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Author(s): Shaocong Ma [sup.1] , Chia-Jung Tsay [sup.2] [sup.3] , Eva Chen [sup.1] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00q4vv597, grid.24515.37, 0000 0004 1937 1450, Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University [...], Organizations and institutions invest heavily in judging performance, championing individuals who have overcome adversity and achieved through hard work. Yet the current three studies sampling Hong Kong Chinese participants (N = 570; 313 women, M.sub.age = 20.31 years) suggest that even in a society where hard work is a valued norm, people exhibit a preference for talented naturals over hardworking strivers. In Study 1, we tested participants' explicit beliefs regarding strivers and naturals, and found that they favored strivers over naturals (ds [greater than or equal to] 0.31). In Study 2, participants read a vignette of a protagonist who attained networking skills either through natural talent (in the natural condition) or hard work (in the striver condition), and then evaluated the protagonist. Participants in the natural condition rated the protagonist's competence more highly than those in the striver condition (d = 0.34), although no between-condition difference was observed in ratings of the protagonist's warmth. In Study 3, participants were again assigned to either the natural or the striver condition. In addition to rating the protagonist's competence and warmth, participants also indicated the likelihood of their endorsing advice on networking from the protagonist. Participants in the natural condition perceived the protagonist as more competent (d = 0.36) and preferred to endorse professional advice from the protagonist (d = 0.33) than those in the striver condition. Our research indicates that the naturalness preference is robust, primarily impacts competence-related judgments, and consequently shapes trust decision-making.

Author(s): Yujie Tang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Zhe Gong [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/043dxc061, grid.412600.1, 0000 0000 9479 9538, College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, , Chengdu, China (2) Sichuan [...], Trust Game and survey trust are the two most popular measurements in the field of trust research, but most studies conducted in developing countries have found low or even insignificant correlations between them, we therefore validated this phenomenon in the cultural context of the largest developing country, China. Within-country differences can be of the same magnitude as the between country differences, especially in a culturally diverse China. Thus, we focus on comparing the characteristics of trust in the South and North regions of China. Through zero-order correlation and hierarchical regression analysis, our findings are consistent with those of numerous developing countries: Trust Game is lowly correlated with in-group trust survey and not with out-group trust survey. On the other hand, we found that Chinese individuals exhibit a distinct pattern of in-group trust, and there is no fundamental difference in the characteristics of trust between the South and the North.

Author(s): Yongna Li [sup.1] , Xuemei Yu [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/041pakw92, grid.24539.39, 0000 0004 0368 8103, Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, , No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian [...], People form the first impression of trustworthiness mainly based on face when interacting with strangers. Majority of facial trustworthiness judgment tasks used in the laboratory present one face only. In real life interaction, a face usually appears in certain contexts, such as different scenes or accompanied by others. Very few studies have investigated the effect of social contexts on trustworthiness judgments. The current work examined the influence of a simultaneously presented face as a context on trustworthiness judgment of a target face. The pre-rated neutral-looking faces served the target faces that was either paired by a neutral-looking face or presented alone in Experiment 1 (N = 33). No contextual effect was found except for one condition where a male face was paired by another male face. Experiment 2 (N = 36) manipulated the trustworthiness of the context face. The results showed that the neutral-looking faces were rated more trustworthy when paired by an untrustworthy-looking face than by a neutral- or trustworthy-looking face. Experiment 3 (N = 36) replicated the results of Experiment 2 via manipulating both the trustworthiness of target and context faces. Across three experiments, we found a contrast effect of an untrustworthy context. The current findings provided new evidence for the development of theories on the effects of social context on perceived trustworthiness. A different explanation was discussed.

Author(s): Piotr Michalski [sup.1] , Marta Marchlewska [sup.1] , Aleksandra Furman [sup.2] , Dagmara Szczepanska [sup.1] , Orestis Panayiotou [sup.1] , Zuzanna Molenda [sup.1] , Paulina Górska [sup.2] Author Affiliations: [...], Well-functioning democracies depend on citizens' ability to make accurate political judgments and express them in the public sphere. Thus, in this research, we aim to better understand the role of political knowledge and political trust in shaping young Poles' willingness to engage in unconventional participation such as signing a petition, boycotting specific products, taking part in a peaceful demonstration, or engaging in social media activities. We distinguish between two types of political knowledge: knowledge about the rules of the game and current political knowledge, which provide a more insightful look into the complex nature of relationships between political knowledge, political trust, and unconventional participation. In two studies (Study 1, N = 570 and Study 2; N = 1048) we found that unconventional participation was positively predicted by political trust, and political knowledge about the rules of the game. We also found a significant interaction effect between political trust and current political knowledge, suggesting that those high in current political knowledge may be more willing to participate only when being distrustful towards the current political system. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

Author(s): Kuiyun Zhi [sup.1] , Jian Yang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Si Chen [sup.3] , Yongjin Chen [sup.1] , Niyazi Akebaijiang [sup.4] , Meimei Liu [sup.1] , Lingxiang Xia [sup.5] Author [...], Evidence suggests that college students' future-related feelings and cognition may influence their trust in government. This study aims to explore whether the association between college students' future time perspective and trust in government is mediated through the consideration of future consequences (CFC). A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from 1,617 college students (86.6% women) aged 17 to 31 years in China via an online questionnaire. The results showed that the students' positive, negative and confused future orientation was positively associated with their trust in government. The consideration of far- future consequences positively mediated the relationship between a positive future orientation and trust in government. These findings support the possibility to evaluate college students' government trust level according to their future orientation, which will improve their positive political participation.

Author(s): Xiaopeng Du [sup.1] , Dian Gu [sup.2] , Mengchen Dong [sup.3] , Jiang Jiang [sup.1] , Wen Jiang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, Beijing Key [...], Although easy names are known to help gain the trust of others, the underlying links between names and trust remain understudied, especially in non-alphabetic languages (e.g., Chinese). Drawing on the stereotype content model framework, the current research revealed that Chinese names' recognizability had asymmetrical effects on warmth and competence perceptions. Although both warmth and competence perceptions contributed to trust judgments, only warmth perceptions mediated the influence of name recognizability on trust judgments. Specifically, individuals with easier names were perceived as warmer rather than more competent and were thus judged as being more trustworthy. The effect of name recognizability on warmth perceptions and trust judgments could not be attributed to pronunciations or semantic meanings. The current work fills an important research gap by revealing the psychological underpinnings of non-alphabet-based names in interpersonal perceptions. We discuss theoretical implications on processing fluency and the stereotype content model, as well as practical implications.

Author(s): Shuge Yuan [sup.1] , Mengsi Xu [sup.2] , Xiaonan Yao [sup.3] , Lijie Zhang [sup.1] , Xiaoli Du [sup.1] , Dong Yang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.263906.8, 0000 0001 [...], Trust violations harm individuals' behaviors and emotions, while their impact on cognition remains unclear. We explored whether trust violations influence two cognitive processes: attentional bias and working memory updating. We used the trust game to manipulate the trust violation. Fifty-one female participants (17-24 years; M = 19.73 years) performed dot-probe task and n-back task. The dot-probe task was adopted to measure the time-course (cues presentation: 200 ms, 500 ms) of two attentional bias components: attention engagement and attention disengagement; the n-back task was used to measure working memory updating under four memory loads (0, 1, 2, 3). Results showed the violated group had significantly higher attention engagement scores and disengagement scores for angry faces than zero during the presentation of the 200 ms cue. The reaction time of the violated group is longer than that of the control group under the two and three memory load. These results indicate that the trust violation facilitates attention engagement towards negative stimuli and impairs attention disengagement from those stimuli. It also causes damage to the ability of working memory updating. The imbalance between impulsive and reflective system is the main consequence of trust violation.

Author(s): Piotr Szymczak [sup.1] , Artur Sawicki [sup.2] , Mateusz Jaworski [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.440603.5, 0000 0001 2301 5211, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, , Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, [...], The aim of the current study (N = 238) was to examine the relationship between narcissistic personality, depicted by the Trifurcated Model of Narcissism (namely, agentic extraversion, antagonism, and narcissistic neuroticism) and beliefs about human nature: interpersonal trust (the belief that human nature is good) and cynicism (the belief that human nature is evil and egoistic). Former studies on cynicism and trust in relation to vulnerable and grandiose narcissism bring inconsistent findings. We found that agentic extraversion was positively related to trust and unrelated to cynicism, antagonism was negatively related to trust and positively related to cynicism, and narcissistic neuroticism was not related to trust nor cynicism. Therefore, our findings indicate that the positive relationship between narcissism and cynical beliefs is limited to its antagonistic aspect so that antagonism is crucial in explaining beliefs held by narcissists towards others. Furthermore, narcissism indicates a positive relationship to trust as it is related to the agentic extraversion aspect, which might be considered as an adaptive aspect of narcissism. Therefore, the current study sheds a light on the relationship between narcissistic personality and beliefs about human nature.

Author(s): Shin-Huei Lin [sup.1] , Mei-Yen Chen [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.445052.2, 0000 0004 0639 3773, Department of Leisure Management, National Pingtung University, , No.51, Minsheng E. Rd., 90004, Pingtung [...], During an internship, some interns perform better when they perceive trust from their supervisors. This might be because a trustee's self-efficacy increases when a trustor reveals a willingness to take a chance on the trustee. It empowers interns to believe that they are capable. Hence, this study aimed to examine whether interns' trust in a supervisor moderated the model of internship self-efficacy as a mediator of proactive personality and performance. A total of 158 interns voluntarily participated in this study on three occasions, with a three-month interval between study periods. The results suggest that internship self-efficacy positively mediated the relationship between proactive personality and performance. In addition, the results of a moderated mediating analysis indicated that the interns' trust in their supervisors weakened the positive effects of proactive personality on performance through internship self-efficacy. These results underscore the importance of situational and personal effects in the connections between proactive personality, internship self-efficacy, and performance.

Author(s): Zhibin Guo [sup.1] , Shangfeng Han [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xiujuan Wang [sup.1] , Siyao Wang [sup.1] , Ye Xu [sup.1] , Shen Liu [sup.3] , Lin Zhang [sup.1] Author [...], This study investigates if there is an age-related positivity effect on how older adults in eastern cultures perform trustworthiness evaluations based on facial cues. Furthermore, it explores the potential method information processing affected by the positivity effect during trustworthiness evaluations. The results show that the level of trustworthiness older adults in China assign to faces is significantly higher than that of younger adults; older adults' trustworthiness evaluations based on facial cues in the valid cueing condition is significantly higher than in the invalid cueing condition; and for younger adults, trustworthiness evaluation of untrustworthy faces in the valid cueing condition was significantly lower than in the invalid cueing condition. Overall, these results show that positive information processing in older adults is regulated by attention capacity, while negative information processing by young adults is regulated by attention capacity, which indicates that the age-related positivity effect in older adults is due to increased positive information processing.

Abstract: This article builds on ethnographic vignettes of mistrust, with the material stemming from the South Caucasus. Although mistrust has recently gained attention as a phenomenon sui generis, the impact [...]

Author(s): Dejun Tony Kong [sup.1] , Zoe I. Barsness [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0004 1569 9707, grid.266436.3, Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, , 77204, Houston, TX, USA [...], We investigate the moderating effect of perceived managerial (remote leader) trustworthiness on the relationship between overall fairness and perceived supervisory (direct leader) trustworthiness by integrating fairness heuristic theory and attribution theory. By conducting a field study (Study 1) and an experimental study (Study 2), we found that perceived managerial trustworthiness attenuated the relationship between overall fairness and perceived supervisory trustworthiness. Additionally, pay-for-performance system functions, as a control variable, were positively related to both forms of perceived trustworthiness (Study 2). Our findings advance leader trust/trustworthiness research by proffering a novel view of perceived managerial trustworthiness as a moderator for a psychological process leading to perceived supervisory trustworthiness, rather than merely operating as a factor in parallel to perceived supervisory trustworthiness. Our findings advance fairness research by being the first to identify perceived managerial trustworthiness as a moderator for the fairness heuristic process. The current research also provides practical implications for managing perceived leader trustworthiness.

In fields such as Sociology and Political Science, there have been, over the course of three decades, attempts to engage elected officials in 'Evidence-Based Decision-Making'. Evidence is generally conceived as 'expert' advice provided to politicians. A question that has gained more centrality in recent years is 'why do elected officials not trust expert opinion or technical evidence?' and the answer to this question has been sought in historical or general terms (e.g. Irwin 2006; Weiss et al. 2008; Kraft et al. 2015). Here I will propose an alternative question: 'when politicians exhibit a lack of trust in expert advice, how is such skepticism publicly accounted for?' I will examine this question by utilizing a case study ethnographic approach to the City of Toronto's controversial decision to endorse the Hybrid alternative for the Gardiner expressway. By doing so, I intend to show that knowledge controversies are not inherently a form of deficiency on the part of the elected official--that they are ignorant to the implications of evidence--but rather the standard by which elected officials and appointed experts review and understand evidence can lead to very different (although both reasonably 'correct') conclusions. Keywords: Public Policy; Evidence; Knowledge Sociology; Ethnomethodology Des disciplines comme la sociologie et la science politique tentent depuis trois decennies de susciter l'interet de personnes elues pour la << prise de decisions fondee sur des donnees probantes >>. On entend generalement par donnees probantes des conseils d'experts fournis aux personnalites politiques. Ces dernieres annees, on accorde une place de plus en plus centrale a la question de savoir << pourquoi les personnes elues ne font-elles pas confiance aux opinions d'experts ou aux donnees probantes techniques ? >>, question a laquelle on a tente de repondre de maniere historique ou generale (p. ex., Irwin, 2006; Weiss et al. 2008; Kraft et al. 2015). Dans cet article, je propose une autre question : << quand les personnalites politiques font preuve d'un manque de confiance a l'egard des conseils d'experts, comment cette mefiance est-elle publiquement justifiee ? >> Je vais aborder cette question a l'aide d'une etude de cas ethnographique de la decision controversee par la Ville de Toronto d'appuyer la solution dite hybride pour l'autoroute Gardiner. Ainsi, je compte demontrer que des controverses des connaissances ne temoignent pas en soi d'une forme de lacune chez une personne elue--que celle-ci ignore ce que signifient les donnees probantes--mais plutot que les criteres selon lesquels les personnalites elues et les experts designes evaluent et comprennent les donnees probantes peuvent mener a des conclusions differentes (bien que toutes deux raisonnablement << justes >>). Mots cles: Politique publique; Preuve; Sociologie de la connaissance; Ethnomethodologie., INTRODUCTION For over 30 years, sociologists of science and technology and political scientists have exhibited interest in integrating or understanding scientific and technical models of information evaluation and planning in [...]

In many market settings, a customer often obtains assistance from a supplier (or service provider) to make better-informed decisions regarding the supplier's product (or service). Because the two parties often have conflicting pecuniary incentives, customer trust and supplier trustworthiness play important roles in the success of these interactions. We investigate whether and how the process through which assistance is provided can foster trust and trustworthiness, and thus facilitate better cooperation. We compare three prevalent assistance processes: information sharing, advice provision, and delegation. We propose that, even if the pecuniary incentives of both parties do not vary from one assistance process to another, the assistance process itself impacts the customer's and supplier's nonpecuniary motives that give rise to trust and trustworthiness. Consequently, the assistance process affects the level of cooperation and payoffs. We test our behavioral predictions through laboratory experiments based on a retail distribution setting. We quantify the impact of different assistance processes on trust, trustworthiness and channel performance, and identify the underlying drivers of those impacts. Our results offer insight into the role of the assistance process in managing supplier assistance effectively and why certain assistance processes may lead to more successful outcomes than others even if the pecuniary incentives remain unaltered. History: Accepted by Vishai Gaur, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2617. Keywords: advice * behavioral economics * delegation * distribution channel * experimental economics * information sharing * trust, 1. Introduction Customers often rely on assistance from their suppliers (or service providers) to make important decisions. In many market settings (e.g., retail distribution, healthcare services, financial investments), a supplier [...]

Monitoring changes the behavior of those who are monitored and those who monitor others. We studied behavior under different monitoring regimes in repeated trust games. We found that trustees behaved opportunistically when they anticipated monitoring--they were compliant when they knew in advance that they would be monitored, but exploited trustors when they knew in advance that they would not be monitored. Interestingly, trustors failed to anticipate how strategically their counterparts would behave. Trustors misattributed the strategic, compliant behavior they observed as signals of trustees' trustworthiness. As a result, trustors misplaced their trust when they were unable to monitor their counterparts. We discuss the managerial implications of our results for designing and implementing monitoring systems. History: Accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2586. Keywords: trust * compliance * monitoring * strategic behavior, Introduction Trust plays a crucial role in individual relationships and within organizations (Lewicki et al. 2006). Trust promotes cooperation (Pillutla et al. 2003) and broadly impacts workplace behavior (Dirks and [...]

Author(s): Na Zhao [sup.1] , Min Ma [sup.1] , Jianxin Zhang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, 0000 0000 9894 8211, [...], The current research examines the moderating role of mood in the relationship between beauty and trust. We propose that varying mood states can evoke different trust behaviors depending on the facial attractiveness of a person. Two experiments, each with different experiment paradigms, showed that people are more likely to rely on the characteristics of their partner&apos;s face beauty in trust building when they are experiencing a positive mood. However, when participants are primed for a negative mood, the influence of attractiveness disappears. This finding indicates that facial attractiveness has no influence on trust behavior in a negative mood condition. These findings further illuminate the underlying influence of mood in the beauty-trust link.

This paper examines citizen trust in government institutions and the effect of trust on willingness to pay taxes for public goods/services in transition countries. Empirical models are estimated to test whether trust in government has a positive effect on WTP for improved public education, improved public health system, combating climate change, and helping the needy. Data are from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Life in Transition Survey, 2010. Results indicate that trust in government generally has a significant positive effect on WTP for public goods, although differences are found among government institutions and across public goods. Comparative Economic Studies (2017) 59, 1-22. doi: 10.1057/s41294-016-0017-x; published online 3 January 2017 Keywords: trust in government, transition economies, willingness to pay taxes, taxation, redistribution JEL Classification: Hll, H31, H41, INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Introduction This paper addresses the research question of how citizens' trust in their government institutions affects their willingness to pay (WTP) taxes for public services in the [...]

Author(s): Yiying Yang [sup.1] , Yuan Tian [sup.2] , Jing Fang [sup.3] , Haoyang Lu [sup.4] [sup.5] , Kunlin Wei [sup.1] , Li Yi [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) 0000 0001 [...], Previous research has demonstrated abnormal trust and deception behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), and we aimed to examine whether these abnormalities were primarily due to their specific deficits in social learning. We tested 42 high-functioning children with ASD and 38 age- and ability-matched typically developing (TD) children in trust and deception tasks and a novel condition with reduced social components. Results indicated that while TD children improved their performance with more social components, children with ASD lacked this additional performance gain, though they performed similarly as TD children in the condition with reduced social components. Our findings highlight that deficits of ASD in trust and deception are primarily associated with failure of use of social cues.

Author(s): Gülsah Kemer[sup.1] , Gokçe Bulgan[sup.2] , Evrim Çetinkaya Yildiz[sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZUSA (2) Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, MEF [...], In the present study, relationships among gender, emotional response to partner&apos;s imagined infidelity (emotional and sexual infidelity), and dyadic trust (low and high levels of trust) were investigated as functions of married Turkish individuals&apos; jealousy types (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral). Five hundred thirty seven (276 women and 261 men) married individuals living in urban areas in Turkey participated in the study. Results of the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed significant main effects for gender, infidelity types, and dyadic trust. Particularly, married Turkish men in this study were found to be more emotionally jealous than women. Participants who responded to sexual infidelity as more upsetting had higher levels of emotional jealousy when compared to the participants who found emotional infidelity more upsetting. Moreover, participants with low dyadic trust for their partners were found to be high in their cognitive jealousy and behavioral jealousy reactions. Results are discussed in details with implications for future research and suggestions for mental health practitioners.

In the theory of psychological games it is assumed that players' preferences on material consequences depend on endogenous beliefs. Most of the applications of this theoretical framework assume that the psychological utility functions representing such preferences are common knowledge. However, this is often unrealistic. In particular, it cannot be true in experimental games where players are subjects drawn at random from a population. Therefore, an incomplete-information methodology is needed. We take a first step in this direction, focusing on guilt aversion in the Trust Game. In our models, agents have heterogeneous belief hierarchies. We characterize equilibria where trust occurs with positive probability. Our analysis illustrates the incomplete-information approach to psychological games and can help to organize experimental results in the Trust Game. Keywords: psychological games; Trust Game; guilt; incomplete information History: Received July 4, 2013; accepted December 16, 2014, by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics. Published online in Articles in Advance August 17, 2015., 1. Introduction The Trust Game is a stylized social dilemma whereby player A takes a costly action (investment) that generates a social return, and player B decides how to distribute [...]

Costly third-party punishment (TPP) is widely observed in laboratory (1-4,7) and field (5,6) experiments (although see ref. 12), and appears to be universal across cultures (13). While collectively beneficial, TPP [...], Third-party punishment (TPP) (1-7), in which unaffected observers punish selfishness, promotes cooperation by deterring defection. But why should individuals choose to bear the costs of punishing? We present a game theoretic model of TPP as a costly signal (8-10) of trustworthiness. Our model is based on individual differences in the costs and/or benefits of being trustworthy. We argue that individuals for whom trustworthiness is payoff-maximizing will find TPP to be less net costly (for example, because mechanisms (11) that incentivize some individuals to be trustworthy also create benefits for deterring selfishness via TPP). We show that because of this relationship, it can be advantageous for individuals to punish selfishness in order to signal that they are not selfish themselves. We then empirically validate our model using economic game experiments. We show that TPP is indeed a signal of trustworthiness: third-party punishers are trusted more, and actually behave in a more trustworthy way, than non-punishers. Furthermore, as predicted by our model, introducing a more informative signal--the opportunity to help directly--attenuates these signalling effects. When potential punishers have the chance to help, they are less likely to punish, and punishment is perceived as, and actually is, a weaker signal of trustworthiness. Costly helping, in contrast, is a strong and highly used signal even when TPP is also possible. Together, our model and experiments provide a formal reputational account of TPP, and demonstrate how the costs of punishing may be recouped by the long-run benefits of signalling one's trustworthiness.

What is the impact of exposure to criminal violence on support for political institutions in Latin America? The increase in criminal violence in the region since the return to democratic rule makes this a timely question. Several scholars have demonstrated the impact of a series of variables (political performance, economic performance, interpersonal trust, perception of corruption) on citizens' support for political institutions (system support). The goal of this study is to assess the impact of two additional variables (victimization and perception of violence) that have been neglected in the literature. I test the impact of exposure to violence on system support by using survey data from the 2004 edition of the Latin American Public Opinion Project. My findings demonstrate that both victimization and high perception of violence have a negative impact on system support in Latin America. ?Cual es el impacto de la exposicion a la violencia sobre el apoyo sistemico a las instituciones politicas en America Latina? El aumento de la violencia criminal en la region desde el retorno a la democracia provee una oportunidad para intentar responder a esta pregunta. Varios investigadores demostraron que una serie de variables (performance politica, performance economica, confianza interpersonal, percepcion de corrupcion) tienen un impacto importante sobre el apoyo de los ciudadanos a las instituciones politicas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de dos variables adicionales (victimizacion y percepcion de violencia) que fueron menos estudiadas en la literatura de comportamiento politico. Analizo el impacto de exposicion a la violencia sobre el apoyo a las instituciones politicas usando la edicion 2004 de las encuestas del Latin American Public Opinion Project. Mis resultados demuestran que tanto victimizacion como percepcion de violencia tienen un impacto negativo sobre el apoyo a las instituciones politicas en America Latina., Does criminal violence affect support for political institutions (i.e., system support)? What is the impact of victimization and high perception of violence on citizens' system support? The explosion of criminal [...]

Abstract Research from various countries demonstrates that trust builds social cohesion and conflicts may be solved as a result. Many alternatives for reconciliation in various countries have been studied and [...]

Abstract Trust has been identified as an indicator within Social Quality theory. As an important component of social quality, trust has become increasingly important in modern society because literature suggests [...]

E-governments have become an increasingly integral part of the virtual economic landscape. However, e-government systems have been plagued by an unsatisfactory, or even a decreasing, level of trust among citizen [...]

Aprevalent assumption in the literature is that trust and risk are always relevant in online marketplaces, and that there is always a need to build trust and reduce risk irrespective [...]

Generalized trust varies across individuals and countries. Past studies on trust have demonstrated that voluntary association membership, inequality and ethnic homogeneity at country level are important. However, those studies examined either individual-level or country-level factors separately. In this paper, we conceptualized the emergence of generalized trust as a multilevel process in which the effects of individual-level attributes are influenced by social contexts. Using a multilevel modeling approach on World Values Survey in 48 countries, we estimated a cross-level interaction between voluntary association membership at individual level and income inequality and ethnic homogeneity as two types of social cleavages at country level. We found that the positive effect of voluntary association membership decreases with the level of income inequality., Introduction Generalized trust is a tendency or 'belief in the benevolence of human nature in general' (Yamagishi and Yamagishi 1994). Generalized trust is a special type of trust in others [...]

The present research focused on the problem of how college officials might be able to predict weapon possession on college campuses. We hypothesized that measures of social capital (i.e., trust [...]

Byline: Neena L. Chappell (1), Laura M. Funk (2) Keywords: Social capital; Social participation; Trust; Health outcomes Abstract: This paper empirically examines the relationship between advantage, social capital and health status to assess (a) whether social capital adds explanatory power to what we already know about the relationship between advantage and health and (b) whether social capital adds anything beyond its component parts, namely social participation and trust. It uses 2 measures of advantage (income and education), 5 measures of participation (informal network size, number of community activities, formal group membership, informal group membership, and service use), 3 measures of trust (trust, sense of belonging, and willingness to participate) and 3 indicators of health (perceived health, mental health, and physical function). Cross sectional data are analyzed from a sample of 918 middle-aged individuals, using multi-variate analyses. Results show that there were no direct associations between informal or formal group membership, community activities attended, or trust with any of the 3 health variables examined. A test of interaction terms combining trust and participation variables into several combined social capital variables also failed to show any relationship with any of the 3 health measures. That is, no support was found for a direct relationship between the separate components or combined measures of social capital and health. Income, however, was directly important for both perceived health and physical function although not for mental health. However, data reveal indirect affects for trust and not participation or interaction terms, through self-efficacy for all 3 domains of health and through perceived expressive support for mental health. As such, the data suggest the concept of social capital adds nothing to its component parts when examining individual level of health and furthermore that trust, but not participation, has a significant, indirect relationship to some domains of health. Such findings confirm the importance of income, a measure of socio-economic status, as well documented within the social determinants of health literature. It questions the use of the concept of social capital and points to the need for greater research examining indirect pathways to health and a greater focus on the role played by trust. Author Affiliation: (1) Social Gerontology, Centre on Aging & Department of Sociology, Canadian Association on Gerontology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada (2) Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Sedgewick Bldg A123, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada Article History: Registration Date: 01/03/2010 Accepted Date: 01/03/2010 Online Date: 11/03/2010

Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that trust beliefs negatively predicted changes in loneliness during early childhood (5 - 7 years), middle childhood (9 - 11 years), and young adulthood (18 - 21 years). Structural equation modeling yielded support for the hypothesis that the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness was mediated, in part, by social disengagement, which varied by age and gender. Study 4 showed that when young adults were primed for distrust rather than for trust cognitions, they showed greater withdrawal (loneliness) affect, lower willingness to disclose, and less perceived success in achieving rapport. The findings yielded support for the hypotheses that (a) low trust beliefs promote loneliness from childhood to adulthood and (b) social disengagement and cognitive schema mechanisms account for the relation.

Although the trust development literature has been characterized overwhelmingly by rationality-based models, the current research attempts to explain how affect can influence this process. To better understand how and why affect would influence trust development, 5 experiments were conducted to examine the effects of positive mood on people's tendencies to trust and distrust others. Consistent with theory, which argues that positive mood promotes schema reliance, the relationship between positive mood and trust was influenced by the presence of cues that indicated whether the other party was trustworthy or untrustworthy. Across 5 studies, trusting behaviors (Experiments 1-3) and perceptions of trustworthiness (Experiments 4 and 5) were found to be influenced by cues associated with trust or distrust. Specifically, when available cues about the other party promoted trust, people in a positive mood increased their trust; when cues promoted distrust, people in a positive mood decreased their trust. The data support the expectation that affect can influence trust development, although the relationship is more complex than main effect predictions of mood-congruency models. Keywords: trust, distrust, positive mood, intergroup behavior, discontinuity effect DOI: 10.1037/a0017344

Unfair offers in bargaining may have disruptive effects because they may reduce interpersonal trust. In such situations future trust may be strongly affected by social accounts (i.e., apologies vs. denials). In the current paper we investigate when people are most likely to demand social accounts for the unfair offer (Experiment 1), and when social accounts will have the highest impact (Experiment 2). We hypothesized that the need for and impact of social accounts will be highest when the intentions of the other party are uncertain. The results provided support for this reasoning.

A model of mutual responsiveness in adult romantic relationships is proposed. Behaving responsively in conflict-of-interest situations requires one partner to resist the temptation to be selfish and the other partner to resist the temptation to protect against exploitation. Managing risk and the attendant temptations of self-interest require the interpersonal mind to function in ways that coordinate trust and commitment across partners. The authors describe a system of procedural or 'if ... then' rules that foster mutuality in responsiveness by informing and motivating trust and commitment. The authors further argue that tuning rule accessibility and enactment to match the situations encountered in a specific relationship shapes its personality. By imposing a procedural structure on the interdependent mind, the proposed model of mutual responsiveness reframes interdependence theory and generates important research questions for the future. Keywords: responsiveness, interdependence, risk, commitment, trust DOI: 10.1037/a0017015

The repair of trust is discussed with regard to how people address individual differences and beliefs. Details on negotiation of trustworthiness and how trust is violated are presented and implications of the study on the need to focus on the role of trustees and trustors are also presented.

The study investigates the repair of one party's trust in another through repairing trustworthiness. It is hypothesized that causal attributions for the cause of a negative outcome in a trusting relationship clarify when trustworthiness needs repair and how it may be repaired by the trustee's efforts.

A study was conducted to further develop a perspective on trust repair using Weiner's (1986) causal attribution theory as an overarching framework. It is argued that causal attributions for the cause of a negative outcome in a trusting relationship explain when trustworthiness is in need of repair. The effect of a trustor's emotional reactions on the process of trust repair is also discussed.

A study was conducted to reconcile diverse arguments about the relationships between trust and governance as special cases of a more general framework. The conditions under which negative or positive relationships between preexisting trust and governance complexity could be expected are also analyzed. It is argued that governance mechanisms may crowd out trust.

Few interpersonal relationships endure without one party violating the other's expectations. Thus, the ability to build trust and to restore cooperation after a breach can be critical for the preservation of positive relationships. Using an iterated prisoner's dilemma, this article presents two experiments that investigated the effects of the timing of a trust breach--at the start of an interaction, after 5 trials, after 10 trials, or not at all. The findings indicate that getting off on the wrong foot has devastating long-term consequences. Although later breaches seemed to limit cooperation for only a short time, they still planted a seed of distrust that surfaced in the end. Keywords: trust; trust repair; trust breach; cooperation; primacy effect

Byline: Yasuharu Tokuda (1), Takashi Inoguchi (2) Keywords: Happiness; Trust; Health; Life satisfaction; Social capital Abstract: Our main objective in this paper is to evaluate the possible association between interpersonal mistrust and unhappiness among Japanese people. Based on cross-sectional data for the Japanese general population from the Asia Barometer Survey (2003--2006), we analyzed the relationship between interpersonal mistrust and unhappiness using a logistic regression, adjusted for age, gender, marital status, income, education, occupation, religious belief, and self-rated health. In a total of 2685 participants (mean age, 42.7 years 47.5% men), 204 (7.6%) were classified as unhappy. For the questionnaire items involving mistrust, 1490 (55.5%) participants reported that they 'can't be too careful in dealing with people', and 1642 (61.2%) participants reported that 'people mostly look out for themselves'. In a multivariable-adjusted model using the average score based on these 2 questions, interpersonal mistrust was associated significantly with unhappiness, with an odds-ratio of 2.06 (95% CI, 1.25 to 3.38). Other features associated with unhappiness included: age 50--59 years, marital status of single, divorced, separated, or widowed, low income, mid-education, and poor self-rated health. Gender, occupation, and religious belief were not associated with unhappiness. In conclusion, interpersonal mistrust is associated significantly with unhappiness among Japanese people. Public policies restoring interpersonal trust are needed to promote happiness among the Japanese. Author Affiliation: (1) St. Luke's Life Science Institute, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo City, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan (2) Graduate School of Political Science, Chuo University, Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan Article History: Registration Date: 27/12/2007 Received Date: 21/09/2007 Accepted Date: 24/12/2007 Online Date: 09/01/2008 Article note: Source of financial support: Asahi Breweries, Ltd. Ajinomoto Co., Inc Ebara Corporation Millea Holdings, Inc. Toray Industries, Inc. Toppan Printing Co., Ltd and, Unicharm Corporation, the Regional Policy Division Asia-Pacific Bureau The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the scientific research grant of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( 15203005). Contributors: Y. Tokuda led the data analysis and wrote the manuscript. T. Inoguchi conceived the idea, organized the survey and assisted with interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

At the present time in Islamic Republic of Iran the Virtual Universities are operating beside the Non- virtual universities. The problem that virtual universities now confront is low level of students trust which applying to these universities. The current research tries to recognize factors affecting students trust in Virtual Universities using Delphi Method. This qualitative study examined the opinions of a diverse group of participating experts in the area of information technology and virtual universities. Data were collected through a Delphi methodology during which four rounds of Delphi were administered to determine the Factors affecting students Trust in Virtual Universities. Key words: Virtual Universities, trust, Delphi method, INTRODUCTION The emergence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and their use in training of people has resulted in formation of virtual universities. Most countries with more or less similar [...]

Byline: Giulio Vidotto (1), Marco Vicentini (2), Piergiorgio Argentero (3), Philip Bromiley (4) Keywords: Trust; Organization; Inventory; Structural equation modeling Abstract: Trust influences interactions among individuals and organizations but has been an elusive concept to define and measure. The Organizational Trust Inventory (OTI) measures three dimensions of organizational trust, as defined by Cummings and Bromiley (in: Kramer and Tyler (eds) Trust in Organizations, 1996), believing or feeling that others: keep commitments, negotiate honestly, and do not take excessive advantage. This research presents an original adaptation of the OTI for the Italian people. It can now be used to evaluate trust regarding colleagues, managers, suppliers, subordinates, clients, and organizations. Using a sample of 490 employees and structural equation modeling, we consider the validity of the questionnaire and the theoretical model articulation both across different counterpart and countries. Besides, we develop a new reduced-form of the questionnaire (OTI/R), which offers better psychometric properties than the long form. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (2) Department of Computer Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy (3) Department of Psychology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (4) School of Business, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA Article History: Registration Date: 05/11/2007 Received Date: 06/09/2007 Accepted Date: 05/11/2007 Online Date: 21/11/2007