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Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus), recognized globally for its substantial nutrient content and health benefits, has been extensively studied; studies have particularly focused on the fruit, while the composition of the stem remains less explored. This research focuses on optimizing fermentation parameters for red dragon fruit wine, specifically examining yeast-strain selection, juice-to-water dilution ratios, and yeast concentrations. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RV002 emerged as the optimal strain due to its robust performance and adaptability under adverse conditions. The study identified a 50% dilution ratio as ideal for maximizing clarity and the sensory attributes of the wine, whereas dilution ratios exceeding 90% significantly reduced ethanol content below acceptable commercial standards. An optimal yeast concentration of 1 g/L was found to balance microbial suppression and alcohol yield effectively; deviations from this concentration led to microbial contamination or impaired fermentation dynamics. Fermentation markedly altered the biochemical properties of Hylocereus polyrhizus, reducing sugar and vitamin C levels while increasing polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, thereby enhancing potential health benefits. These findings underscore the transformative effects of microbial activity on the substrate's chemical landscape and highlight the potential of tailored fermentation strategies to enhance the utility and value of underutilized fruits in sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordyceps militaris, well known for its therapeutic potential in managing type-2 diabetes through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, was the central focus of this research, which investigated the influence of various cultivation substrates on its enzymatic inhibitory properties and bioactive compound content. Previous studies have primarily focused on the general pharmacological benefits of C. militaris but have not thoroughly explored how different substrates affect its bioactive profile and enzyme inhibitory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substrate selection on the enzyme inhibition activities and the levels of bioactive compounds such as cordycepin and adenosine in C. militaris, demonstrating that substrate selection markedly affects both these enzymes' inhibition activities and bioactive compound levels. Particularly, C. militaris fruiting bodies grown on Brihaspa atrostigmella showed the highest concentrations of cordycepin (2.932 mg/g) and adenosine (1.062 mg/g). This substrate also exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 value of 336.4 ± 16.0 µg/mL and the most effective α-amylase inhibition with an IC50 value of 504.6 ± 4.2 µg/mL. Conversely, C. militaris cultivated on the solid residues of Gryllus bimaculatus displayed the strongest xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition, with the lowest IC50 value of 415.7 ± 11.2 µg/mL. These findings highlight the critical role of substrate choice in enhancing the medicinal properties of C. militaris, suggesting that optimized cultivation can enhance the bioactive properties for more effective natural therapies for diabetes and other metabolic disorders. This study not only extends the understanding of C. militaris' pharmacological potential but also illustrates its applicability in developing customized treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingerprinting techniques, which utilize the unique chemical and physical properties of food samples, have emerged as a promising approach for food authentication and traceability. Recent studies have demonstrated significant advancements in food authentication through the use of fingerprinting methods, such as multivariate statistical analysis techniques applied to trace elements and isotope ratios. However, further research is required to optimize these methods and ensure their validity and reliability in real-world applications. In this study, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical method was employed to determine the content of 21 elements in 300 cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) samples from 5 brands. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal components analysis (PCA), were employed to analyze the data obtained and establish the provenance of the cashew nuts. While cashew nuts are widely marketed in many countries, no universal method has been utilized to differentiate the origin of these nuts. Our study represents the initial step in identifying the geographical origin of commercial cashew nuts marketed in Vietnam. The analysis showed significant differences in the means of 21 of the 40 analyzed elements among the cashew nut samples from the 5 brands, including 7Li, 11B, 24Mg, 27Al, 44Ca, 48Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 57Fe, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 93Nb, 98Mo, 111Cd, 115In, 121Sb, 138Ba, 208Pb, and 209Bi. The PCA analysis indicated that the cashew nut samples can be accurately classified according to their original locations. This research serves as a prerequisite for future studies involving the combination of elemental composition analysis with statistical classification methods for the accurate establishment of cashew nut provenance, which involves the identification of key markers for the original discrimination of cashew nuts.

Objective of this study was to assess the morphology of the main lymphatic vessels including the uro-lymphatic fistula, the thoracic duct using Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography (MRL) and Intranodal Lymphangiography (IL). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study spanning five years, from January 2020 to January 2024, included 43 patients diagnosed with chyluria through cystoscopy and quantitative urine testing for triglycerides. These patients underwent MRL and then IL for uro-lymphatic fistula embolization. Results: The study involved 43 patients with an average age of 66.1 ± 19.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2. Uro-lymphatic fistula occurred predominantly in the left kidney (72.1%), followed by the right kidney (20.9%), and both sides (7%). MRL imaging showed the thoracic duct in 100% of cases but visualized only 84.5% of the uro-lymphatic fistulas. In contrast, IL imaging showed the thoracic duct in 51.5% of patients but visualized uro-lymphatic fistulas in 100% of cases. In the procedure of IL, the average visualization time of the thoracic duct was 45 minutes, with a range of 35 to 69 minutes. Conclusion: MRL and IL complement each other in diagnosing the main lymphatic vessels in chyluria patients. The observed circulatory stasis in the thoracic duct supports the hypothesis that it contributes to increased pressure in the thoracic duct and the formation uro-lymphatic fistula as collateral circulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization has led to increased environmental pollution in Vietnam, especially air pollution issues. In this study, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with an automated identification and quantification system database to detect and quantitate compounds in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). A total of 288 compounds classified in 19 pollutant categories based on their origins were detected in PM2.5 samples collected in three areas of Hanoi during winter. The total content of substances detected ranged from 41.08 to 795.00 ng.m−3. The characteristics and concentrations of organic pollutants differed among the industrial, urban, and agricultural sampling areas, with average concentrations of 179.00, 112.10, and 529.40 ng.m−3, respectively. In this comprehensive study on trace organic compounds conducted with samples collected at three sites, we investigating the basic impact of three main factors on the environment. This study contributes to the literature by providing a data set on the content of trace organic substances in the air at the study site.

In the situation of globally connected digital economy, changes in organizational structure and smart corporate governance are placing the entrepreneurial structures in the face of unprecedented decisions on building and developing corporate culture. By the method of literature review, desk review on the basis of secondary data is a typical study case on the cultural characteristics of startups in the United States of America (USA), China, Korea, Japan, Singapore and European Union. Based on the experiences from developed countries, some recommendations has been proposed for small business founders in Vietnam. It is expected to contribute an additional perspective on digital business in the era of globalization.

Statistical interpretation of the concentrations of 42 elements, determined using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis and multivariate statistical methods, such as principal components analysis (PCA), was used to establish the provenance of pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) from 6 areas in Ha Noi, Vietnam. Although pakchoi is widely cultivated and manufactured, no universal method is used to discriminate the origin of this vegetable. Our study introduced for the first time a method to classify pakchoi in small geographical areas. 42 metallic elements of pakchoi were detected by ICP-MS, which were further analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis to perform clusters based on the geographical locations. Eleven elements, i.e., 28Si; 56Fe; 59Co; 63Cu; 69Ga; 75As; 85Rb; 93Nb; 107Ag; 118Sn, and 137Ba, were identified as discriminators to distinguish pakchoi from those areas. Results from this study presented a new method to discriminant the geographical origins of pakchoi, which could apply to other types of vegetables on the food market.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical method was used to determine the content of 40 elements in 38 soybean samples (Glycine Max) from 4 countries. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal components analysis (PCA), were performed to analyze the obtained data to establish the provenance of the soybeans. Although soybean is widely marketed in many countries, no universal method is used to discriminate the origin of these cereals. Our study introduced the initial step to the identification of the geographical origin of commercial soybean marketed in Vietnam. The analysis pointed out that there are significant differences in the mean of 33 of the 40 analyzed elements among 4 countries’ soybean samples, namely, 11B, 27Al, 44Ca, 45Sc, 47Ti, 55Mn, 56Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 69Ga, 75As, 78Se, 85Rb, 88Sr, 89Y, 90Zr, 93Nb, 95Mo, 103Rh, 137Ba, 163Dy, 165Ho, 175Lu, 178Hf, 181Ta, 182W, 185Re, 197Au, 202Hg, 205Tl, and 208Pb. The PCA analysis showed that the soybean samples can be classified correctly according to their original locations. This research can be used as a prerequisite for future studies of using the combination of elemental composition analysis with statistical classification methods for an accurate provenance establishment of soybean, which determined a variation of key markers for the original discrimination of soybean.

The mud crab increases the yield of farming in Southeast Asian countries. Scylla paramamosain, one of four mud crab species belonging to the Scylla genus, is a rich nutrient source during its soft-shell moulting period. In this study, we analysed the total lipid content, fatty acid components, and phospholipid molecular species of the S. paramamosain mud crab. The total lipid content was 1.62 ± 0.08%, which is similar to that of S. serrata previously reported. Twenty-one fatty acids were identified in S. paramamosain. The composition and molecular forms of the phospholipids were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Fifty-four different molecules belonging to six types of phospholipids were identified. Notably, phospholipids were made of fatty acids with C16 : 0; C18 : 0; C20 : 4; C20 : 5; and C22 : 6 main components. The anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of crab lipids and phospholipids were investigated for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activity of the total and polar lipids had IC50 values of 71.5 and 68.6 μg/mL, respectively. The crab polar lipid fraction, which contained phospholipids, also presented high cytotoxic activity toward five cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 85.4 to 95.8 μg/mL.

An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry Thermo Q-Extractive Focus Orbitrap MS has been introduced for analysis of multiclass pesticides in vegetable samples collected in Hanoi, Vietnam. Multiclass pesticides were separated on the Thermo Hypersil Gold PFP column utilizing a gradient of the mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate, 0.1% formic acid in deionized water, and methanol. The target analytes were detected in the full-scan mode on Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive Focus Orbitrap MS for quantitation at the optimum operating conditions. These conditions included, but not limit to, the resolution of 70000 at the full width at half maximum in both positive and negative mode, mass range from 80 to 1000 m/z, and optimized parameters for the heated electrospray ionization source. The identification of the analytes in real samples was based on retention times, mass to charge ratios, mass accuracies, and MS/MS spectra at the confirmation mode with the inclusion list of target analytes. The mass accuracies of target analytes were from −4.14 ppm (dinotefuran) to 1.42 ppm (cinosulfuron) in the neat solvent and from −3.91 ppm (spinosad D) to 1.29 ppm (cinosulfuron) in the matrix-matched solution. Target analytes in the vegetable-based matrix were extracted by the QuEChERS method. Some critical parameters of the analytical method such as linearity, repeatability, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation have been evaluated and implemented. Excellent LOD and LOQ of the developed method were achieved at the range of 0.04–0.85 and 0.13–2.9 μg·kg−1, respectively. Intraday and interday repeatability of the analytical signal (peak area, n=6) of the developed method were below 3% and 10%, correspondingly. The matrix effect, extraction recovery, and overall recovery were fully investigated by spiking experiments. Experimental results demonstrated that the ionization suppression or enhancement was the main contribution on the overall recoveries of target analytes. Finally, the in-house validated method was applied to pesticides screening in vegetables samples in local villages in Hanoi, Vietnam. The concentrations of all target analytes were below limit of quantitation and lower than US-FDA or EU maximum residue levels.

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Vernonia gratiosa Hance. led in the isolation and identification of two new stigmastane-type steroidal glucosides (1–2), namely vernogratiosides A (1), and B (2). Their chemical structures were fully elucidated based on 1 D/2D NMR spectroscopic, HR-ESI-MS data analyses, and by producing derivatives by chemical reactions. The binding potential of the isolated compounds to replicase protein − main protease of SARS-CoV-2 were examined using the molecular docking simulations. Our results show that the isolated steroidal glucosides (1–2) bind to the substrate‐binding site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease with binding affinities of −7.2 and −7.6 kcal/mol, respectively, as well as binding abilities equivalent to N3 inhibitor that has already been reported (–7.5 kcal/mol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-based residues (SBRs) of Cordyceps militaris are often considered as waste after the cultivation of the fruiting body. To demonstrate the value of this by-product, different ratios of two favorable green solvents (EtOH and water) were employed to optimize the yields of cordycepin (Cor) and adenosine (Ado) and investigate relevant activities of plant growth inhibition (allelopathy), antioxidants, and xanthine oxidase. The SBR extracts of 60% EtOH-40% water (W4) and 40% EtOH-60% water (W6) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity as well as yielded the optimum content of Cor and Ado. The W4 and Wt (hot water) exhibited maximum inhibitory effects on the growth of Raphanus sativus (radish), Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and two noxious weeds, Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) and Bidens pilosa (beggarticks). Furthermore, GC-MS scan analysis revealed the presence of 14 major compounds in the SBRs. W4 is the best solvent to optimize yields of Cor and Ado, as well as having the strongest levels of antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase, and growth-inhibitory activity. This study reveals that SBRs are a potential source of medicinal and agricultural utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]