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PurposeTo evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of optic disc hemorrhages (DH) and glaucoma progression as determined by multiple glaucoma testing modalities.DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsA longitudinal study was undertaken of 124 open-angle glaucoma patients who had yearly disc photography, visual fields (VFs), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness scans, and optic nerve volume scans (Spectralis), all performed on the same day over a 5-year period. The minimum distance band (MDB) thickness, a 3-dimensional (3D) neuroretinal rim parameter, was calculated from optic nerve volume scans. Patients were classified as glaucoma progressors or glaucoma nonprogressors using event-based analysis.ResultsOf 124 open-angle glaucoma patients, 19 (15.3%) had 1 or more DHs on yearly disc photographs. Presence of a DH was associated with localized 3D neuroretinal rim thickness progression (superior MDB progression; odds ratio: 3.96; P = .04) but not with global or inferior MDB progression (P = .14 and .81, respectively), DP progression (P = .08), VF progression (P = .45), or RNFL global, inferior, or superior progression (P = .17, .26, and .76, respectively). In the majority of patients with MDB progression (14/17 or 82%), the progression was noted before or concurrently with the first instance of DH.ConclusionsGlaucoma progression detected by high-density 3D SD-OCT neuroretinal rim measurements preceded DH occurrence in the majority of patients. These findings support the hypothesis that DHs are indicators of ongoing glaucoma progression rather than discrete events that cause subsequent progression.

PurposeTo determine whether intereye asymmetry of a three-dimensional neuroretinal rim parameter, the minimum distance band, is useful in differentiating normal eyes from those with open-angle glaucoma.Materials and methodsThis is a cross-sectional study of 28 normal subjects and 33 glaucoma subjects. Subjects underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of both eyes. From high-density raster scans of the optic nerve head, a custom-designed segmentation algorithm calculated mean minimum distance band neuroretinal rim thickness globally, for four quadrants, and for four sectors. Intereye minimum distance band thickness asymmetry was calculated as the absolute difference in minimum distance band thickness values between the right and left eyes.ResultsIncreasing global minimum distance band thickness asymmetry was not associated with increasing age or increasing refractive error asymmetry. Glaucoma patients had thinner mean neuroretinal rim thickness values compared to normal patients (209.0 μm vs 306.0 μm [P < 0.001]). Glaucoma subjects had greater intereye thickness asymmetry compared to normal subjects for the global region (51.9 μm vs 17.6 μm [P < 0.001]) as well as for all quadrants and all sectors. For detecting glaucoma, a thickness asymmetry value >28.3 μm in the inferior quadrant yielded the greatest sum of sensitivity (87.9%) and specificity (75.0%). Globally, thickness asymmetry >30.7 μm yielded the greatest sum of sensitivity (66.7%) and specificity (89.3%).ConclusionsThis study indicates that intereye neuroretinal rim minimum distance band asymmetry measurements, using high-density spectral domain optical coherence tomography volume scans, may be an objective and quantitative tool for assessing patients suspected of open-angle glaucoma.

PurposeTo compare onset times of glaucoma progression among different glaucoma tests: disc photography (DP), visual field (VF) testing, 2-dimensional (2D) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and 3-dimensional (3D) spectral-domain (SD) OCT neuroretinal rim measurements.DesignProspective, longitudinal cohort study.ParticipantsOne hundred twenty-four eyes of 124 patients with open-angle glaucoma.MethodsOver a 5-year period, 124 patients with open-angle glaucoma underwent yearly DP, VF testing, SD OCT RNFL thickness scans, and optic nerve volume scans (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering), all performed on the same day. From high-density optic nerve volume scans, custom-built software calculated the minimum distance band (MDB) thickness, a 3D neuroretinal rim parameter. Patients were classified as glaucoma progressors or nonglaucoma progressors using event-based analysis. Progression by DP and VF testing occurred when 3 masked glaucoma specialists unanimously concurred. Progression by RNFL and MDB thickness occurred if change of more than test-retest variability was observed. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to analyze time-to-progression data. Kappa Coefficients were used to measure agreement of progressing eyes among methods.Main outcome measuresTime to glaucoma progression among all 4 methods.ResultsGlobal MDB thickness detected glaucoma progression in the highest percentage of eyes (52.4%) compared with DP (16.1%; P < 0.001) and global RNFL thickness (15.3%; P < 0.001). Global MDB thickness detected glaucoma progression earlier than either DP (23 months vs. 44 months; P < 0.001) or global RNFL thickness (23 months vs. 33 months; P < 0.001). Among MDB progressing eyes, 46.2% were confirmed simultaneously or later by other conventional methods. Agreement of glaucoma-progressing eyes for all 4 methods in paired fashion were slight to fair (κ = 0.095-0.300).ConclusionsHigh-density 3D SD OCT neuroretinal rim measurements detected glaucoma progression approximately 1 to 2 years earlier compared with current clinically available structural tests (i.e., DP and 2D RNFL thickness measurements).

We present an experimental and theoretical study of atom-molecule collisions in a mixture of cold, trapped N atoms and NH molecules at a temperature of ∼600  mK. We measure a small N+NH trap loss rate coefficient of k(loss)(N+NH)=9(5)(3)×10(-13)  cm(3) s(-1). Accurate quantum scattering calculations based on ab initio interaction potentials are in agreement with experiment and indicate the magnetic dipole interaction to be the dominant loss mechanism. Our theory further indicates the ratio of N+NH elastic-to-inelastic collisions remains large (>100) into the mK regime.

We measure and theoretically determine the effect of molecular rotational splitting on Zeeman relaxation rates in collisions of cold 3Sigma molecules with helium atoms in a magnetic field. All four stable isotopomers of the imidogen (NH) molecule are magnetically trapped and studied in collisions with 3He and 4He. The 4He data support the predicted 1/B_{e};{2} dependence of the collision-induced Zeeman relaxation rate coefficient on the molecular rotational constant B_{e}. The measured 3He rate coefficients are much larger than the 4He coefficients, depend less strongly on B_{e}, and theoretical analysis indicates they are strongly affected by a shape resonance. The results demonstrate the influence of molecular structure on collisional energy transfer at low temperatures.

We measure and theoretically determine the effect of molecular rotational splitting on Zeeman relaxation rates in collisions of cold 3Sigma molecules with helium atoms in a magnetic field. All four stable isotopomers of the imidogen (NH) molecule are magnetically trapped and studied in collisions with 3He and 4He. The 4He data support the predicted 1/B_{e};{2} dependence of the collision-induced Zeeman relaxation rate coefficient on the molecular rotational constant B_{e}. The measured 3He rate coefficients are much larger than the 4He coefficients, depend less strongly on B_{e}, and theoretical analysis indicates they are strongly affected by a shape resonance. The results demonstrate the influence of molecular structure on collisional energy transfer at low temperatures.

We observe magnetic trapping of atomic nitrogen (N14) and cotrapping of ground-state imidogen (N14 H, X Σ-3). Both are loaded directly from a room-temperature beam via buffer gas cooling. We trap approximately 1× 1011 N14 atoms at a peak density of 5× 1011 cm-3 at 550 mK. The 12±4 s 1/e lifetime of atomic nitrogen in the trap is consistent with a model for loss of atoms over the edge of the trap in the presence of helium buffer gas. Cotrapping of N14 and N14 H is accomplished, with 108 NH trapped molecules at a peak density of 108 cm-3. © 2008 The American Physical Society.

The v=1-->0 radiative lifetime of NH(X(3)Sigma(-),v=1,N=0) is determined to be tau_(rad,exp.)=37.0+/-0.5_(stat)+2.0/-0.8_(syst) ms, corresponding to a transition dipole moment of |mu_(10)|=0.0540_(-0.0018)(+0.0009) D. To achieve sufficiently long observation times, NH(X;{3}Sigma;{-},v=1) radicals are magnetically trapped using helium buffer-gas loading. The rate constant for background helium-induced collisional quenching was determined to be k_(v=1)

NH radicals are magnetically trapped and their Zeeman relaxation and energy transport collision cross sections with helium are measured. Continuous buffer-gas loading of the trap is direct from a room-temperature molecular beam. The Zeeman relaxation (inelastic) cross section of magnetically trapped electronic, vibrational, and rotational ground state NH molecules in collisions with 3He is measured to be 3.8+/-1.1 x 10(-19) cm(2) at 710 mK. The NH-He energy transport cross section is also measured, indicating a ratio of diffusive to inelastic cross sections of gamma=7 x 10(4), in agreement with recent theory [R. V. Krems, H. R. Sadeghpour, A. Dalgarno, D. Zgid, J. Kłos, and G. Chałasiński, Phys. Rev. A 68, 051401 (2003)10.1103/PhysRevA.68.051401].