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Background: Hemodialysis patients exhibit a reduced response to vaccination and have different vaccine dose regimens. Vaccines induce antibodies and affect the inflammatory balance through antibody glycosylation and effector functions. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the antibody glycosylation profiles in hemodialysis patients who were vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, infected with the virus, or both, and compare them with those of dialysis patients in a control group., Methods: Plasma samples from 112 hemodialysis patients were assigned to four groups: control, infected, vaccinated, and post-vaccine-infected. Paired plasma samples from 47 people with vaccination (vaccinees) were analyzed before and after the booster dose. The same analytical approach was applied to the four groups for a cross-sectional comparison., Results: Our study found that both vaccination and infection groups showed decreased fucosylation of IgG1, which is associated with a proinflammatory biosignature. However, vaccination also leads to increased galactosylation and bisection of IgG antibodies, which are associated with anti-inflammatory effects and the additional regulation of immune responses. In contrast, infection led to an additional decrease in the fucosylation of IgG2 and IgA, demonstrating a more intense proinflammatory biosignature than vaccination., Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the proinflammatory biosignature of afucosylation in both vaccination and infection groups. Additionally, we uncovered further regulated profiles related to galactosylation in vaccinees. These findings suggest that antibody investigation for vaccination or infection should not solely focus on neutralization but should also consider effector function-related glycosylation profiling. This comprehensive information can be valuable for fine-tuning vaccine development in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis that frequently progresses to kidney failure. However, the molecular pathogenesis underlying IgAN remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a galactoside-binding protein in IgAN pathogenesis, and showed that Gal-3 expression by the kidney was significantly enhanced in patients with IgAN. In both TEPC-15 hybridoma-derived IgA-induced, passive, and spontaneous "grouped" ddY IgAN models, Gal-3 expression was clearly increased with disease severity in the glomeruli, peri-glomerular regions, and some kidney tubules. Gal-3 knockout (KO) in the passive IgAN model had significantly improved proteinuria, kidney function and reduced severity of kidney pathology, including neutrophil infiltration and decreased differentiation of Th17 cells from kidney-draining lymph nodes, despite increased percentages of regulatory T cells. Gal-3 KO also inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome, yet it enhanced autophagy and improved kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, administration of 6-de-O-sulfated, N-acetylated low-molecular-weight heparin, a competitive Gal-3 binding inhibitor, restored kidney function and improved kidney lesions in passive IgAN mice. Thus, our results suggest that Gal-3 is critically involved in IgAN pathogenesis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting Th17 cell differentiation. Hence, targeting Gal-3 action may represent a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of this kidney disease., (Copyright © 2024 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism play important roles in tumorigenesis. Metastasizing tumor cells predominantly utilize mitochondrial metabolism, and regulators of metabolic reprogramming may provide reliable biomarkers for diagnosing cancer metastasis. Here, we identified a type I arginine methyltransferase-DEAD-box polypeptide 3, X-linked (PRMT1-DDX3) axis that promotes breast cancer metastasis by coordinating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy to ensure mitochondrial quality control. Mechanistically, PRMT1 induces arginine methylation of DDX3, which enhances its protein stability and prevents proteasomal degradation. DDX3 mediates mitochondrial homeostasis by translocating to mitochondria where it facilitates phosphatase and tensin homology-induced kinase 1 translation in response to mitochondrial stress. Inhibition of DDX3 suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, resulting in diminished cancer stemness and metastatic properties. Overall, this study uncovers a mechanism by which the PRMT1-DDX3 axis regulates mitochondrial homeostasis to support breast cancer metastasis, suggesting strategies for targeting metabolic vulnerabilities to treat metastatic breast cancer. Significance: DDX3 is stabilized by PRMT1-mediated arginine methylation and coordinates mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating PINK1 to facilitate breast cancer progression., (©2024 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Purpose: We present a novel technique for intraocular lens (IOL) fixation. The technique can be used on single-piece acrylic IOLs and can manage the patients who are either aphakia or with a dislocated IOL., Methods: One end of Gore-Tex suture is tied into the optic-haptic junction of the IOL. Another end is fixated in the scleral wall. The single sclerotomy and double sclerotomies settings can be applied to different situations., Results: Twelve eyes received this procedure. After a follow-up period of up to 20 months, the IOLs were well centered., Conclusion: The technique is a reliable method for scleral fixation of IOLs, which can be applied on the widely used single-piece acrylic IOLs. In our experience, it is reproducible and rarely cause complications.

Antibody glycosylation plays a crucial role in the humoral immune response by regulating effector functions and influencing the binding affinity to immune cell receptors. Previous studies have focused mainly on the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype owing to the analytical challenges associated with other isotypes. Thus, the development of a sensitive and accurate analytical platform is necessary to characterize antibody glycosylation across multiple isotypes. In this study, we have developed an analytical workflow using antibody-light-chain affinity beads to purify IgG, IgA, and IgM from 16 μL of human plasma. Dual enzymes, trypsin and Glu-C, were used during on-bead digestion to obtain enzymatic glycopeptides and protein-specific surrogate peptides. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used in order to determine the sensitivity and specificity. Our platform targets 95 glycopeptides across the IgG, IgA, and IgM isotypes, as well as eight surrogate peptides representing total IgG, four IgG classes, two IgA classes, and IgM. Four stable isotope-labeled internal standards were added after antibody purification to calibrate the preparation and instrumental bias during analysis. Calibration curves constructed using serially diluted plasma samples showed good curve fitting (R 2 > 0.959). The intrabatch and interbatch precision for all the targets had relative standard deviation of less than 29.6%. This method was applied to 19 human plasma samples, and the glycosylation percentages were calculated, which were comparable to those reported in the literature. The developed method is sensitive and accurate for Ig glycosylation profiling. It can be used in clinical investigations, particularly for detailed humoral immune profiling., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Consumption of agricultural products with pesticide residue is risky and can negatively affect health. This study proposed a nondestructive method of detecting pesticide residues in chili pepper based on the combination of visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy (400-2498 nm) and deep learning modeling. The obtained spectra of chili peppers with two types of pesticide residues (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) were analyzed using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). Compared with the commonly used partial least squares regression model, the 1D-CNN approach yielded higher prediction accuracy, with a root mean square error of calibration of 0.23 and 0.28 mg/kg and a root mean square error of prediction of 0.55 and 0.49 mg/kg for the acetamiprid and imidacloprid data sets, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of the 1D-CNN model and VIS/NIR spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive method of identifying pesticide residues in chili pepper., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Although high-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig)E receptor (FcεRI) expression is upregulated in type 2 (T2)-high asthmatic airway epithelium, its functional role in airway epithelial dysfunction has not been elucidated. Here we report the upregulated expression of FcεRI and p-EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), associated with decreased expression of E-cadherin and claudin-18 in bronchial biopsies of severe T2-high asthmatics compared to mild allergic asthmatics and non-T2 asthmatics. Monomeric IgE (mIgE) decreased the expression of junction proteins, E-cadherin, claudin-18, and ZO-1, and increased alarmin messenger RNA and protein expression in cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells from T2-high asthmatics. Epithelial FcεRI ligation with mIgE decreased transepithelial electric resistance in air-liquid interface cultured epithelial cells. FcεRI ligation with mIgE or IgE- Dinitrophenyl or serum of high-level allergen-specific IgE activated EGFR and Akt via activation of Src family kinases, mediating alarmin expression, junctional protein loss, and increased epithelial permeability. Furthermore, tracheal instillation of mIgE in house dust mite-sensitized mice induced airway hyper-responsiveness, junction protein loss, epithelial cell shedding, and increased epithelial permeability. Thus, our results suggest that IgE-FcεRI cross-linking in the airway epithelium is a potential and unnoticed mechanism for impaired barrier function, increased mucosal permeability, and EGFR-mediated alarmin production in T2-high asthma., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this study, metalloanthocyanin-inspired, biodegradable packaging films were developed by incorporating purple cauliflower extracted (PCE) anthocyanins into alginate (AL)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CCS) hybrid polymer matrices based on complexation of metal ions with these marine polysaccharides and anthocyanins. PCE anthocyanins-incorporated AL/CCS films were further modified with fucoidan (FD) because this sulfated polysaccharide can form strong interactions with anthocyanins. Metals-involved complexation (Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ -crosslinked films) improved the mechanical strength and water vapor permeability but reduced the swelling degree of the films. Zn 2+ -cross-linked films exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity than did pristine (non-crosslinked) and Ca 2+ -cross-linked films. The metal ion/polysaccharide-involved complexation with anthocyanin reduced the release rate of anthocyanins, increased the storage stability and antioxidant capability, and improved the sensitivity of the colorimetric response of the indicator films for monitoring the freshness of shrimp. The anthocyanin-metal-polysaccharide complex film showed great potential as active and intelligent packaging of food products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property. We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs. We confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is accessible by the Corresponding Author and which has been configured to accept email from., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a highly prevalent autoimmune renal disease. Human IgA1 with galactose deficiency in the hinge region (HR) has been identified as an autoantigen for this disease. Therefore, analyzing IgA1 HR glycoforms in biofluids is important for biomarker discovery. Herein, an analytical method that includes one-pot sample preparation with unbiased plasma IgA purification, dual internal standard addition, and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) was developed. Targeted O-glycopeptides detection was performed in pooled plasma with the validation of theoretical retention times, enzymatic treatment outcomes, product ion scans, and signal repeatability. A total of 42 IgA1 O-glycopeptides with N-acetylgalactosamines, galactoses, and sialic acids were determined from 8 µL of plasma. The newly developed method was applied to plasma samples from 16 non-IgAN controls and 19 IgAN patients. Comparing the 42 targets, 16 IgA1 HR O-glycopeptides were statistically different between the two groups (p<0.05). Decreased sialylation was identified in the IgA1 hinge region of IgAN patients, which was also correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The developed method is sensitive and precise and can be used to identify plasma biomarkers for IgA nephropathy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Both high-fat diet (HFD) alone and high-fructose plus HFD (HFr/HFD) cause diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in murine models. However, the mechanisms underlying their impacts on inducing different levels of liver injury are yet to be elucidated. This study employed a proteomic approach to elucidate further on this issue. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were allocated to the HFD or the HFr/HFD group. After feeding for 12 weeks, all mice were euthanized and samples were collected. The proteomic profiles in liver tissues were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry followed by canonical pathway analysis. We demonstrated that the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway was the most significantly downregulated canonical pathway in the HFr/HFD group when compared with the HFD group. Within the OXPHOS pathway, the HFr/HFD group demonstrated significant downregulation of complexes I and III and significant upregulation of complex IV when compared with the HFD group. Moreover, the HFr/HFD group had lower protein levels of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunits S3, S6, A5, and A12 in complex I ( p < 0.001, =0.03, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively), lower protein level of cytochrome C in complex III ( p < 0.001), and higher protein level of cytochrome C oxidase subunit 2 in complex IV ( p = 0.002), when compared with the HFD group. To summarize, we have demonstrated that the hepatic mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway is significantly downregulated in long-term HFr/HFD feeding when compared with long-term HFD feeding. These data support the concept that the hepatic mitochondrial OXPHOS pathway should be involved in mediating the effects of HFr/HFD on inducing more severe liver injury than HFD alone.

Macrophages play essential roles throughout the wound repair process. Nevertheless, mechanisms regulating the process are poorly understood. MAFB is specifically expressed in the macrophages in hematopoietic tissue and is vital to homeostatic function. Comparison of the skin wound repair rates in macrophage-specific, MAFB-deficient mice ( Mafb f/f ::LysM-Cre) and control mice ( Mafb f/f ) showed that wound healing was significantly delayed in the former. For wounded GFP knock-in mice with GFP inserts in the Mafb locus, flow cytometry revealed that their GFP-positive cells expressed macrophage markers. Thus, macrophages express Mafb at wound sites. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, proteome analysis, and RT-qPCR of the wound tissue showed relative downregulation of Arg1 , Ccl12 , and Ccl2 in Mafb f/f ::LysM-Cre mice. The aforementioned genes were also downregulated in the bone marrow-derived, M2-type macrophages of Mafb f/f ::LysM-Cre mice. Published single-cell RNA-Seq analyses showed that Arg1 , Ccl2 , Ccl12 , and Il-10 were expressed in distinct populations of MAFB-expressing cells. Hence, the MAFB-expressing macrophage population is heterogeneous. MAFB plays the vital role of regulating multiple genes implicated in wound healing, which suggests that MAFB is a potential therapeutic target in wound healing.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted from cells and have a general diameter ranging from 30-150 nm. It was reported that exosomes have essential roles in intercellular communication and can be targeted as biomarkers of disease or as therapeutic agents. Among the different techniques used for exosome investigation, the mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach has accelerated the unraveling of the molecular composition of exosomes and has contributed to improved knowledge of molecular processes in various diseases. In this review, we focused on proteomics-based studies of exosomes and clinical applications in kidney diseases. A general introduction of exosomes, isolation and characterization techniques, and proteomics-based study workflows are included in this article. We also categorized applications in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, renal transplantation, congenital kidney disease, and malignant kidney disorder to show the important findings from proteomics-based exosomal investigations.

Dysregulation of hormones is considered a risk factor for obesity-mediated breast tumorigenesis; however, obesity is associated with poor outcomes among women diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is a hormone-independent breast cancer subtype. Thus, identifying the driving force behind the obesity-breast cancer relationship is an urgent need. Here it is identified that diet-induced obesity (DIO) facilitates tumorigenesis of TNBC cells. Mechanistically, DIO induces a metabolic addiction to fatty acid oxidation (FAO), accompanied by coordinated activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling. Specifically, YAP governs mitochondrial redox homeostasis via transcriptional regulation of antioxidant-related enzymes, which renders tumor cells capable of extenuating FAO-elicited mitochondrial oxidative stress. Moreover, adipocytes-derived fatty acids are identified to be responsible for enhancing the FAO-YAP axis and antioxidative capacity, and higher expression of an obesity signature in breast cancer patients is positively correlated with YAP signaling and antioxidant genes. The findings uncover the crucial role of YAP in dictating mitochondrial redox homeostasis for obesity-mediated metabolic adaptation and breast tumor progression., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics is increasing rapidly, but mAb concentrations vary widely between individuals and might subsequently affect mAb exposure and treatment response. Precision medicine has gained much attention in recent years, but little is known about the personalized dosage of mAb therapeutics. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been demonstrated as a selective and sensitive approach to quantify mAb therapeutics in biological samples, but current methods to quantify mAbs are usually time-consuming and require tedious sample preparation. This study developed an efficient LC-MS/MS method using an on-bead trypsin digestion procedure at a higher digestion temperature. Five mAbs, bevacizumab, evolocumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and trastuzumab, used for treating different diseases, were selected for method development. Tocilizumab was selected as the internal standard. The result of the on-bead digestion protocol was compared to the conventional low-pH elution method, and it showed better sensitivity and reproducibility for most mAbs. The optimized on-bead digestion protocol used 75 μL of digestion buffer at 60 °C for a 60 min digestion. The calibration curve was generated from 10 to 200 μg mL -1 . The accuracies at the three QC levels of the 5 mAbs were all within 94.5 ± 5.2% to 111.6 ± 3.7%. The repeatability and intermediate precision of the 5 mAbs were all lower than 6.1 and 9.5% RSD, respectively. The newly developed method was successfully applied to quantify trastuzumab in six breast cancer patients under different treatment cycles, and the concentrations ranged from 66.4 to 173.2 μg mL -1 . In conclusion, the developed method is more efficient and more practical for real-world analysis of a large number of clinical samples, it could be used for routine therapeutic drug monitoring, and it could contribute to personalized mAb treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Deep learning (DL) algorithms are used to diagnose diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, most of these algorithms have been trained using global data or data from patients of a single region. Using different model architectures (e.g., Inception-v3, ResNet101, and DenseNet121), we assessed the necessity of modifying the algorithms for universal society screening. We used the open-source dataset from the Kaggle Diabetic Retinopathy Detection competition to develop a model for the detection of DR severity. We used a local dataset from Taipei City Hospital to verify the necessity of model localization and validated the three aforementioned models with local datasets. The experimental results revealed that Inception-v3 outperformed ResNet101 and DenseNet121 with a foreign global dataset, whereas DenseNet121 outperformed Inception-v3 and ResNet101 with the local dataset. The quadratic weighted kappa score (κ) was used to evaluate the model performance. All models had 5-8% higher κ for the local dataset than for the foreign dataset. Confusion matrix analysis revealed that, compared with the local ophthalmologists' diagnoses, the severity predicted by the three models was overestimated. Thus, DL algorithms using artificial intelligence based on global data must be locally modified to ensure the applicability of a well-trained model to make diagnoses in clinical environments.

Studies involving the pathogenic organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis routinely require advanced biosafety laboratory facilities, which might not be readily available in rural areas where tuberculosis burdens are high. Attempts to adapt heat inactivation techniques have led to inconsistent conclusions, and the risk of protein denaturation due to extensive heating is impractical for subsequent mass spectrometry (MS)-based protein analyses. In this study, 240 specimens with one or two loops of M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv biomass and specific inactivated solutions were proportionally assigned to six heat inactivation methods in a thermal block at 80°C and 95°C for 20, 30, and 90 min. Twenty untreated specimens served as a positive control, and bacterial growth was followed up for 12 weeks. Our results showed that 90 min of heat inactivation was necessary for samples with two loops of biomass. Further protein extraction and a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS assay demonstrated adequate scores for bacterial identification (≥1.7), with the highest score achieved in the 80°C/90 min and 95°C/30 min treatment groups. A proteomics study also confidently identified 648 proteins with ∼93% to 96% consistent protein abundances following heating at 95°C for 20, 30, and 90 min. Heat inactivation at 95°C for 90 min yielded the most quantifiable proteins, and a functional analysis revealed proteins located in the ribosomal subunit. In summary, we proposed a heat inactivation method for the M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv and studied the preservation of protein components for subsequent bacterial identification and protein-related assays. IMPORTANCE Inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important step to guarantee biosafety for subsequent M. tuberculosis identification and related research, notably in areas of endemicity with minimal resources. However, certain biomolecules might be denatured or hydrolyzed because of the harsh inactivation process, and a standardized protocol is yet to be determined. We evaluated distinct heating conditions to report the inactivation efficiency and performed downstream mass spectrometry-based M. tuberculosis identification and proteomics study. The results are important and useful for both basic and clinical M. tuberculosis studies.

Renal tubulointerstitial lesions (TILs), a common pathologic hallmark of chronic kidney disease that evolves to end-stage renal disease, is characterized by progressive inflammation and pronounced fibrosis of the kidney. However, current therapeutic approaches to treat these lesions remain largely ineffectual. Previously, we demonstrated that elevated IL-36α levels in human renal tissue and urine are implicated in impaired renal function, and IL-36 signaling enhances activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in a mouse model of TILs. Recently, we synthesized NSC828779, a salicylanilide derivative (protected by U.S. patents with US 8975255 B2 and US 9162993 B2), which inhibits activation of NF-κB signaling with high immunomodulatory potency and low IC 50 , and we hypothesized that it would be a potential drug candidate for renal TILs. The current study validated the therapeutic effects of NSC828779 on TILs using a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and relevant cell models, including renal tubular epithelial cells under mechanically induced constant pressure. Treatment with NSC828779 improved renal lesions, as demonstrated by dramatically reduced severity of renal inflammation and fibrosis and decreased urinary cytokine levels in UUO mice. This small molecule specifically inhibits the IL-36α/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Based on these results, the beneficial outcome represents synergistic suppression of both the IL-36α-activated MAPK/NLRP3 inflammasome and STAT3- and Smad2/3-dependent fibrogenic signaling. NSC828779 appears justified as a new drug candidate to treat renal progressive inflammation and fibrosis.

Various individual characteristics may affect medication adherence; however, few studies have investigated the effect of interrelationships among these various individual characteristics on medication adherence. This cross-sectional study explored the interrelationships among risk factors for medication adherence and established a predictive model of low medication adherence among older adults with hypertension. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 300 older adults with hypertension. The following parameters were recorded: demographic and disease characteristics, health beliefs, self-efficacy, social support, and medication adherence of antihypertensive drugs. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was performed to develop a predictive model of low medication adherence. The CART model revealed that health belief, disease duration, self-efficacy, and social support interacted to contribute to various pathways of low medication adherence. The predicted accuracy of the model was validated with a low misclassification rate of 26%. The proposed classification model can help identify risk cases with low medication adherence. Suitable health education programs based on these risk factors to manage and improve medication adherence for older adults with hypertension could be considered., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest statement There is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article for all authors., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is categorized as an IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), where a high concentration of plasma IgG4 is one of the common biomarkers among patients. IgG Fc-glycosylation has been reported to be potential biosignatures for diseases. However, human IgG3 and IgG4 Fc-glycopeptides from populations in Asia were found to be isobaric ions when using LC-MS/MS as an analytical tool. In this study, an analytical workflow that coupled affinity purification and stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS was developed to dissect IgG4 glycosylation profiles for autoimmune pancreatitis. Comparing the IgG4 and glycosylation profiles among healthy controls, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and AIP, the IgG4 glycosylations from the AIP group were found to have more digalactosylation (compared to PDAC) and less monogalactosylation (compared to HC). In addition, higher fucosylation and sialylation profiles were also discovered for the AIP group. The workflow is efficient and selective for IgG4 glycopeptides, and can be used for clinical biosignature discovery.

Background: In most controlled studies of multi-component cognitive intervention, participants' cognitive levels are homogenous, which is contrary to real-world settings. There is a lack of research studying the implementation of evidence-based cognitive intervention in communities. This study describes the implementation and preliminary effectiveness of a Multi-component Cognitive Intervention using Simulated Everyday Tasks (MCI-SET) for older adults with different cognitive levels in real-world settings., Methods: Single group, pre-intervention assessment, post-intervention assessment, and 3-month follow-up research design. MCI-SET consists of 12 two-hour weekly sessions that include motor-cognitive tasks, cognitive training, and cognitive rehabilitation. One hundred and thirty participants, > = 65 and frail, dependence on > = one instrumental daily activity, or with confirmed dementia, from eight community centers were included. The primary outcome is general cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Taiwan, MoCA-T). Secondary outcomes are memory (Miami Prospective Memory Test, Digits Forward, Digits Backward), attention (Color Trail Test-Part 1), executive function (Color Trail Test-Part 2), and general function (Kihon Checklist-Taiwan)., Results: Pre-intervention workshop for group leaders, standardized activity protocols, on-site observation, and ten weekly conferences were conducted to ensure implementation fidelity. MCI-SET had an 85% retention rate and 96% attendance rate. The participants had a mean age of 78.26 ± 7.00 and a mean MoCA-T score of 12.55 ± 7.43. 73% were female. General cognition (Hedges' g = 0.31), attention (Hedges' g = 0.23), and general function (Hedges' g = 0.31), showed significant post-intervention improvement with small effect size. Follow-ups showed maintained improvement in general cognition (Hedges' g = 0.33), and delayed effect on attention (Hedges' g = 0.20), short-term memory (Hedges' g = 0.38), and executive function (Hedges' g = 0.40). Regression analysis indicated that the intervention settings (day care centers vs neighborhood centers), the pre-intervention cognitive levels, and the pre-intervention general function of the participants were not associated with the outcomes., Conclusions: MCI-SET is feasible and can improve the cognitive skills and general functions of older adults with heterogeneous cognitive skills or disabilities. It is essential to tailor programs to fit the interests of the participants and the culture of local communities. Group leaders must also have the skills to adjust the cognitive demands of the tasks to meet the heterogeneous cognitive levels of participants., Trial Registration: This study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04615169 )., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation was discovered to have an association with inflammation status, which has the potential to be a novel biomarker for kidney diseases. In this study, we applied an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method to plasma and urine samples from 57 individuals with different levels of kidney function. Natural abundances of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 subclasses in plasma showed positive correlations to the estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs). Eighteen IgG glycopeptides also showed positive correlations. In contrast, higher IgG amounts were found in urine samples from participants with lower eGFR values. After normalizing IgG glycopeptides from plasma to their respective protein amounts, H4N4F1S1-IgG1 ( r = 0.37, p = 0.0047, significant) and H5N4F1S1-IgG1 ( r = 0.25, p = 0.063, marginally significant) were the two glycopeptides that still had positive correlations with eGFRs. The results showed that the UHPLC-MS/MS method is capable of investigating IgG profiles, and monitoring IgG and glycosylation patterns is worthy of further clinical application for kidney disease.

Background and Objectives: Patients with kidney failure have a high risk of cardiovascular disease due to cardiac remodeling, left ventricular fibrosis, and hyperaldosteronism, all of which can be potentially mitigated by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. However, because of the fear of hyperkalemia, the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with kidney failure is limited in current clinical practice, and few studies have investigated the efficacy and safety. Thus, we aimed to determine the benefits and side effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with kidney failure treated with dialysis., Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published from 2005 to 2020 that compared the effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists with either placebo or no treatment in patients with kidney failure. Two reviewers independently searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for all published studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias, and rated the quality of evidence. A meta-analysis was conducted on 14 eligible randomized controlled trials, and a total of 1309 patients were included., Results: High-quality evidence suggested that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are associated with lower cardiovascular mortality (relative risk, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.70; P =0.001) and all-cause mortality (relative risk, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.66; P <0.001), and the risk of hyperkalemia was comparable with that of control group (relative risk, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.36; P =0.29). However, no significant decrease in nonfatal cardiovascular events and stroke was observed, and there was no significant improvement in BP or cardiac performance parameters, including left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular mass index., Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists might improve clinical outcomes of patients with kidney failure without significant increase in the risk of hyperkalemia., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Society of Nephrology.)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved circulating tumor markers, including carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and CA125 were used as prognostic biomarkers of CRC that attributed to low sensitivity in diagnosis of CRC. Therefore, our purpose is to develop a novel strategy for novel clinical biomarkers for early CRC diagnosis. We used mass spectrometry (MS) methods such as nanoLC-MS/MS, targeted LC-MS/MS, and stable isotope-labeled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS coupled to test machine learning algorithms and logistic regression to analyze plasma samples from patients with early-stage CRC, late-stage CRC, and healthy controls (HCs). On the basis of our methods, 356 peptides were identified, 6 differential expressed peptides were verified, and finally three peptides corresponding wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-captured proteins were semi-quantitated in 286 plasma samples (80 HCs and 206 CRCs). The novel peptide biomarkers combination of PF4 54-62 , ITIH4 429-438 , and APOE 198-207 achieved sensitivity 84.5%, specificity 97.5% and an AUC of 0.96 in CRC diagnosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that WGA-captured plasma PF4 54-62 , ITIH4 429-438 , and APOE 198-207 levels in combination may serve as highly effective early diagnostic biomarkers for patients with CRC.

Oxidative stress-related ocular surface epithelial damage can be initiated by ambient oxygen, UV radiation, and chemical burns. The oxidative damage to cornea can lead to inflammation and even vision loss. Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a Chinese herbal drug and has been shown to prevent chronic diseases in clinical practices and has been proven to possess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In the study, we prepared poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a sustained drug release system of Lingzhi (LZH) to improve bioavailability. The particle size of developed NPs containing LZH (LZH-NPs) was ~184 nm with narrow size distribution. The results of cellular uptake revealed that using NPs as a drug delivery system could significantly increases the intracellular retention time. The results of the cell viability and chemiluminescence assay revealed that 5 μg/ml of LZH-NPs might be the threshold concentration for cultivation of corneal epithelial cells. After treating LZH-NPs in oxidative damaged cells, the results showed that the inflammation-related gene expression and DNA fragmentation level were both significantly decreased. Post-treatment of LZH-NPs in damaged corneal epithelial cells could increase the cell survival rate. In the rabbit corneal alkali burn model, topical instillation of LZH-NPs could promote corneal wound healing and decrease the inflammation. These results suggest that LZH-NPs may have the potential to treat ocular surface diseases caused by oxidative stress., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Therapeutic drug monitoring is important for achieving desirable outcomes in tuberculosis treatment. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction was used to extract levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin from dried plasma spots for subsequent detection and quantification with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Dried plasma spotting was performed by dropping 15 μL of plasma on a protein saver card. Analyte extraction was performed with microwave-assisted extraction at 400 W for 40 s in 90 % methanol. Samples were analyzed with a core-shell C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, 100 Å). Multiple reaction monitoring was used and the ion source was operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were > 0.999 for all three drugs over a range of 0.2-20 μg/mL. The intraday precision (n = 5) of the peak area ratios of the analyte to the internal standard was between 1.3 and 4.0 % relative standard deviation (RSD). The intraday accuracy ranged from 93.6-106.9%. The interday (n = 3) precision of the peak area ratios ranged from 1.9 to 8.8 % RSD, and the accuracy ranged from 94.9-107.1%. Regarding clinical application, the quantification results for moxifloxacin from dried plasma spots (DPSs) were strongly similar to the results from the plasma samples, which showed that Pearson's rho > 0.949. The validation and application results showed that the developed method can be used as an efficient analytical technique for therapeutic drug monitoring of fluoroquinolones for patients with tuberculosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Active and intelligent packaging films with multiple functions including antioxidant, antibacterial and colorimetric pH indicator properties were developed by incorporating Clitoria ternatea (CT) extract into gellan gum (G) film. G enhanced the stability of CT anthocyanins and allowed the anthocyanins to release from G film in a pH-responsive behavior. Heat-treated soy protein isolate (HSPI) was able to interact with G and CT anthocyanins through the formation of electrostatic forces and covalent bonds. G film blended with HSPI greatly reduced the swelling capacity of G/HSPI composite film and controlled the anthocyanins release at pH greater than 6.0. The physical and mechanical properties of G films such as hydrophobicity, water vapor permeability, swelling capacity and tensile strength were also significantly modified by addition of HSPI to G films. The smart films changed their color with the increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) values during progressive spoilage of shrimp, revealing their potential application for monitoring seafood freshness., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background/purpose: Reactivation of herpes viruses poses threat to corneal graft survival. This study evaluated the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV type 2 (HSV-2), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in recipient corneas and the aqueous humor of patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), and the impact on graft survival., Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 90 eyes of 71 patients underwent PKP between 2008 and 2016. Cornea and aqueous humor samples were sent for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for viral DNA. The main outcomes were PCR results and graft survival., Results: Recipient corneas tested positive for HSV-1 in 47 eyes (52.2%), for HSV-2 in 24 eyes (26.7%), and for CMV in seven eyes (7.8%). Aqueous humor tested positive for HSV-1 in 44 eyes (48.9%), for HSV-2 in 25 eyes (27.8%), and for CMV in eight eyes (8.9%). The presence of aqueous HSV-1 DNA was associated with higher risk of graft failure (p = 0.005), whereas corneal HSV-1 DNA was not. The presence of HSV-2 DNA had no significant impact on graft survival. Aqueous CMV DNA was associated with higher risk of graft failure in univariate model, but not in multivariate model., Conclusion: There were high positive rates of HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV DNA in recipient corneas and aqueous humor at the time of PKP, even among patients not suspected of latent viral infection. The presence of aqueous HSV-1 DNA was associated with higher risk of graft failure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2019 Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a kind of IgG4-related disease in which higher IgG4 and total IgG levels have been found in patient serum. Due to the similar imaging features and laboratory parameters between AIP and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a differential diagnosis is still challenging. Since IgG profiles can be potential bio-signatures for disease, we developed and validated a method which coupled on-bead enzymatic protein elution process to an efficient UHPLC-MS/MS method to determine IgG subclass and glycosylation. A stable-isotope labeled IgG was incorporated as internal standard to achieve accurate quantification. For calibration curves, the correlation coefficients for total IgG and the four IgG subclasses were higher than 0.995. Intraday (n = 5) and interday (n = 3) precisions of the peak area ratios of LLOQ, low, medium, and high QC samples were all less than 6.6% relative standard deviation (% RSD), and the accuracies were between 93.5 and 114.9%. Calibration curves, precision, and accuracy were also evaluated for 26 IgG glycopeptides. The method was applied to samples from healthy controls and patients with AIP and PDAC. Distinct IgG patterns were discovered among the groups, and 7 glycopeptides showed high potential in differentiating AIP and PDAC. The results demonstrated that the developed method is suitable for multi-feature analysis of human IgG, and the discovered IgG profiles can be used as bio-signatures for AIP and PDAC., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The optimal loading dose of teicoplanin in patients receiving venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has never been determined by therapeutic drug monitoring. This study investigated the appropriateness of proposed loading dose regimens of teicoplanin when administered to patients receiving VA-ECMO by using a previously proposed loading dosage and measuring the teicoplanin trough concentration (C trough )., Methods: Patients who initiated teicoplanin therapy while receiving VA-ECMO were enrolled. Every included patient received four loading doses of teicoplanin at a dose of 12 mg/kg. The first three doses were administered 12 h apart, and the fourth dose was administered 24 h after the third dose. Blood samples were collected before administering the maintenance dose (i.e., the fifth dose), and the teicoplanin C trough was measured. Serum teicoplanin levels were determined using an Agilent 1290 ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system., Results: The teicoplanin C trough was successfully tested in 11 patients. Their median age was 68.2 years, and 81.8% of them were men. The median of each loading dose was 11.6 (range, 10.7-12.8) mg/kg. The median teicoplanin C trough was 22.01 (range, 14.85-44.84) mg/L. All patients had a C trough of more than 10 mg/L, whereas 90.9% (10/11) of the patients achieved a C trough of more than 15 mg/L., Conclusion: The loading dosage consisting of four doses of teicoplanin administered within the first 72 h at a dose of 12 mg/kg/dose could achieve an adequate therapeutic C trough of teicoplanin in patients receiving VA-ECMO., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (Copyright © 2019 Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, and metastasis in lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Thus, understanding the mechanism of lung cancer metastasis will improve the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer patients. Herein, we found that expression of cluster of differentiation 109 (CD109) was correlated with the invasive and metastatic capacities of lung adenocarcinoma cells. CD109 is upregulated in tumorous tissues, and CD109 overexpression was associated with tumor progression, distant metastasis, and a poor prognosis in patient with lung adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, expression of CD109 regulates protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling via its association with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Inhibition of CD109 decreases EGFR phosphorylation, diminishes EGF-elicited activation of AKT/mTOR, and sensitizes tumor cells to an EGFR inhibitor. Taken together, our results show that CD109 is a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in lung cancer patients., (© 2020 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.)

Rationale: Glycosylation on immunoglobulins is important for the immune function. In this study, we developed and validated a method for the absolute quantification of IgA subclasses and relative quantification of IgA-Fc glycopeptides by using affinity purification and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). Only micro-volumes of plasma were required from each sample and we also applied the method to discover IgA and IgA-glycopeptide profiles in patients with chronic kidney diseases and IgA nephropathy., Methods: Peptide M affinity beads were used to purify IgA, and a cost-effective peptide analogue was added as internal standard. With an efficient on-bead digestion process, purified samples were analyzed by UHPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode., Results: Correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 for the IgA1 and IgA2 calibration curves and greater than 0.994 for glycopeptide regression curves. Intraday and interday precisions for IgA1 and IgA2 were <1.6% and <5.1% RSD, respectively. Intraday and interday accuracies ranged from 102.6 to 114.9% and 103.5 to 113.5% for IgA1 and IgA2, respectively. Stabilities of IgA1 and IgA2 at -80°C for 7 to 15 days ranged from 96.0 to 109.4%, respectively. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.916 when comparing the IgA quantification results of the 30 clinical samples by using ELISAs and the developed UHPLC/MS/MS method. Compared with healthy controls, IgA and IgA-glycopeptides showed different profiles in patients with chronic kidney diseases and IgA nephropathy., Conclusions: The developed method showed good validation results, and the absolute quantification results of IgA correlated with those from ELISA. The pilot application study showed that IgA and IgA-glycopeptides can be potential biomarker candidates for kidney diseases, and more clinical sample applications are worth investigating., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have emerged as the preferred choice for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). The establishment of a therapeutic range to minimize bleeding and thrombosis is important for personalized treatment of NOACs. The importance of dried blood spots (DBSs) has increased in medical care. An efficient and effective DBS analytical method could facilitate the concentration management of NOACs. The postcolumn infused internal standard (PCI-IS) method was applied to estimate spot volume and quantify dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban concentrations on DBS cards. The extraction solvent contented 0.1% formic acid and 70% ACN with a successive extraction procedure. Paired DBS and plasma samples from patients undergoing NOAC therapy ( n = 269) were used to calculate conversion factors. [ 13 C 6 ]-Rivaroxaban was selected as the PCI-IS. The quantification accuracy for the three NOACs was within 88.9-104.3%. The RSDs of the repeatability and intermediate precision were below 10%. The obtained conversion factors of DBS to plasma concentrations of dabigatran, apixaban, and rivaroxaban were 1.81, 1.59, and 1.31, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the % differences between predicted and measured plasma concentrations were within a bias of ±20%. The result showed that PCI-IS was an accurate and efficient LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously estimate blood volume and NOAC concentrations on DBS cards. The stability results revealed that the DBS sampling strategy could improve compound stability. The developed method offers a new strategy for the therapeutic drug monitoring of NOACs and may improve the safe use of these drugs.

Rationale : Cancer cells reprogram cellular metabolism to fulfill their needs for rapid growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism controlling this reprogramming is poorly understood. We searched for upregulated signaling in metastatic colorectal cancer and investigated the mechanism by which Glut3 promotes tumor metastasis. Methods : We compared RNA levels and glycolytic capacity in primary and metastatic colon cancer. The expression and association of Glut3 with clinical prognosis in colon cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Glut3 gain-of-function and loss-of-function were established using colon cancer HCT116, HT29, and metastatic 116-LM cells, and tumor invasiveness and stemness properties were evaluated. Metabolomic profiles were analyzed by GC/MS and CE-TOF/MS. The metastatic burden in mice fed a high-fat sucrose diet was assessed by intravenous inoculation with Glut3 knockdown 116-LM cells. Results : Upregulation of glycolytic genes and glycolytic capacity was detected in metastatic colorectal cancer cells. Specifically, Glut3 overexpression was associated with metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Mechanistically, Glut3 promoted invasiveness and stemness in a Yes-associated protein (YAP)-dependent manner. Activation of YAP in turn transactivated Glut3 and regulated a group of glycolytic genes. Interestingly, the expression and phosphorylation of PKM2 were concomitantly upregulated in metastatic colorectal cancer, and it was found to interact with YAP and enhance the expression of Glut3. Importantly, a high-fat high-sucrose diet promoted tumor metastasis, whereas the inhibition of either Glut3 or YAP effectively reduced the metastatic burden. Conclusion : Activation of the Glut3-YAP signaling pathway acts as a master activator to reprogram cancer metabolism and thereby promotes metastasis. Our findings reveal the importance of metabolic reprogramming in supporting cancer metastasis as well as possible therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Immunoglobulins (Igs) are major serum proteins which play important roles in immunity. Both untargeted and targeted proteomic workflows can be applied to investigate antigen-binding sites and the glycosylation profiles of Igs. For a more-comprehensive picture of IgG from human serum, we developed an IgG purification process and coupled the standardized method to untargeted and targeted proteomic workflows for IgG investigations. Parameters such as the type of purification beads, volume of the bead slurry, incubation conditions, and binding capacities were evaluated in this study. Only 2 μL of human serum was required for each sample. The performance of coupling the purification process to untargeted proteomics in the IgG analysis was evaluated by comparing normalized abundances of IgG subclass-specific peptides with quantification results from an ELISA. Pearson's correlation values were all >0.82. Targeted proteomic workflow was applied to serum samples from patients with autoimmune pancreatitis and from healthy controls, and the results corresponded to clinical findings that IgG4-related peptides/glycopeptides showed higher abundances in the diseased group. The developed IgG purification process is simple and requires small sample volume, and it can be coupled to targeted and untargeted proteomic workflows for clinical investigations in the future., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.)

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with host health conditions. Many diseases have shown to have correlations with imbalanced microbiota, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and even neurodegeneration disorders. Metabolomics studies targeting small molecule metabolites that impact the host metabolome and their biochemical functions have shown promise for studying host-gut microbiota interactions. Metabolome analysis determines the metabolites being discussed for their biological implications in host-gut microbiota interactions. To facilitate understanding the critical aspects of metabolome analysis, this article reviewed (1) the sample types used in host-gut microbiome studies; (2) mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical methods and (3) useful tools for MS-based data processing/analysis. In addition to the most frequently used sample type, feces, we also discussed others biosamples, such as urine, plasma/serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, exhaled breaths, and tissues, to better understand gut metabolite systemic effects on the whole organism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), three powerful tools that can be utilized to study host-gut microbiota interactions, are included with examples of their applications. After obtaining big data from MS-based instruments, noise removal, peak detection, missing value imputation, and data analysis are all important steps for acquiring valid results in host-gut microbiome research. The information provided in this review will help new researchers aiming to join this field by providing a global view of the analytical aspects involved in gut microbiota-related metabolomics studies., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Misdiagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) as pancreatic cancer (PDAC) or vice versa can cause dismal patents' outcomes. Changes in IgG glycosylation are associated with cancers and autoimmune diseases. This study investigated the IgG glycosylation profiles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in PDAC and AIP., Methods: Serum IgG-glycosylation profiles from 86 AIP patients, 115 PDAC patients, and 57 controls were analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was applied to build a decision tree for discriminating PDAC from AIP. The result was validated in an independent cohort., Results: Compared with AIP patients and controls, PDAC patients had significantly higher agalactosylation, lower fucosylation, and sialylation of IgG1, a higher agalactosylation ratio of IgG1 and a higher agalactosylation ratio of IgG2. AIP patients had significantly higher fucosylation of IgG1 and a higher sialylation ratio of IgG subclasses 1, 2 and 4. Using the CART analysis of agalactosylation and sialylation ratios in the IgG to discriminate AIP from PDAC, the diagnostic accuracy of the glycan markers was 93.8% with 94.6% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. There were no statistically significant difference of IgG-glycosylation profiles between diffuse type and focal type AIP., Conclusions: AIP and PDAC patients have distinct IgG-glycosylation profilings. IgG-glycosylation could different PDAC from AIP with high accuracy.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs have generated much interest in recent years for treating various diseases. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) represents a high percentage of mAb drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, we developed a general liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify the concentration of IgG-based mAbs in human plasma. Three IgG-based drugs (bevacizumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab) were selected to demonstrate our method. Protein G beads were used for sample pretreatment due to their universal ability to trap IgG-based drugs. Surrogate peptides that were obtained after trypsin digestion were quantified by using LC-MS/MS. To calibrate sample preparation errors and matrix effects that occur during LC-MS/MS analysis, we used two internal standards (IS) method that include the IgG-based drug-IS tocilizumab and post-column infused IS. Using two internal standards was found to effectively improve quantification accuracy, which was within 15% for all mAb drugs that were tested at three different concentrations. This general method was validated in term of its precision, accuracy, linearity and sensitivity for 3 demonstration mAb drugs. The successful application of the method to clinical samples demonstrated its' applicability in clinical analysis. It is anticipated that this general method could be applied to other mAb-based drugs for use in precision medicine and clinical studies., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Glutamine, glutamate and glutathione are key modulators of excessive oxidative stress in tumor cells. In this study, we developed a rapid and accurate HILIC-MS/MS method to simultaneously determine concentrations of cellular glutamine, glutamate and glutathione. A bared silica HILIC column was employed to analyze these polar metabolites. The LC-MS parameters were optimized to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity. The analysis can be completed within 4 min under optimal conditions. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, and linearity. Intra-day (n = 9) precision was within 2.68-6.24% among QCs. Inter-day precision (n = 3) was below 12.4%. The method accuracy was evaluated by the recovery test, and the accuracy for three analytes were between 91.6 and 110%. The developed method was applied to study antioxidant function of GLS2 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Changes in concentrations of glutamine, glutamate and glutathione revealed that the overexpression of GLS2 could effectively decrease oxidative stress. In summary, this study developed a rapid HILIC-MS/MS method for quantification of GLS2-related metabolites that could facilitate elucidation of the role of GLS2 in tumor development., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Biopharmaceutical products such as protein drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are currently of great interest with monoclonal antibody drugs being one of the fastest growing categories of biopharmaceutical products. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has gained high interest for measuring mAb drugs in biological samples in recent years due to its high selectivity. Bevacizumab is a humanized immunoglobulin G (IgG) mAb drug against human vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A). It is used for treating many types of cancers. Recent studies have indicated that clinical outcomes vary among patients treated with bevacizumab and produce various side effects, such as vascular disorders. In this study, we developed an LC-MS/MS method to quantify bevacizumab concentration. We selected readily available and economic materials for sample preparation to facilitate its wider use in clinical fields.-Protein G was used to trap bevacizumab from human plasma. In place of an extended stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS), the IgG-based drug-IS tocilizumab was used because of its better calibration performance. The method was validated in terms of its precision, accuracy, linearity, and sensitivity. The accuracies which were expressed as percentage recoveries for three concentration levels were within 92.8 ± 3.2 to 112.7 ± 4.5%. Repeatability and intermediate precision in terms of peak area ratios were lower than 5.2 and 12.9% RSD, respectively. The application to patients' sample measurements revealed a wide individual variability of drug concentrations, and the proposed simple and general method may facilitate personalized medicine for improving therapeutic efficacy and safety. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections have been reported worldwide. Colistin, an antibiotic with known nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, is now being used to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative strains. In this study, we applied an on-spot internal standard addition approach coupled with an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify colistin A and B from dried blood spots (DBSs). Only 15μL of whole blood was required for each sample. An internal standard with the same yield of extraction recoveries as colistin was added to the spot before sample extraction for accurate quantification. Formic acid in water (0.15%) with an equal volume of acetonitrile (50:50v/v) was used as the extraction solution. With the optimized extraction process and LC-MS/MS conditions, colistin A and B could be quantified from a DBS with respective limits of quantification of 0.13 and 0.27μgmL -1 , and the retention times were < 2min. The relative standard deviations of within-run and between-run precisions for peak area ratios were all < 17.3%. Accuracies were 91.5-111.2% for lower limit of quantification, low, medium, and high QC samples. The stability of the easily hydrolyzed prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate, was investigated in DBSs. Less than 4% of the prodrug was found to be hydrolyzed in DBSs at room temperature after 48h. The developed method applied an on-spot internal standard addition approach which benefited the precision and accuracy. Results showed that DBS sampling coupled with the sensitive LC-MS/MS method has the potential to be an alternative approach for colistin quantification, where the bias of prodrug hydrolysis in liquid samples is decreased., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Background/purpose: Topical atropine treatment is generally accepted to retard the progression of myopia, but it is associated with side effects such as photophobia and elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP measurements in children are challenging. The traditional applanation tonometry by direct contact with the cornea will require patient's cooperation. The rebound tonometer, using a dynamic electromechanical method for measuring IOP, shows good correlation with traditional tonometry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the IOP of myopic children under atropine treatment using rebound tonometer and to compare the characteristics between rebound tonometry and applanation tonometry., Methods: This study is a prospective study measuring IOP by rebound tonometer in myopic children under regular low-dose atropine treatment. We recruited children with refraction error showing myopia over -0.5 D with 0.15%, 0.3%, or 0.5% atropine eye drops use every night or every other night for myopia control. Children with treatment duration of atropine <1 month were excluded from the study. IOP measurements were performed by applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen XL, Reichert) and rebound tonometer (ICARE). The reliability of rebound tonometer was analyzed with percentage. Comparison of IOP between rebound tonometer and applanation tonometry was presented., Results: The rebound tonometry was well tolerated by all participants and caused no complaints, discomfort, or adverse events. Totally 42 myopic eyes of 42 subjects were included in the study. The average age of these participants was 10 years old, range from 5 to 16. Median = 10 years old. The average IOP of the right eye by rebound tonometer was 17.4 ± 3 mmHg, and 17.1 ± 3 mmHg by applanation tonometry. Nearly 19%, 33%, and 24% of difference of IOP readings between rebound tonometer and Tono-Pen applanation are within 0 mmHg, 1 mmHg, and 1-2 mmHg, respectively., Conclusions: Rebound tonometry has good correlation with applanation tonometry and 76.1% of differences between two tonometers are <2 mmHg. The advantage of drop-free rebound tonometry has made it easier to obtain IOP readings in myopia children under atropine treatment., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.