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Tripedalia maipoensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, Fig. S1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 68BA7074-70C9-400A-9F49- 572E6DC3622B Material examined: TMBC030991 (holotype): adult medusa, female (Fig. 1A–B), collected 21 April 2022, preserved in 4% formalin, stored in 90% ethanol. TMBC030992–TMBC031003 (paratypes): adult medusa, one individual each, same sampling location as holotype, TMBC030992 (male), TMBC030993 (female), TMBC030994 (male), TMBC030995 (female), TMBC030996 (sex cannot be determined), TMBC030997 (male), TMBC030998 (female), TMBC030999 (female), TMBC031000 (male), TMBC031001 (male), TMBC031002 (female), TMBC031003 (female), TMBC030992– TMBC030995 collected on 21 April 2022, TMBC030996–TMBC031003 collected in August 2020, TMBC030992–TMBC030997 preserved in 4% formalin and stored in 90% ethanol, TMBC030998– TMBC031003 preserved in 95% ethanol. © 2023 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Type locality: Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. 22. 4887°N, 114.0417°E. © 2023 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Etymology: maipoensis is the Latinized form of the type locality Mai Po. Diagnosis: Medusa with three pedalia per bell corner, each pedalium with one tentacle, velarium with forked canals. Description: The bell is transparent, colourless, cuboidal-shaped with smooth, edges rounded, roof slightly arched, with white nematocyst warts of different shapes and sizes densely scattered from apex to bell margin (Fig. 1A–B, G; Fig. S1C–E). There is a pair of gonads at each corner of the bell, extending from stomach rim to velarium in both sexes (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1C). There are four frown-shaped rhopalial niches, each located between two bell corners. Each rhopalial niche ostium has a prominent upper covering scale, and a small lower scale (Fig. 1A, C). Each ropalial niche has a rhopalium suspended from the roof with a stalk. Each of the four rhopalia bears six eyes: two lateral pit eyes, two lateral slit eyes, a smaller upper lens eye, and a larger lower lens eye (Fig. 1D). Each rhopalium also bears a large crystalline statolith below the lower lens eye. The velarium is smooth, without nematocyst warts. The velarial canals are biforked to multi-branched with 3–6 branches, with sharp tips (Fig. 1E–F). The velarial canal tips are white in mature specimens (Fig. 1E). The manubrium extends from the bell roof to 1/2–2/3 bell height (Fig. S1C, E); they are cruciform with four terminal lobes that are free of nematocyst warts (Fig. 1H). The stomach is flat, with its four corners each connected to a brush-like gastric phacella (Fig. 1G, Fig. S1F). The pedalia are flat and unbended, each with one pedalial canal inside (Fig. 1A–B, Fig. S1C– D) and nematocyst warts on the outer surface (Fig. 1B, Fig. S1D). Pedalial canal straight, extending through pedalium, slightly tapering at distal end, knee bend rounded without appendage. Each pedalium bears a single unbranched tentacle. Nematocysts from tentacles are oval-shaped (Fig. 1I). Juvenile medusae are similar with adults in gross morphology. At ~BH 3.2 mm, they developed from two to three pedalia per bell corner (Fig. S1G–H). Sexual Dimorphism: Female gonad ‘wings’ are slender, extending from the stomach to the velarium; whitish to light yellow in live specimens (Fig. 1A– B). Male gonad ‘wings’ are broad with a rounded top, extending from the stomach to the velarium; whitish in live specimen (Fig. S1C). © 2023 Academia Sinica, Taiwan Measurements: n = 8 adults. Mean BH 12.5 (± 3.3) mm, mean DBW 15.2 (± 6.9) mm, mean IRW 1.4 (± 0.7) mm, mean DRT 2.7 (± 1.3) mm, mean PL 4.9 (± 1.1) mm, mean PW 1.5 (± 0.5) mm. Distribution and ecology: The new species is currently known only from the type locality, but may also occur in the adjacent waters of the Pearl River Estuary as the ponds are connected to the estuary through a tidal channel. The new species was found every year since 2020 in some of the brackish water intertidal shrimp ponds of Mai Po Nature Reserve during April and May, and also extending to June in 2021 when water temperature ranged from 20°C to 29°C, and salinity from 5.8 psu to 18 psu. The new species was recorded in water channels flanked by Common Reed (Phragmites australis) or mangroves of mainly Kandelia obovata mixed with the golden leather fern Acrostichum aureum. Genetic analyses: A 567 base pair (bp) fragment of 16S, 1734 bp fragment of 18S and 1809 bp fragment of 28S was used in the genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined dataset of three genes strongly supported the monophyly of Tripedalia (Fig. 2). Specimens of T. maipoensis sp. nov. were grouped to a distinctive clade and sister to the T. cystophora group comprising specimens from Costa Rica and Indonesia with strong support (UFBoot = 100, Fig. 2). The Tripedalia clade is then sister to Copula sivickisi (Fig. 2). For 16S, the intraspecific p -distance of T. maipoensis sp. nov. for 16S is 0.1%, while the interspecific p- distance between T. maipoensis sp. nov. and T. cystophora is 17.5%. The percentage of genetic distance for 16S between T. maipoensis sp. nov. and Copula sivickisi is 26.6%, while the value between T. cystophora and C. sivickisi is 28.3%. Key to genera and species of Tripedallidae Conant, 1897 with the new species 1. One pedalium per bell corner............................... Copula sivickisi - More than one pedalium per bell corner.................................... 2 2. Two pedalia per bell corner.............................. Tripedalia binata - Three pedalia per bell corner...................................................... 3 3. Velarial canals simple, unforked............... Tripedalia cystophora - Velarial canals forked.................. Tripedalia maipoensis sp. nov., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Tsui, Justin Hon Yin, Wong, Rachel Ting Huen, Cheung, Ringo Nga Ching, Ng, Murphy Kam Pui, Or, Carmen K. M. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2023, A New Species of Box Jellyfish (Cnidaria: Tripedaliidae: Tripedalia) from Hong Kong, China, pp. 1-7 in Zoological Studies 62 (17) on pages 2-5, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-17, http://zenodo.org/record/8075456, {"references":["Conant FS. 1897. Notes on the cubomedusae. Johns Hopkins University Circular 132: 8 - 10."]}

There is a long-lasting quest of demarcating a minimally representational behavior. Based on neurophysiologically-informed behavioral studies, we argue in detail that one of the simplest cases of organismic behavior based on low-resolution spatial vision-the visually-guided obstacle avoidance in the cubozoan medusa Tripedalia cystophora-implies already a minimal form of representation. We further argue that the characteristics and properties of this form of constancy-employing structural representation distinguish it substantially from putative representational states associated with mere sensory indicators, and we reply to some possible objections from the liberal representationalists camp by defending and qualitatively demarcating the minimal nature of our case. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications of our thesis within a naturalistic framework. This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Spain (AA, RYC-2015-18437 for the stages of the conception and researching); the University of the Basque Country (AA, PES18/92, for the stages of the conception and researching), (AM, PES18/92), the Basque Government (AM, IT 1228-19), and MINECO (AM, PID2019-104576GB-I00)

Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897 Distribution in South America: medusa���Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, at 0.66��S 47.35��W (Morandini & Marques 1997). Habitat: medusa���coastal species, found in mangrove areas (Morandini & Marques 1997)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Several invertebrate systems have been developed to study various aspects of the eye and eye disease including Drosophila, Planaria, Platynereis, and most recently, the cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia; however, molluscs, the second largest metazoan phylum, so far have been underrepresented in eye research. This is surprising as mollusc systems offer opportunities to study visual processes that may be altered by disease, vision physiology, development of the visual system, behavior, and evolution. Malacologists have labored for over a century as morphologists, systematists, physiologists, and ecologists in order to understand the structural and functional diversity in molluscs at all levels of biological organization. Yet, malacologists have had little opportunity to interact with researchers whose interests are restricted to the biology and development of eyes as model systems as they tend not to publish in the same journals or attend the same meetings. In an effort to highlight the advantages of molluscan eyes as a model system and encourage greater collaboration among researchers, I provide an overview of molluscan eye research from these two perspectives: eye researchers whose interests involve the development, physiology, and disease of the eye and malacologists who study the complete organism in its natural environment. I discuss the developmental and genetic information available for molluscan eyes and the need to place this work in an evolutionary perspective. Finally, I discuss how synergy between these two groups will advance eye research, broaden research in both fields, and aid in developing new molluscan models for eye research.

In the present study, we compared communities of bacteria in two jellyfish species (the ‘golden’ jellyfish Mastigias cf. papua and the box jellyfish Tripedalia cf. cystophora) and water in three marine lakes located in the Berau region of northeastern Borneo, Indonesia. Jellyfish-associated bacterial communities were compositionally distinct and less diverse than bacterioplankton communities. Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Synechococcophycidae and Flavobacteriia were the most abundant classes in water. Jellyfish-associated bacterial communities were dominated by OTUs assigned to the Gammaproteobacteria (family Endozoicimonaceae), Mollicutes, Spirochaetes and Alphaproteobacteria (orders Kiloniellales and Rhodobacterales). Mollicutes were mainly restricted to Mastigias whereas Spirochaetes and the order Kiloniellales were most abundant in Tripedalia hosts. The most abundant OTU overall in jellyfish hosts was assigned to the family Endozoicimonaceae and was highly similar to organisms in Genbank obtained from various hosts including an octocoral, bivalve and fish species. Other abundant OTUs included an OTU assigned to the order Entomoplasmatales and mainly found in Mastigias hosts and OTUs assigned to the Spirochaetes and order Kiloniellales and mainly found in Tripedalia hosts. The low sequence similarity of the Entomoplasmatales OTU to sequences in Genbank suggests that it may be a novel lineage inhabiting Mastigias and possibly restricted to marine lakes

Tripedalia binata Moore 1988 and Tripedalia cystophora Conant 1897 Description and comparison of adult medusae. Both species with cuboid bell, whitish transparent with a yellowish to brownish tinge in colour, with rounded edge (Figures 3 A, G; Figures 4 A, H). In Tripedalia binata, bell sparsely covered with nematocyst warts, in Tripedalia cystophora nematocyst warts frame mainly bell outline from apex edge to velarium; apex of Tripedalia binata flattened with slight horizontal constriction near the top (Figure 3 G, arrows), apex of Tripedalia cystophora slightly arched, no horizontal constriction; in Tripedalia binata bell heights up to 11 mm, bell width up to 14 mm (interpedalia distance), in Tripedalia cystophora bell height up to 12 mm, bell width up to 15 mm (interpedalia distance). Groups of two (Tripedalia binata) or three (Tripedalia cystophora) flattened, slender knife-blade-shaped pedalia with one tentacle each located at interradial corner of bell rim (Figure 3 D; Figure 4 F); pedalia length ca. 1 / 2 ��� 2 / 3 bell height. In Tripedalia cystophora outer wing keel length lined by nematocyst band. In both species, pedalial canals show slight bend, round knee; tentacles resemble string of beads with white (Tripedalia binata and Tripedalia cystophora) nematocyst batteries in life specimens (Figure 4 G). Rhopalium located inside rhopalial niche cavity on each side of bell, 1 / 3 of bell height up from margin, (Tripedalia binata, Figure 3 F; Tripedalia cystophora, Figure 4 E), niche forms a roof without upper nor lower covering scale. Short, very faint, ���viking helmet-horn���-like rhopalial horns extend from top of rhopalial niche in Tripedalia binata (Figure 3 F, arrows), no rhopalial horns in Tripedalia cystophora. Velarium, measuring ca. 1 / 5 ��� 1 / 6 width of bell base, containing 6, sharp-pointed-triangular velarial canals per quadrant in both species (Figures 3 C, I, J; Figures 2 C, J), in Tripedalia binata main canals flanking pedalia and/or frenulae can grow branches or side canals in further development (Figure 3 J). Mature females in both species show stark white coloured velarial canal tips (Figure 3 I; Figure 4 J). In both species, long, four-lobed manubrium, 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 bell height in length; small, flat stomach communicating with 4 gastric pouches leading into velarial canals. Gastric phacellae in both species epaulette-shaped (Figure 3 E; Figure 4 D). Gonads located in gastric pouches, generally butterfly-shaped and separated by interradial septum, centres of gonad ���wings��� attached to septum, canal system connects gonad ���wings��� through septum., Published as part of Straehler-Pohl, Ilka, Garm, Anders & Morandini, Andr�� C., 2014, Sexual dimorphism in Tripedaliidae (Conant 1897) (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida), pp. 533-549 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on page 538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/250280, {"references":["Moore, S. J. (1988) A new species of cubomedusan (Cubozoa: Cnidaria) from Northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 5 (1), 1 - 4.","Conant, F. S. (1897) Notes on the Cubomedusae. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, 132, 8 - 10."]}

Genus Tripedalia Conant 1897 Definition (redefined after Moore 1988 and Bentlage & Lewis 2012): Tripedaliidae with four interradial groups of 2 or 3 unbranched pedalia, each bearing a single tentacle. Rhopalia niche forming a roof without covering scale. Larviparous. Type species: Tripedalia cystophora Conant 1897, by original designation., Published as part of Straehler-Pohl, Ilka, Garm, Anders & Morandini, Andr�� C., 2014, Sexual dimorphism in Tripedaliidae (Conant 1897) (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida), pp. 533-549 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on page 538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/250280, {"references":["Conant, F. S. (1897) Notes on the Cubomedusae. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, 132, 8 - 10.","Moore, S. J. (1988) A new species of cubomedusan (Cubozoa: Cnidaria) from Northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 5 (1), 1 - 4.","Bentlage, B. & Lewis, C. (2012) An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the \" Irukandji family \" (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History, 46 (41 - 42), 2595 - 2620. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2012.717645"]}

A new species of cubozoan, Tripedalia binata is described from Northern Australia. It is characterized by having undivided and paired pedalia.