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Co-existence of life style disorders, like, Diabetes or Hypertension, increases risk of, treatment failure, deaths and developing drug-resistant TB. Concomitant administration of drugs to treat dual/multi-morbidities may alter their effectiveness, in additive/synergistic or adverse/antagonistic manner. We evaluated interactive effect of 7 anti-hyperglycaemic (HG) and 6 anti-hypertensive (HT) drugs on the inhibitory (MICs) and bactericidal (% killing of intracellular bacilli) activities of anti-TB drugs, Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RFM), Ethambutol (EMB) and Streptomycin (STR) against M. tuberculosis. Five anti-HG drugs, namely, Acarbose, Acetohexamide, Glyburide, Repaglinide and Sitagliptin imparted either 'additive' or 'no effect' on the activities (inhibition or % killing) of all the four anti-TB drugs, as evident by their lower FICs (Fractional Inhibitory concentrations) and higher bacterial killing in combination. Metformin and Rosiglitazone, however, exerted adverse effect on the Ethambutol (FICs >2.0). All the six anti-HT drugs, namely, Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ramipril, Valsartan, Nifedipine and Verapamil exerted either 'additive'/'synergistic' or 'no effect' on the activities of anti-TB drugs. These findings may help clinicians to select safe and helpful anti-HG or anti-HT drugs for TB patients, if, suffering with diabetes or hypertension like co-morbidities and receiving DOTs (a set regimen for the treatment of TB based on the WHO guidelines). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely understood that cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite numerous available treatments, prognosis for many remains poor, thus, the development of novel therapies remains essential. Given the incredible success of many immunotherapies in this field, the important contribution of the immune system to the control, and elimination, of malignancy is clear. While many immunotherapies target higher‐order pathways, for example, through promoting T‐cell activation via immune checkpoint blockade, the potential to target specific immunological pathways is largely not well researched. Precisely understanding how immunity can be tailored to respond to specific challenges is an exciting idea with great potential, and may trigger the development of new therapies for cancer. Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) are a group of rare congenital disorders caused by gene mutations that result in immune dysregulation. This heterogeneous group, spanning widespread, multisystem immunopathology to specific immune cell defects, primarily manifest in immunodeficiency symptoms. Thus, these patients are particularly susceptible to life‐threatening infection, autoimmunity and malignancy, making IEI an especially complex group of diseases. While precise mechanisms of IEI‐induced malignancy have not yet been fully elucidated, analysis of these conditions can highlight the importance of particular genes, and downstream immune responses, in carcinogenesis and may help inform mechanisms which can be utilised in novel immunotherapies. In this review, we examine the links between IEIs and cancer, establishing potential connections between immune dysfunction and malignancy and suggesting roles for specific immunological mechanisms involved in preventing carcinogenesis, thus, guiding essential future research focused on cancer immunotherapy and providing valuable insight into the workings of the immune system in both health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A silica‐supported iron complex has been identified as a highly active and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of medicinally important 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones. The catalyst was fully characterized by various spectroscopic analyses such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), ultraviolet‐visible (UV–VIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), elemental analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. A diverse library of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones including some new analogues were successfully synthesized in good to excellent yields with parts‐per‐million (ppm) levels of Fe using water as a solvent. The active catalyst has high turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) at the optimized condition, which were 30,087 and 30,087 h−1, respectively. Ppm level catalysis, wide substrate scope, shorter reaction time, reusability of the catalyst, green solvent media and gram‐scale synthesis make this protocol eco‐friendly and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]