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Can entrepreneurial activity be stronger and more persistent than the continuity of socialist institutions? The answer to this question is overwhelmingly positive. Using the historical data on entrepreneurship, retail trade and cooperatives in Russian regions, this study shows a strong persistence of entrepreneurship activity in Russia during the period 1926–2018, while we also evidence that the restructuring of the Soviet economy resulted in a structural break in the 1970s. By distinguishing three periods of 1998–99, 2000–07 and 2008–18 since the transition started, we demonstrate that the historical persistence of entrepreneurship is not constant and may change from one period to another.

Indirect measures are essential for building sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems. At the same time, in contrast to direct financial measures, they often require less budgetary costs, cover a larger number of entrepreneurs and to a lesser extent disrupt market competition. Indirect support measures are much more diverse than direct ones.

The main goal of the work was to identify the best practices for supporting new technology companies (startups). The first chapter summarizes the best practices and approaches to supporting start-ups in developed countries, and the second chapter provides examples of developing countries of the world. The third chapter contains conclusions and main recommendations for the Russian authorities based on the analysis carried out taking into account the current situation.

Mortality in the 3-plants workers (green), other Ozyorsk residents (orange) and national figures of Soviet Union and Russian Federation (blue) between 1953 and 2010, by sex for all adults (18-74 years old) and for younger adults (18-49 years old), with indication of year 1985-1987 (anti-alcohol campaign), 1991 (start of political transition), 2005 (start of 2 anti-alcohol campaign) for A - Deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases (ICD-9 codes 001-139), B - Deaths from lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancers (ICD-9 codes 140-149), C - Deaths from digestive organ and peritoneum cancers (ICD-9 codes 150-159), D - Deaths from stomach cancer (ICD-9 code 151), E - Deaths from rectum, rectosigmoid junction and anal cancer (ICD-9 code 154), F - Deaths from liver cancer (ICD-9 code 155), G - Deaths from pancreas cancer (ICD-9 code 157), H - Deaths from respiratory and intrathoracic organ cancers (ICD-9 code 160-165), I- Deaths from trachea, bronchus and lung cancers (ICD-9 code 162), J - Deaths from larynx cancers (ICD-9 code 161), K - Deaths from pleural cancers (ICD-9 code 163), L - Deaths from bone, connective tissue, skin and breast cancers (ICD-9 codes 170-175), M - Deaths from breast cancers, among women (ICD-9 code 174), N - Deaths from genitourinary organs cancers (ICD-9 codes 179-189), O - Deaths from cancers of other and unspecified sites (ICD-9 codes 190-199), P - Deaths from malignant neoplasms of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissue (ICD-9 codes 200-208), Q - Deaths from multiple myelomas (ICD-9 codes 203), R- Deaths from leukemia (ICD-9 codes 204-208), S- Deaths from ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410-414), T - Deaths from cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9 codes 430-438), U - Deaths from respiratory diseases (ICD-9 codes 460-519), V - Deaths from diseases of the digestive system (ICD-9 codes 520-579), W - Deaths from diseases of the genito-urinary system (ICD-9 codes 580-629). Solid line indicates the rate. Shaded area indicates the 95 % confidence interval for graphs C, S and T. For the other graphs, upper limits of 95 % confidence intervals are truncated to maximum ASR value displayed on scale for graphical reasons (graphs A, D, F, G, H, I, L, M, N O, P, R, U, V, W) or the confidence interval is not shown (graphs B, E, J, K, Q). Abbreviation: ASR: age standardized rate. (DOCX 202 kb)

Mortality in the 3-plants workers (green), other Ozyorsk residents (orange) and national figures of Soviet Union and Russian Federation (blue) between 1953 and 2010, by sex for all adults (18-74 years old) and for younger adults (18-49 years old), with indication of year 1985-1987 (anti-alcohol campaign), 1991 (start of political transition), 2005 (start of 2 anti-alcohol campaign) for A - Deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases (ICD-9 codes 001-139), B - Deaths from lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancers (ICD-9 codes 140-149), C - Deaths from digestive organ and peritoneum cancers (ICD-9 codes 150-159), D - Deaths from stomach cancer (ICD-9 code 151), E - Deaths from rectum, rectosigmoid junction and anal cancer (ICD-9 code 154), F - Deaths from liver cancer (ICD-9 code 155), G - Deaths from pancreas cancer (ICD-9 code 157), H - Deaths from respiratory and intrathoracic organ cancers (ICD-9 code 160-165), I- Deaths from trachea, bronchus and lung cancers (ICD-9 code 162), J - Deaths from larynx cancers (ICD-9 code 161), K - Deaths from pleural cancers (ICD-9 code 163), L - Deaths from bone, connective tissue, skin and breast cancers (ICD-9 codes 170-175), M - Deaths from breast cancers, among women (ICD-9 code 174), N - Deaths from genitourinary organs cancers (ICD-9 codes 179-189), O - Deaths from cancers of other and unspecified sites (ICD-9 codes 190-199), P - Deaths from malignant neoplasms of lymphatic and haemopoietic tissue (ICD-9 codes 200-208), Q - Deaths from multiple myelomas (ICD-9 codes 203), R- Deaths from leukemia (ICD-9 codes 204-208), S- Deaths from ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410-414), T - Deaths from cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9 codes 430-438), U - Deaths from respiratory diseases (ICD-9 codes 460-519), V - Deaths from diseases of the digestive system (ICD-9 codes 520-579), W - Deaths from diseases of the genito-urinary system (ICD-9 codes 580-629). Solid line indicates the rate. Shaded area indicates the 95 % confidence interval for graphs C, S and T. For the other graphs, upper limits of 95 % confidence intervals are truncated to maximum ASR value displayed on scale for graphical reasons (graphs A, D, F, G, H, I, L, M, N O, P, R, U, V, W) or the confidence interval is not shown (graphs B, E, J, K, Q). Abbreviation: ASR: age standardized rate. (DOCX 202 kb)