSM). As a result, the maximum TCS removal (97%) was detected at a pH value of 7 and a temperature of 32 °C after 9 days and 12 h of treatment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed five intermediate products and a newly proposed pathway for TCS degradation. Finally, the phytotoxicity experiment conducted on Cucumis sativus and Lens culinaris seeds demonstrated an increase in germination power and growth of stems and roots in comparison to untreated water. These results indicate that the final treated water was less toxic., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan (TCS), a synthetic and broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, is frequently detected in various environmental matrices. A novel TCS degrading bacterial strain, Burkholderia sp. L303, was isolated from local activated sludge. The strain could metabolically degrade TCS up to 8 mg/L, and optimal conditions for TCS degradation were at temperature of 35 °C, pH 7, and an increased inoculum size. During TCS degradation, several intermediates were identified, with the initial degradation occurring mainly through hydroxylation of aromatic ring, followed by dechlorination. Further intermediates such as 2-chlorohydroquinone, 4-chlorocatechol, and 4-chlorophenol were produced via ether bond fission and C-C bond cleavage, which could be further transformed into unchlorinated compounds, ultimately resulting in the complete stoichiometric free chloride release. Bioaugmentation of strain L303 in non-sterile river water demonstrated better degradation than in sterile water. Further exploration of the microbial communities provided insights into the composition and succession of the microbial communities under the TCS stress as well as during the TCS biodegradation process in real water samples, the key microorganisms involved in TCS biodegradation or showing resistance to the TCS toxicity, and the changes in microbial diversity related to exogenous bioaugmentation, TCS input, and TCS elimination. These findings shed light on the metabolic degradation pathway of TCS and highlight the significance of microbial communities in the bioremediation of TCS-contaminated environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Parabens and triclosan (TCS) have been extensively applied in personal care products (PCPs) as preservatives and antibacterial agents. However, their potentiality to disrupt the neurological system has induced increasing concern. The elderly population is at a higher risk of neurodegenerative disorder, although research on its association with PCP exposure remains scarce. Here, we measured the urinary levels of four parabens, TCS, and an oxidative stress marker among 540 participants from the Shenzhen aging-related disorder cohort during 2017-2018. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive status of participants. Their demographic, dietary, and behavioral factors were collected via questionnaire survey. Among the four paraben analogs, the median concentration of methyl parabens (MeP) was the highest (Low-risk group: 1.21 ng/mL, High-risk group: 1.64 ng/mL). TCS and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were detected in more than 90% of the samples. Weighted quantile sum regression and quantile-based g-computation showed that the combined effect of all analytes was positively associated with the level of 8-OHdG. BtP, EtP and MeP were identified as the major contributors to the joint effect. After stratification by gender, females exhibited more pronounced changes in urinary 8-OHdG level than males. However, the positive correlation between co-exposure to parabens and TCS and cognitive impairment was not significant (p > 0.05) in both models, which warrants investigation with the larger sample size., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bisphenols, parabens, alkylphenols and triclosan are anthropogenic substances with a phenolic group that have been introduced to the environment in recent decades. As they possess hormone-like effects, they have been termed endocrine disruptors (EDs), and can interfere with steroid pathways in organisms. To evaluate the potential impact of EDs on steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, sensitive and robust methods enabling the concurrent measurement of EDs and steroids in plasma are needed. Of crucial importance is the analysis of unconjugated EDs, which possess biological activity. The aim of the study was to develop and validate LC-MS/MS methods with and without a derivatization step for the analysis of unconjugated steroids (estrone-E1, estradiol-E2, estriol-E3, aldosterone-ALDO) and different groups of EDs (bisphenols, parabens, nonylphenol-NP and triclosan-TCS), and compare these methods on a set of 24 human plasma samples using Passing-Bablok regression analysis. Both methods were validated according to FDA and EMA guidelines. The method with dansyl chloride derivatization allowed 17 compounds to be measured: estrogens (E1, E2, E3), bisphenols (bisphenol A-BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, BPAP, BPZ, BPP), parabens (methylparaben-MP, ethylparaben-EP, propylparaben-PP, butylparaben-BP, benzylparaben-BenzylP), TCS and NP, with lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) between 4 and 125 pg/mL. The method without derivatization enabled 15 compounds to be analyzed: estrogens (E1, E2, E3), ALDO, bisphenols (BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF, BPAP, BPZ), parabens (MP, EP, PP, BP, BenzylP) with LLOQs between 2 and 63 pg/mL, and NP and BPP in semiquantitative mode. Adding 6 mM ammonium fluoride post column into mobile phases in the method without derivatization achieved similar or even better LLOQs than the method with the derivatization step. The uniqueness of the methods lies in the simultaneous determination of different classes of unconjugated (bioactive) fraction of EDs together with selected steroids (estrogens + ALDO in the method without derivatization), which provides a useful tool for evaluating the relationships between EDs and steroid metabolism., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The features and nature of the sorptive phase may be the stage that determines the scope of microextraction techniques. In search of new alternatives, materials of natural origin have recently been explored to establish greener analytical strategies. Based on that search, this research proposes the use of chitosan as a sorptive phase, which was assessed in the rotating disk sorptive extraction of emerging contaminants from aqueous systems. Chitosan is a biopolymer of animal origin that is usually found in the shells of crustaceans. The main characteristic of this material is the presence of a high number of nitrogenous groups, which gives it high reactivity, but its main disadvantage is associated with its high swelling capacity. In this research, chitosan was crosslinked with a low concentration of glutaraldehyde to form thin films that were easily immobilized on the surface of the rotating disk. The main advantage of this modification is the considerable decrease in the swelling capacity, which prevents loss and rupture of the sorbent during high rotation of the disk. In addition, it not only improved the physical characteristics of chitosan but also increased its extraction capacity. With regard to its use as a sorptive phase, all the variables associated with the microextraction of the analytes were studied, and optimal variables were found to be: pH 4, 20% NaCl (salting out effect), 30-45 min as equilibrium time and elution of analytes with a mixture of methanol:ethyl acetate (1:1). Validation of the methodology for the determination of methyl triclosan and triclosan was carried out, and relative recoveries between 89 and 96% and relative standard deviations less than 14% were found. The detection limits were 0.11 and 0.20 μg L -1 , respectively. Through its application in real samples (natural and residual waters), triclosan was quantified between 0.7 and 1.3 μg L -1 . Finally, the "green" properties of the phase were evaluated, demonstrating that it is reusable for at least three cycles and biodegradable. Compared to its efficiency with a commercial phase (in this case, the styrene divinyl benzene phase), the proposed biosorbent provided a similar and even higher sorptive capacity (depending on the analyte)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used in daily life because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The residue of TCS and related compounds in the environment is one of the critical environmental safety problems, and the pandemic of COVID-19 aggravates the accumulation of TCS and related compounds in the environment. Therefore, detecting TCS and related compound residues in the environment is of great significance to human health and environmental safety. The distribution of TCS and related compounds are slightly different worldwide, and the removal methods also have advantages and disadvantages. This paper summarized the research progress on the source, distribution, degradation, analytical extraction, detection, and removal techniques of TCS and related compounds in different environmental samples. The commonly used analytical extraction methods for TCS and related compounds include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. The determination methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography and related methods, sensors, electrochemical method, capillary electrophoresis. The removal techniques in various environmental samples mainly include biodegradation, advanced oxidation, and adsorption methods. Besides, both the pros and cons of different techniques have been compared and summarized, and the development and prospect of each technique have been given., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Water toxicity detection, as a valuable supplement to conventional water quality measurement, is an important method for evaluating water environmental quality standards. However, the toxicity of composite pollutants is more complicated due to their mixture effects. This study developed a novel, rapid and interference-resistant detection method for water toxicity based on an electrochemical biosensor using peak current from nitrite oxidation as a signal. Toxicants could weaken the characteristic peak current of nitrite to indicate the magnitude of toxicity. The proof-of-concept study was first conducted using a synthetic water sample containing trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and then the results were compared with those of the traditional toxicity colorimetric method (CCK-8 kit) and laser confocal microscopy (CLSM). The accuracy of the biosensor was further verified with water samples containing individual pollutants such as Cd 2+ (50-150 μg/L), Cr 6+ (20-80 μg/L) mixture, triclosan (TCS; 0.1-1.0 μg/L) and TCAA (10-80 μg/L), or a mixture of the above. The viability of the sensor was further validated with the actual water sample from the Tuojiang River. The results demonstrated that although the concentration of a single conventional pollutant in water did not exceed the discharge standard for surface water, the comprehensive toxicity of natural water should not be ignored. This method could be a beneficial supplement to conventional water quality detection to understand the characteristics of the water, and thus contribute to the next stage of water treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Assessment of human exposure to mixtures of non-persistent chemicals from food matrices and consumer products requires accurate characterization and estimation of their preceding exposure levels, and assessment sampling approaches for these varying chemicals remain disputable. Here, we used high-throughput targeted method to quantify urinary concentrations of 59 most common non-persistent chemicals (6 parabens, 14 bisphenols, 1 triclosan, 7 benzophenones, 2 dichlorophenols, 13 phthalate metabolites and 16 antioxidants) in 158 consecutive spot samples from 11 participants over three consecutive days, 33 samples of which were first morning voids (FMVs). We found 49 chemicals with detection frequencies over 70 % in all urine samples. Principal component analyses showed greater inter-person variations than each person's inter-day variations. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess the reproducibility of targeted chemicals demonstrated that regardless of sampling approaches, dichlorophenols, most parabens, benzophenones and triclosan showed moderate to high reproducibility (0.445 < ICC < 0.969), with relatively high predictive power of FMVs for 24-h collections. Notably, most phthalates, bisphenols and antioxidants showed low ICC values. Together, our work demonstrates that FMV samples may be adequate for assessing human exposure to parabens, benzophenones, triclosan and dichlorophenols, whereas multiple consecutive urine collections may be advantageous for evaluating exposure to most phthalates, bisphenols and antioxidants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To study the association between environmental phenols exposure, including benzophenone-3 (BP3) and triclosan, and all-cause mortality and cancer mortality in adults. A total of 8035 participants were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2012). Urinary BP3 and triclosan were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The associations between urinary BP3 and triclosan with cancer and all-cause mortality were explored by multivariable logistic regressions and restricted cubic splines. During an average of 7.25-year follow-up, 696 cases (8.7%) of all-cause mortality and 137 cases (1.71%) of cancer mortality occurred. The average levels of BP3 and triclosan were 12.2 and 10.3 ng/mL, respectively. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of the highest quartile was 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.50 to 0.81; P < 0.001) for BP3 and 0.76 (0.61 to 0.94; P = 0.011) for triclosan. However, no significant associations between urinary BP3 and triclosan and cancer mortality were observed. BP3 and triclosan exposure decreased the risk of all-cause mortality while they were not associated with cancer mortality., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of biofilm in the role of microplastics (MPs) as vectors of pollutants and their impact on Daphnia magna. To do this, virgin polyethylene MPs, (PE-MPs, 40-48 μm) were exposed for four weeks to wastewater (WW) from influent and effluent to promote biofouling. Then, the exposed PE-MPs were put in contact with triclosan. Finally, the toxicity of TCS-loaded and non-TCS loaded PE-MPs were tested on the survival of D. magna adults for 21 days. Results from metabarcoding analyses indicated that exposure to TCS induced shifts in the bacterial community, selecting potential TCS-degrading bacteria. Results also showed that PE-MPs were ingested by daphnids. The most toxic virgin PE-MPs were those biofouled in the WW effluent. The toxicity of TCS-loaded PE-MPs biofouled in the WW effluent was even higher, reporting mortality in all tested concentrations. These results indicate that biofouling of MPs may modulate the adsorption and subsequent desorption of co-occurring pollutants, hence affecting their potential toxicity towards aquatic organisms. Future studies on realistic environmental plastic impact should include the characterization of biofilms growing on plastic. Since inevitably plastic biofouling occurs over time in nature, it should be taken into account as it may modulate the sorption of co-occurring pollutants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial additives that are widely used in personal care products (PCPs) and may dysregulate infant gut microbiota and induce a series of chronic diseases. Dietary intake may be an underestimated exposure route of such antimicrobial additives in infants, but relevant data remain scarce. Therefore, this study determined five common preservatives, including methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), butyl- (BuP), and benzyl-paraben (BeP), and two antimicrobials TCS and TCC, in major infant food sources (breastmilk, milk-based infant formula [MIF], and cereal-based complementary food [CCF]) in southern China. The health risks associated with dietary exposure among infants across different months of age were also evaluated. The results demonstrated a high incidence of MeP, EtP, PrP, and BeP in processed infant food products, while TCS and TCC were mainly detected in maternal breastmilk. Notably, MeP and EtP were found in all of the MIFs tested, while MeP, EtP, and BeP were detected in 85.6 %-100 % of the CCFs. By incorporating the human equivalent dose and an additional 10-fold margin of safety for infants into the health risk assessment, the 95th percentile hazard quotient of PrP via the ingestion of breastmilk among neonates exceeded 1. For the first time, the results showed that exposure to PrP via breastmilk intake may pose a considerable health risk to urban neonates in southern China. The health risks caused by antimicrobial exposure via ingesting MIF and CCF among infants were negligible. Thus, we recommend breastfeeding women reduce their consumption of PCPs and processed food, especially during the first month after delivery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Humans are exposed to the variety of emerging environmental pollutant in everyday life. The special concern is paid to endocrine disrupting chemicals especially to triclosan which could interfere with normal hormonal functions. Triclosan could be found in numerous commercial products such as mouthwashes, toothpastes and disinfectants due to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Considering the excessive use and disposal, wastewaters are recognized as the main source of triclosan in the aquatic environment. As a result of the incomplete removal, triclosan residues reach surface water and even groundwater. Triclosan has potential to accumulate in sediment and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the detectable concentrations of triclosan in various environmental and biological matrices emerged concerns about the potential toxicity. Triclosan impairs thyroid homeostasis and could be associated with neurodevelopment impairment, metabolic disorders, cardiotoxicity and the increased cancer risk. The growing resistance of the vast groups of bacteria, the evidenced toxicity on different aquatic organisms, its adverse health effects observed in vitro, in vivo as well as the available epidemiological studies suggest that further efforts to monitor triclosan toxicity at environmental levels are necessary. The safety precaution measures and full commitment to proper legislation in compliance with the environmental protection are needed in order to obtain triclosan good ecological status. This paper is an overview of the possible negative triclosan effects on human health. Sources of exposure to triclosan, methods and levels of detection in aquatic environment are also discussed., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Triclosan （TCS）， triclocarban （TCC）， and p -chloro- m -xylenol （PCMX） are some of the most widely used antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum and highly-efficient bactericidal effects. In the context of disinfection， the National Standard GB 38598-2020 stipulates that the contents of the effective ingredients present in a disinfectant must be specified， wherein their range must fall within 90%-110% of the specified central value. To ensure a suitable product quality， analysis by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） is recommended by both the GB/T 27947-2020 and GB/T 34856-2017. However， the results analyzed according to the National Standard method often exceed the declared contents， thereby indicating the necessity to establish a new method based on a completely different principle （e. g.， capillary electrophoresis）， especially since it was not possible to analyze TCS， TCC， and PCMX in a single injection using the National Standard method. Moreover， using this method， large amounts of methanol were consumed， which could be potentially harmful to both operators and the environment. In terms of their water solubilities， this decreases in the order of PCMX>TCS>TCC， wherein TCC is insoluble in water. As such， the use of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis （NACE） based on running buffer solutions prepared in pure organic solvents （e. g.， methanol or acetonitrile） is necessary. In this paper， a new NACE approach combined with an ultraviolet detection method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of TCS， TCC， and PCMX in disinfectants， personal care products， and ointments. For this purpose， an uncoated fused silica capillary （20 cm×50 μm， total length=30.2 cm） was used as the separation column with a separation buffer composed of 14 mmol/L sodium borate， 2 g/L polyethylene glycol （PEG） 20000， and 0.5 mmol/L dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide （DTAB） in methanol. Following optimization of the separation parameters， the complete and simultaneous separation of TCS， TCC， and PCMX was achieved when the sample solution was prepared using 5 g/L PEG 20000 in methanol-acetonitrile （50∶50， v/v）. It was possible to directly inject the sample into the analysis system after a simple dilution with the sample medium， and no interference was observed in any of the sample electropherograms when a separation voltage and detection wavelength of -12 kV and 214 nm were employed， respectively. Furthermore， TCS， TCC， and PCMX showed good linear relationships with their corrected peak areas within a mass concentration range of 1-100 mg/L， and the correlation coefficients （ r ） were all greater than 0.99. Moreover， the limits of detection （LODs， S/N =3） and limits of quantification （LOQs， S/N =10） were determined to be 0.2 and 1 mg/L， respectively. The spiked recoveries ranged from 94.5% to 104.4% with relative standard deviations of ≤4.8% in all cases. Subsequently， the established method was used to analyze 31 commercial samples， including hand sanitizer， disinfectant， baby powder， and antibacterial cream. A comparative analysis of HPLC， the developed NACE method， and our previously reported micellar electrokinetic chromatographic （MEKC） method was also carried out for the quantitative determination of TCS， TCC， and PCMX. Although no statistically significant differences were observed among the three methods， the results determined for 16 out of the 31 samples did not match the claimed contents. These results therefore indicate the necessity to further control the compositions of disinfectant products. Our results indicate that the newly established NACE method can be an important alternative to HPLC for routine laboratory analyses， especially considering that it minimizes waste generation， requires only a simple sample pretreatment process， and exhibits a good selectivity to the target compounds. It is therefore hoped that the NACE method will be incorporated into the National Standard method in the near future.

Sleep problems are common in modern society and may be related to environmental chemicals. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between exposure to personal care and consumer product chemicals (PCCPCs) and sleep-related disorders. Nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used in this study (N=2415). Sleep-related variables, including sleep duration, snoring, and self-reported sleep problems, were included as outcome variables to assess sleep quality. Urinary PCCPC concentrations were used to assess the association of PCCPCs with sleep problems and adjusted for variables similar to those used in related studies. PCCPC levels were analysed as quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to analyse the association of urinary PCCPCs with sleep problems. Nine of the 12 kinds of PCCPCs with a detection rate greater than 50% were included in our study. Specifically, the concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), methyl paraben (MP) and triclosan (TCS) were significantly related to insufficient sleep. Based on the WQS model, combined exposure to PCCPCs was also significantly related to insufficient sleep; TCS, BPA, and MP were the compounds with the greatest impact regarding combined exposure. A variety of PCCPCs were associated with insufficient sleep in participants but were not significantly associated with the other sleep problems reported in the NHANES. As poor quality sleep is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, our study provides insight into the health risks of PCCPC exposure., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The co-existence of contaminants such as triclosan (TCS) and Cadmium in wastewater is a major public health problem because of their persistence and toxicity. In this study, bio-reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) synthesized by Lysinibacillus sp. Simultaneously remove TCS and Cd(II), with adsorption capacities of 81.91 and 23.32 mg g -1 , for TCS and Cd (Ⅱ), respectively. This was significantly higher than that previously reported for commercially available reduced graphene oxide (C-rGO), which was only 31.94 and 2.01 mg g -1 , for TCS and Cd (Ⅱ), respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that rGO surface-bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) played a key role in the observed enhanced contaminant removal, which was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the absorption of both Cd(II) and TCS on B-rGO was confirmed by XPS and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). The adsorption kinetics of both TCS and Cd(II) fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model, while the adsorption isotherms of Cd(II) followed the Langmuir model, and triclosan the Freundlich model. A mechanism of simultaneous removal of TCS was proposed based on π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding, while Cd(II) was removed by a combination of electrostatic and chelation/complexation. Finally, the adsorption of TCS and Cd(II) by B-rGO in real wastewater was shown to be 76.67 and 16.53 mg g -1 , respectively, demonstrating that B-rGO has the potential for practical simultaneous removal of TCS and Cd(II) from wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A model was developed to simulate the pH-dependent speciation and fate of ionizable pharmaceutical and personal care products (iPPCPs) in soils and their plant uptake during thedt application of reclaimed wastewater to agricultural soils. The simulation showed that pH plays an important role in regulating the plant uptake of iPPCPs, i.e., ibuprofen (IBU; with a carboxylic group), triclosan (TCS; phenolic group), and fluoxetine (FXT; amine group) as model compounds. It took 89-487 days for various iPPCPs to reach the steady-state concentrations in soil and plant tissues. The simulated steady-state concentrations of iPPCPs in plant tissues at pH 9 is 2.2-2.3, 2.5-2.6, and 1.07-1.08 times that at pH 5 for IBU, TCS, and FXT, respectively. Assuming sorption only for neutral compounds led to miscalculation of iPPCPs concentrations in plant tissues by up to one and half orders magnitude. Efflux of compounds in soil, lettuce leaf, and soybean pods was primarily contributed by their degradation in soil and dilution due to plant tissue growth. Overall, the results demonstrated the importance of considering pH and speciation of iPPCPs when simulating their fate in the soil-plant system and plant uptake., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, the ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of triclosan (TCS) in Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) were investigated with 28 d exposure experiments. The results showed that chlorophyll content was increased after 7 d exposure to 0.05-0.1 mg L -1 TCS, while it was inhibited significantly by 0.5 mg L -1 TCS after 21 d exposure. The concentrations of soluble protein in the leaves increased during the initial stage (7 d and 14 d), whereas they decreased during 21 d and 28 d. The concentrations of soluble protein in the roots gradually reduced during the exposure time. The antioxidant enzyme activities in roots decreased continually with the exposure time. However, the antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activities in leaves decreased after exposure longer than 14 d. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the root of E. crassipes after a 28 d exposure to 0.5 mg L -1 TCS, with 11023 DEGs down-regulated and 3947 DEGs up-regulated. 5 SOD down-regulated genes and 3 CAT down-regulated genes were identified from transport and catabolism in cellular processes. After 28 d exposure, the TCS content in roots and leaves stressed by 0.5 mg L -1 TCS were up to 13.04 μg g -1 and 1.97 μg g -1 , respectively. SOD in leaves was negatively correlated with TCS content in leaves, CAT in roots was negatively correlated with TCS content in roots. These results provide experimental data to assess the ecological risk of TCS with long exposure in aquatic systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

The quest for safe water due to exponential population growth and climate change has stressed the existing available water source. It is crucial to establish the present pollution level of the Asa River and the health risk it may pose to the people. Samples were collected along the Asa River, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, and treated using standard methods as stipulated by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The treated samples were analyzed and quantified for dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites, mirex, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, and triclosan using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result showed that the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) ranged from 0.0045-0.947 μg/kg, 0.0036-0.093 μg/kg, and 0.001-0.007 μg/L in sediment, soil, and water samples, respectively. While the mean concentration of triclosan is 3.78 μg/kg, 2.995 μg/kg, and 0.064 μg/L in sediment, soil, and water samples, respectively. The levels of OCPs were lower than the limits in drinking water as set by World Health Organization and European Union. Health risk assessment for both children and adults was evaluated using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk with the hazard quotient (HQ) and was found to be greater than unity (> 1) in children for the targeted OCPs. Associated cancer risk for OCPs ranged from low cancer risk to moderate risk for humans. The adverse ecological effects of OCPs showed to be very rare to occur and frequent effects may not likely occur except for HCH., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and triclosan (TCS) are phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are widely detected in aquatic environments and further bioaccumulated and metabolized in fish. Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models have been used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of parent compounds in fish, whereas the metabolites are less explored. In this study, a PBTK incorporating metabolism (PBTK-MT) model for BPA, 4-NP, and TCS was established to enhance the performance of the traditional PBTK model. The PBTK-MT model comprised 16 compartments, showing great accuracy in predicting the internal concentrations of three compounds and their glucuronidated and sulfated conjugates in fish. The impact of typical hepatic metabolism on the PBTK-MT model was successfully resolved by optimizing the mechanism for deriving the partition coefficients between the blood and liver. The PBTK-MT model exhibited a potential data gap-filling capacity for unknown parameters through a backward extrapolation approach of parameters. Model sensitivity analysis suggested that only five parameters were sensitive in at least two PBTK-MT models, while most parameters were insensitive. The PBTK-MT model will contribute to a well understanding of the environmental behavior and risks of pollutants in aquatic biota., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Parabens, triclosan (TCS), bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates are typical endocrine disruptors (EDs) with short half-lives in the human body. The concentration levels of those EDs in a spot urine sample are frequently used in exposure assessment studies, and the reproducibility of urinary levels of these nonpersistent EDs should be considered. In the present study, we consecutively collected 45-day first morning void (FMV) urine samples, as well as daily questionnaires, in six recruited participants and measured the urinary concentrations of six parabens, TCS, nine bisphenols, five benzophenones, and ten phthalate metabolites by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MeP, EtP, PrP, TCS, BPA, BPS, BPF, and most phthalate metabolites were frequently detected (over 62 % of samples). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for ED concentrations in FMV urine samples ranged from fair to excellent for MeP (0.683), EtP (0.702), BPA (0.505), BPS (0.908), BPF (0.887), BP-3 (0.712), mMP (0.661), mEP (0.523), mBP (0.500), miBP (0.724), mBzP (0.961) and all metabolites of DEHP (0.867-0.957), whereas they were low for PrP (0.321) and TCS (0.306). After creatinine adjustment, the values of ICCs for most target EDs were increased with mild to significant improvement. The stability of ED concentrations was affected by daily diet (MeP, TCS, BPA, mMP, miBP, mBP and mBzP), food containers (PrP and mECPP), use of personal care products (HMWP metabolites), pharmaceuticals (EtP) and recorded activities (BPS, mEHP, mBzP, mEHHP and mEOHP), as confirmed by a general linear mixed model. Furthermore, extending the FMV sampling period improved the probability of acceptable reproducibility (ICCs > 0.40) of MeP, EtP, BP-3 and mEP concentrations. For BPS, BPF and HMWP metabolite concentrations showed high probabilities (>80 %) of acceptable reproducibility in the last three days, and the increasing sample size slowly improved the ability to discriminate the subjects. The results were exactly the opposite for BPA concentrations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Although the toxicity of triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB) in freshwater has been reported, little study is shed light on their molecular toxicity mechanism and the regulation of humic acid (HA). In this work, freshwater algae E. gracilis was selected to explore these processes, and the molecular toxicity mechanism was analyzed by metabolomics. TCS was more toxic to E. gracilis than HHCB at 1 d exposure with the EC 50 value of 0.76 mg L -1 , but HHCB showed a higher toxicity as the exposure time prolonged. HA could alleviate the toxicity of TCS and HHCB, mainly due to the inhibition of TCS uptake and oxidative stress, respectively. The perturbations on a number of antioxidant defense-related metabolites in response to TCS or HHCB also indicated oxidative stress was a main toxicity mechanism. However, the exposure to HHCB resulted in more pronounced perturbations in the purine metabolism than TCS, implying that HHCB may pose a genetic toxicity on algae. It may explain the higher toxicity of HHCB to algae as the exposure time increased. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding on the ecological risks of TCS or HHCB in natural waters., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are both endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pregnant women are usually exposed to them through daily consumption. This study aimed to explore the relationship between prenatal BPA and TCS exposure and allergic diseases in childhood by systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched the topic of prenatal BPA and TCS exposure and allergic diseases in childhood published before March 22, 2021, in four databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. Statistical analysis was completed using Stata software (version 16.0). Seven papers on BPA and four papers on TCS were included in this meta-analysis. The association between prenatal exposure to BPA and total allergic diseases in childhood showed a pooled effect estimate of 1.13 (95% CI, 1.04, 1.23), with I 2 = 0.0% (P = 0.615). The effect estimates between BPA exposure and each allergic disease were 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02, 1.36) for wheezing, 1.23 (95% CI, 1.01, 1.50) for asthma, 1.03 (95% CI, 0.89, 1.18) for eczema/rashes or hives, and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.56) for aeroallergies. Prenatal exposure to TCS had no association with the four types of allergic disease in childhood. BPA exposure during the prenatal period was positively associated with allergic disease in childhood. Strengthening prenatal EDC exposure control is necessary for child health., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is one of common carbon nanomaterials, which is widely used in various fields. Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent added in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Extensive release of RGO and triclosan has posed potential risks to humans and the environment. The impact of RGO on the fate of triclosan in paddy soil is poorly known. 14 C-Triclosan was employed in the present study to determine its distribution, degradation and mineralization in paddy soil mixed with RGO. Compared with the control, RGO (500 mg kg -1 ) significantly inhibited the mineralization of 14 C-triclosan, and reduced its extractability by 6.5%. The bound residues of triclosan in RGO-contaminated soil (100 and 500 mg kg -1 ) were 2.9-13.3% greater than that of the control at 112 d. RGO also accelerated the dissipation of triclosan, and its degradation products in both treatments and controls were tentatively identified via 14 C-labeling method and LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. The concentrations of the major metabolites (methyl-triclosan and dechlorinated dimer) were inversely related with the concentrations of RGO. RGO at 50 mg kg -1 or lower had a negligible effect on the degradation of triclosan in paddy soil. Triclosan was strongly adsorbed onto RGO-contaminated soil, which may play a vital role in the fate of triclosan in RGO-contaminated paddy soil. Interestingly, RGO had little effect on triclosan-degrading bacteria via soil microbial community analysis. This study helps understand the effects of RGO on the transformation of triclosan in paddy soil, which is of significance to evaluate the environmental risk of triclosan in RGO-contaminated soil., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan (TCS) is commonly used as a biocide against bacterial and fungal infections. The overuse of TCS has resulted in its abundance in the natural environment. Sulfate radicals have been used for in-situ groundwater remediation because of their superior performance. In this study, Co-Fe/Al oxidation electrodes were prepared to investigate the effect of electrode configurations on TCS remediation using electrokinetic geooxidation (ECGO) technology coupled with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in a soil system. The Co-Fe/Al electrodes catalyzed the activity of PMS by solid-phase Co 2+ to produce sulfate radicals. Four electrode configurations, named G1-G4, applying a potential gradient of 2 V/cm, were conducted for ten days in all experiments. Results showed that 14.2-66.2% of TCS remediation efficiency was observed. TCS was mainly degraded by the Co-Fe/Al electrode and sulfate radicals rather than being removed by the electroosmotic flow. The degradation efficiencies of the G4 system (66.0%) and the G2 or G3 system (36.6% or 64.4%, respectively) were much higher than that of the G1 system. (13.5%). Three regions (effective, ineffective, and enhanced) were classified to explore the effect of the electric field on TCS remediation. The arrangement of the honeycomb cells was related to the area of enhanced region in the system, in which the superior remediation performance of the TCS was found. Therefore, TCS remediation performance is highly related to the electrode configuration and honeycomb arrangement in the system. The seven-unit honeycomb system (G4) demonstrated a linear and centralized arrangement, resulting in fast migration and excellent degradation of the TCS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, a simple and low cost methodology based on ultrasonic assisted-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) followed by smartphone-based colorimetric measurement was introduced for the separation and determination of Triclosan (TCS) from contaminated waters. This method is based on the formation of an azo compound from the alkaline reaction of TCS with a diazonium ion, resulting from the reaction of sodium nitrite and p-sulfanilic acid in an acidic medium. The orange-brown color product was extracted into a low volume of organic phase by UA-DLLME method and RGB values were recorded with free Android app Color Grab. The effective parameters in this procedure, namely solution pH, p-sulfanilic acid and nitrite concentration, reaction time and volume of the extraction solvent were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) model. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 3.0 and 200 μg L -1 of TCS. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.8 and 2.7 μg L -1 , respectively. The proposed method was successfullyused for the analyses of triclosan in several water and wastewater samples and satisfactory results were obtained., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics (MPs) and chemical pollutants usually coexist in aquatic environments. The bioaccumulation and metabolism of pollutants in aquatic organisms can be influenced by MPs. In this study, the bioaccumulation of triclosan (TCS) in tilapia tissues was determined, and metabolomics in the liver, gills, and gut were investigated after 10-day exposure to micro-sized polystyrene (PS) and TCS in water. The results showed that TCS bioaccumulated in various tissues, with the highest average concentration of 2728 ± 577 ng g -1 in the gut. The log bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for TCS in these tissues were in the range of 0.99-3.56. Compared to the TCS treatment alone, MPs showed enhancement on the bioaccumulation of TCS in tilapia skin, liver, gut, gills, and stomach tissues in the TCS plus MP exposure. Especially in the skin and liver, the TCS concentrations were up to 2.06 and 1.38 times higher in the co-exposure of TCS and MPs, respectively. Based on the metabolomic analysis, MPs mainly disturbed the lipid and energy metabolism in tilapia fish. The altered metabolites between treatment with TCS alone and TCS + MPs were consistent, indicating that TCS has stronger disturbance in lipid and energy metabolism than MPs. This implies that the metabolism influence by the mixture of MPs and compounds is complicated in fish tissues., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Increasing concerns regarding the micropollutant triclosan (TCS) derive from its potential threats to human health and ecological security. Compost addition have been verified to be effective in soil remediation, however, the biodegradation of TCS under compost amendment in soil remain unclear. This study investigated the removal of TCS in soils amended with food waste compost (FS), cow dung compost (CS) and sludge compost (SS), respectively, explored the key TCS-degraders and biological mechanisms of TCS removal. Compost addition significantly enhanced the removal of TCS (p < 0.05) in the order of FS > CS > SS. The dosage of 20% (w/w) was the most efficient one and the ultimate concentrations of TCS were decreased by 76.67%, 67.90% and 56.79% compared with CK, respectively. The abundance of key dominant bacterial genus (7 in FS and 4 in CS) and fungal genus (3 in FS and CS) was stimulated due to the increase of soil nutrient factors (including dissolved organic carbon, DOC; soil organic matter, SOM; ammonium nitrogen, NH 4 + ; nitrate nitrogen, NO 3 - ) and the decrease of pH. A negative correlation between these dominant microbes and TCS concentration indicated their potential effect on TCS degradation. A total of four bacterial biomarkers, namely Saccharomonospora, Aequorivita, Bacillaceae and Fodinicurvataceae (both at family level) were the key TCS-degraders. Structural equation model (SEM) indicated that the improvement of soil nutrient factors in FS and CS promoted TCS biodegradation by improving the activity of bacterial biomarkers, as while, the key dominant microbes showed good tolerance to TCS stress. However, there were no significant biological effects on TCS in SS group. Network analysis further confirmed that it was the coordination of bacterial biomarkers with the dominant microbes that enhanced TCS biodegradation in soil amended with food waste compost and cow dung compost., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Environmental phenols, as endocrine disruptors, are used widely in personal care and consumer products. However, few studies have examined the association between phenol exposure, including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), and triclosan, and the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2012). Urinary BPA, BP-3, and triclosan were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The CVD was defined as a composite of 5 self-reported cardiovascular outcomes, including congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack or stroke. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between phenols and the prevalence of CVD. A total of 8164 participants were enrolled, and 740 (9.1%) were diagnosed of CVD. The average levels of BPA, BP-3, and triclosan concentrations were 3.38, 202.63, and 99.27 ng/mL respectively. Per 1-unit increasement in log-transformed urinary BPA was associated with increased risk of CVD after adjusting all covariates (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.18, P < 0.05). Compared with the lowest quartile (< 0.9), the multivariable-adjusted OR was 1.30 (1.03 to 1.65, P < 0.05) in the highest quartile (> 3.8). Restricted spline models confirmed that the association between BPA and the risk of CVD was non-linear (P = 0.045). Only BPA was associated with the risk of CVD, following a J-curve shaped relationship., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)