Search

Abstract Higher sensitivity with specific recognition of a sensor could ease the burden of sample purification or labelling procedure for specific testing and detection and there appear two methods including surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), promising better sensitivity and specificity, simultaneously, via detection of molecular footprints. Furthermore, researchers employ Fano resonance to further boost the detection limit of SEIRA by coupling between two absorption bands from molecules and metamaterials. Still, the current metamaterial absorbers are almost narrow band and require a specific design, only suitable for limited chemicals. Thus, in this work, we would like to design a broadband oblique-wire-bundle (OWB) metamaterial absorber (MA) which could interact with multiple functional groups’ absorption from a sample, thus easing the burden of custom-made resonators. In experiments, indeed, our designed OWB MA developed four Fano resonance responses with three PMMAs’ functional groups and one function group from carbon dioxide. The counterpart planar MA also performed SEIRA yet without occurrence of Fano resonance as a comparison. We believe this proposed OWB MA could facilitate the development of rapid detection in the field of food safety and chemical detection.

IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus, is a pathogen commonly encountered in both community and hospital settings. Patients receiving hemodialysis treatment face an elevated risk of vascular access infections (VAIs) particularly Staphylococcus aureus, infection. This heightened risk is attributed to the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, , enabling it to adhere to suitable surfaces and form biofilms, thereby rendering it resistant to external interventions and complicating treatment efforts.MethodsTherefore this study utilized PCR and microtiter dish biofilm formation assay to determine the difference in the virulence genes and biofilm formation among in our study collected of 103 Staphylococcus aureus, isolates from hemodialysis patients utilizing arteriovenous grafts (AVGs), tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs), and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) during November 2013 to December 2021.ResultsOur findings revealed that both MRSA and MSSA isolates exhibited strong biofilm production capabilities. Additionally, we confirmed the presence of agr types and virulence genes through PCR analysis. The majority of the collected isolates were identified as agr type I. However, agr type II isolates displayed a higher average number of virulence genes, with MRSA isolates exhibiting a variety of virulence genes. Notably, combinations of biofilm-associated genes, such as eno−clfA−clfB−fib−icaA−icaD and eno−clfA−clfB−fib−fnbB−icaA−icaD, were prevalent among Staphylococcus aureus, isolates obtained from vascular access infections.DiscussionThese insights contribute to a better understanding of the molecular characteristics associated with Staphylococcus aureus, infections in hemodialysis patients and provided more targeted and effective treatment approaches.

Abstract Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a life-threatening infection. Skin necrosis is an important skin sign of NF. The purposes of this study was to investigate the initial skin conditions of Vibrio NF patients between emergency room (ER) to preoperative status, to compare the clinical and laboratory risk indicators of the skin necrosis group and non-skin necrosis group when they arrived at ER, and to evaluate whether initial cutaneous necrosis related to fulminant course and higher fatalities. From 2015 to 2019, seventy-two Vibrio NF patients with surgical confirmation were enrolled. We identified 25 patients for inclusion in the skin necrosis group and 47 patients for inclusion in the non-skin necrosis group due to the appearance of skin lesion at ER. Seven patients died, resulting in a mortality rate of 9.7%. Six patients of skin necrosis group and one patient of non-skin necrosis group died, which revealed the skin necrosis group had a significantly higher mortality rate than the non-skin necrosis group. All the patients in the skin necrosis group and 30 patients of non-skin necrosis group developed serous or hemorrhagic bullous lesions before operation (p = 0.0003). The skin necrosis group had a significantly higher incidence of APACHE score, postoperative intubation, Intensive care unit stay, septic shock, leukopenia, higher counts of banded leukocytes, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and lower serum albumin level. Vibrio NF patients presenting skin necrosis at ER were significantly associated with fulminant clinical courses and higher mortality. Physicians should alert the appearance of skin necrosis at ER to early suspect NF and treat aggressively by those clinical and laboratory risk indicators, such as elevated APACHE score, shock, leukopenia, higher banded leukocytes, elevated CRP, and hypoalbuminia.

Timely pathogen identification in bloodstream infections is crucial for patient care. A comparison is made between positive blood culture (BC) pellets from serum separator tubes using a direct identification (DI) method and colonies on agar plates from a short-term incubation (STI) method with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Biotyper for the evaluation of 354 monomicrobial BCs. Both the DI and STI methods exhibited similar identification rates for different types of bacteria, except for Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria. The DI method’s results aligned closely with the STI method’s results for Enterobacterales, glucose-non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. The DI method exhibited high concordance with the conventional method for GNB identification, achieving 88.2 and 87.5% accuracy at the genus and species levels, respectively. Compared with the STI method, the DI method showed a less successful performance for Gram-positive bacterial identification (50.5 vs. 71.3%; p < 0.01). The DI method was useful for anaerobic bacterial identification of slow-growing microorganisms without any need for colony growth, unlike in the STI method (46.7 vs. 13.3%; p = 0.04). However, both methods could not identify yeast in positive BCs. Overall, the DI method provided reliable results for GNB identification, offering many advantages over the STI method by significantly reducing the turnaround time and enabling quicker pathogen identification in positive BCs.

Nutritional deprivation triggers a switch from a saprotrophic to predatory lifestyle in soil-dwelling nematode-trapping fungi (NTF). In particular, the NTF Arthrobotrys oligospora secretes food and sex cues to lure nematodes to its mycelium and is triggered to develop specialized trapping devices. Captured nematodes are then invaded and digested by the fungus, thus serving as a food source. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic response of A. oligospora across the stages of sensing, trap development, and digestion upon exposure to the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A. oligospora enacts a dynamic transcriptomic response, especially of protein secretion-related genes, in the presence of prey. Two-thirds of the predicted secretome of A. oligospora was up-regulated in the presence of C. elegans at all time points examined, and among these secreted proteins, 38.5% are predicted to be effector proteins. Furthermore, functional studies disrupting the t-SNARE protein Sso2 resulted in impaired ability to capture nematodes. Additionally, genes of the DUF3129 family, which are expanded in the genomes of several NTF, were highly up-regulated upon nematode exposure. We observed the accumulation of highly expressed DUF3129 proteins in trap cells, leading us to name members of this gene family as Trap Enriched Proteins (TEPs). Gene deletion of the most highly expressed TEP gene, TEP1, impairs the function of traps and prevents the fungus from capturing prey efficiently. In late stages of predation, we observed up-regulation of a variety of proteases, including metalloproteases. Following penetration of nematodes, these metalloproteases facilitate hyphal growth required for colonization of prey. These findings provide insights into the biology of the predatory lifestyle switch in a carnivorous fungus and provide frameworks for other fungal-nematode predator-prey systems.

Objectives: The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the different microorganisms associated with mortality, to evaluate the bullous skin sign, and to identify the positive predictive factors for differentiating necrotizing fasciitis (NF) from cellulitis on initial onset at the emergency department. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 145 consecutive patients with NF and 159 patients with cellulitis. Age, sex, comorbidities, infection site, microbiological results, condition of skin lesions, laboratory findings, vital signs, and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups at the time of admission to the emergency room. Results: A total of 15 patients in the NF group and two patients in the cellulitis group died, resulting in a mortality rate of 10.3% and 1.3%, respectively. The NF group had a significantly higher incidence of white blood cell counts, band form neutrophil, and C-reactive protein than the patients in the cellulitis group. Hemorrhagic bullae presentation appeared to have significantly associated with NF and death. Conclusion: The following diagnostic indicators can be effectively used to differentiate NF from cellulitis at the initial onset: presence of hemorrhagic bullae, white blood cell counts >11,000 cells/mm3, band forms >0%, C-reactive protein >100 mg/l, and systolic blood pressure ≤90 mm Hg at the time of consultation.

This study investigates the influence of the quality of the “deep squat” movement, adapted from the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) system, on the lower extremity movement pattern during baseball throwing, and its potential impact on throwing performance and propulsion efficiency. Twenty-two baseball players were recruited and categorized into two groups: 13 in the high-score squat group (HSS) and 9 in the low-score squat group (LSS), based on their deep squat screening results. This research explored disparities in ball velocity, propulsion efficiency, propulsion ground reaction force (GRF) characteristics, and throwing kinematics between these two groups. The findings revealed no significant difference in ball velocity between the groups. However, the LSS group demonstrated a lower propulsion GRF efficiency (p < 0.030, ES = 0.46), along with a higher vertical peak GRF (p < 0.002, ES = 0.66). In the pivot leg, the HSS group exhibited significantly lower impulse forces in the Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.035, ES = 0.45), throwing direction (p < 0.049, ES = 0.42), and vertical direction (p < 0.048, ES = 0.42). Additionally, the contribution to the ball velocity of the pivot leg was significantly greater in the HSS group, along with significantly better efficiency in Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.035, ES = 0.45), throwing direction (p < 0.053, ES = 0.41), and vertical direction (p < 0.032, ES = 0.46). In the leading leg, the HSS group demonstrated significantly lower impulse forces in the Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.001, ES = 0.69), throwing direction (p < 0.007, ES = 0.58), and vertical direction (p < 0.001, ES = 0.70). Moreover, the contribution to the ball velocity of the leading leg was significantly greater in the HSS group, accompanied by significantly better efficiency in Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.003, ES = 0.63), throwing direction (p < 0.005, ES = 0.60), and vertical direction (p < 0.021, ES = 0.49). In conclusion, this study suggests that squat screening is a valuable tool for assessing propulsion efficiency. Coaches and trainers should be mindful of players with low squat quality but high throwing performance, as they may face increased impact and injury risks in the future.

The performance of the overhead squat may affect the golf swing mechanics associated with golf-related low back pain. This study investigates the difference in lumbar kinematics and joint loads during the golf downswing between golfers with different overhead squat abilities. Based on the performance of the overhead squat test, 21 golfers aged 18 to 30 years were divided into the highest-scoring group (HS, N = 10, 1.61 ± 0.05 cm, and 68.06 ± 13.67 kg) and lowest-scoring group (LS, N = 11, 1.68 ± 0.10 cm, and 75.00 ± 14.37 kg). For data collection, a motion analysis system, two force plates, and TrackMan were used. OpenSim 4.3 software was used to simulate the joint loads for each lumbar joint. An independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. Compared to golfers demonstrating limitations in the overhead squat test, golfers with better performance in the overhead squat test demonstrated significantly greater angular extension displacement on the sagittal plane, smaller lumbar extension angular velocity, and smaller L4-S1 joint shear force. Consequently, the overhead squat test is a useful index to reflect lumbar kinematics and joint loading patterns during the downswing and provides a good training guide reference for reducing the risk of a golf-related lower back injury.

Objectives: Invasive fungal spondylodiscitis (IFSD) is rare and could be lethal in certain circumstances. The previous literature revealed limited data concerning its outcomes. This study aimed to establish a risk-scoring system to predict the one-year mortality rate of this disease. Methods: A total of 53 patients from a multi-centered database in Taiwan were included in this study. All the clinicopathological and laboratory data were retrospectively analyzed. Variables strongly related to one-year mortality were identified using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to express the performance of our IFSD scoring model. Results: Five strong predictors were included in the IFSD score: predisposing immunocompromised state, the initial presentation of either radiculopathy or myelopathy, initial laboratory findings of WBC > 12.0 or 3/µL, hemoglobin < 8 g/dL, and evidence of candidemia. One-year mortality rates for patients with IFSD scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0%, 16.7%, 56.3%, 72.7%, and 100%, respectively. The area under the curve of the ROC curve was 0.823. Conclusions: We developed a practical scoring model with easily obtained demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters to predict the probability of one-year mortality in patients with IFSD. However, more large-scale and international validations would be necessary before this scoring model is commonly used.

Abstract Background This retrospective study analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with anaerobic spondylodiscitis. Methods From a total of 382 patients with infectious spondylodiscitis, nine patients (2.4%; two male and seven female with an average age of 67 years) with anaerobic spondylodiscitis between March 2003 and March 2017 were analyzed. Results Most of the patients (77.8%) initially presented with afebrile back pain. Hematogenous spread occurred in seven patients and postoperative infection in two patients. Bacteroid fragilis was the most common pathogen isolated from three patients. Atypical radiographic characteristics, including a vertebral fracture with the preservation of disk height or coexisting spondylolytic spondylolisthesis, occurred in four patients with hematogenous anaerobic spondylodiscitis. The eradication rate of anaerobic infection was significantly higher in the patients with hematogenous infection than in those with postoperative infection (100% vs. 0%, p = 0.0476). Anaerobic spondylodiscitis accounted for 2.4% of cases of infectious spondylodiscitis and predominantly affected the female patients. Conclusions Diagnostic delay may occur because of atypical spinal radiographs if the patient reports only back pain but no fever. Anaerobic infection following elective spinal instrumentation has a higher recurrence rate.

Abstract Based on incredibly increasing applications in modern optoelectronic devices, the demand for securing a superior conductive transparent electrode (TCE) candidate becomes significant and urgent. However, boosting both transmittance and conductance simultaneously is an intrinsic limitation. In this work, we present silver nanoscale plasmonic wires (Ag NPWs) to function as TCEs in the visible light region by lowering their corresponding plasma frequencies. By carefully designing geometric dimensions of the Ag NPWs, we also optimize the performance for red, green, and blue colors, respectively. The demonstrated figure of merits for RGB colors appeared respectively 443.29, 459.46, and 133.78 in simulation and 302.75, 344.11, and 348.02 in experiments. Evidently, our Ag NPWs offer much greater FoMs beyond conventional TCEs that are most frequently comprised of indium tin oxide and show further advantages of flexibility and less Moire effect for the applications of flexible and high-resolution optoelectronic devices.

Background: Allografts have been frequently used in orthopedic procedures. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the discard rates and bacterial contamination of a bone bank, and to assess the clinical outcomes of recipients with bacterial culture-positive donor allografts. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1764 allografts which were harvested from living donors and stored in a bone bank from 2018 to 2022. The donors whose allografts displayed bacterial contamination at retrieval of the primary hip or knee arthroplasty were followed for microbiology and subsequent prosthetic joint infection analysis. The infected pathogens, antibiotic treatment and subsequent infection were reviewed for the intraoperative positive culture group. Results: The discard rate was 17%, and the bacterial contamination rate of bone retrieval was 2.15%. Thirty-eight allografts at retrieval displayed confirmed bacterial growth, and 37 patients did not reveal infective signs at 6 months follow-up. A total of 1464 allografts were stored and implanted, among which 28 allografts (1.91%) were confirmed to be positive for bacterial growth and 13 cases (0.89%) were confirmed as surgical site infections. Conclusions: Our results validate the suggestion that our bone bank system performs good quality monitoring to eliminate the risk of dissemination of viral and bacterial diseases and to decrease surgical site infection after allograft implantation. By ensuring aseptic conditions and contamination-reducing strategies during harvesting and thawing, the allografts can be safely stored and implanted while limiting bacterial contamination. Our findings confirm that the intraoperative positive cultures of allografts did not contribute to subsequent postoperative surgical site infection in donors and recipients.

Despite aggressive antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement, Aeromonas necrotizing fasciitis (NF) can lead to high amputation and mortality rates. Our study compares the different antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) via Epsilometer tests (E-tests) between non-survivors and survivors of Aeromonas NF of limbs. A prospective review of 16 patients with Aeromonas NF was conducted for 3.5 years in a tertiary coastal hospital. E-tests were conducted for 15 antimicrobial agents to determine the MIC value for Aeromonas species. These patients were divided into non-survival and survival groups. The clinical outcomes, demographics, comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and microbiological results between the two periods were compared. A total of four patients died, whereas 12 survived, resulting in a 25% mortality rate. A higher proportion of bloodstream infections (100% vs. 41.7%; p = 0.042), monomicrobial infections (100% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.021), shock (100% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.021), serous bullae (50% vs. 0%; p = 0.009), liver cirrhosis (100% vs. 25%; p = 0.009), chronic kidney disease (100% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.021), lower susceptibility to cefuroxime (25% vs. 83.3%; p = 0.028), and ineffective antibiotic prescriptions (75% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.029) was observed in non-survivors. Aeromonas NF is an extremely rare skin and soft-tissue infection that is associated with high mortality, bacteremia, antibiotic resistance, and polymicrobial infection. Therefore, antibiotic regimen selection is rendered very challenging. To improve clinical outcomes and irrational antimicrobial usage, experienced microbiologists can help physicians identify specific pathogens and test MIC.

Abstract Better sensitivity of a biosensor could boost up the detection limit of analytes, thus a must in the fields of bio-sensing and bio-detection. To further enhance the sensitivity of a biosensor, in this work, we design an oblique-flat-sheet metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) to concentrate the hot spots within air between the oblique flat sheet and the continuous ground metal, thus enabling fully interaction between analytes and hot spots. The corresponding field distributions in simulation corroborated our assumption and its sensitivity could be up to 1049 nm/RIU. Then, we fabricated the sample by e-beam lithography process for a seed layer and simply tilting the sample during deposition to obtain oblique flat sheets. When considering the stochastic nature of the deposited multiple oblique flat sheets, we modified the metallic upper resonator of the MPA from the single oblique-flat-sheet into randomly distributed oblique-wire-bundle (OWB) and in simulation, its sensitivity is boosted up to 3319 nm/RIU. In experiments, the measured sensitivity is 1329 nm/RIU under different concentrations of glucose solutions that is four times larger than the 330 nm/RIU of the planar MPA. The higher sensitivity was attributed to that the OWB MPA could provide hot spots within air not only between OWB and grounded metal but also among wires. Moreover, the OWB could also trap and concentrate the analytes locally.

Abstract In this work, we integrated a periodic seed layer and oblique deposition method to fabricate a stochastically-distributed oblique-flat-sheet metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA). Such design could increase its absorption bandwidth and tolerance to high angle-incidence due to the fact that various oblique flat sheets offer different resonance conditions while even a single oblique flat sheet could provide different optical paths for resonance. On the other hand, a seed layer could reduce uncertainty regarding to direct oblique deposition and provide abilities to manipulate the bandwidth of the MPA. We also setup a simulation model in the aids of Visual Basic Application and examined the absorption behavior of the MPA under TM and TE oblique incidence that could achieve high absorbance under 80° and 60° incidence, respectively. Finally, in measurement, the fabricated sample owns 65% absorbance within 80–250 THz and over 90% absorbance within 250–320 THz at x-polarization normal incidence; as for the y-polarization normal incidence, we could achieve overall 70% absorbance within 80–300 THz. The measured results reveal similar tendency compared to the simulated ones.

Abstract Background Vibrio vulnificus has been reported as the leading causative pathogen of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and related fatality in the coastal area. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and V. vulnificus have high mortality rates. The purpose of this prospective study was to clarify the clinical characteristics between death and survival NF patients, to investigate bacteriologic profile and mortality of NF patients, and to compare risk indicators of MRSA and V. vulnificus NF patients. Methods This prospective study was conducted in 184 consecutive NF patients over a period of three years in a tertiary coastal hospital. Differences in mortality, laboratory findings, microbiology and clinical outcomes were compared between the death and survival groups, and the V. vulnificus and MRSA subgroups. Results Twenty patients died, resulting in a mortality rate of 10.9%, and there were 108 patients with a monomicrobial infection (58.7%). The death group had a significantly higher incidence of shock at emergency room and bacteremia than did the survival group. Vibrio species (40 cases) and S. aureus (31 cases) were the two major pathogens. Significant differences with respect to hepatic dysfunction, shock, the event with seawater or seafood contact, bacteremia, C-reactive protein, mean platelet counts, and the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score were observes between V. vulnificus and MRSA groups. Conclusions NF patients with both hepatic dysfunction and diabetes mellitus, bacteremia and shock have significantly higher mortality. We should be aware of the increasing incidence of monomicrobial NF and higher mortality rates of Gram-negative pathogens in the warm coastal area. LRINEC score is not a suitable diagnostic indicator for V. vulnificus NF, which is more rapidly progressive and fulminant than MRSA NF. NF needed team works by early suspicion, immediate surgical intervention and aggressive care, which can successfully decrease mortality.

Patients receiving hemodialysis are at risk of vascular access infections (VAIs) and are particularly vulnerable to the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Hemodialysis patients were also at increased risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study determined the change in the molecular and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. aureus isolates from VAIs during the pandemic compared with before. A total of 102 S. aureus isolates were collected from VAIs between November 2013 and December 2021. Before the pandemic, 69 isolates were collected, 58%, 39.1%, and 2.9% from arteriovenous grafts (AVGs), tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs), and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), respectively. The prevalence of AVG and TCC isolates changed to 39.4% and 60.6%, respectively, of the 33 isolates during the pandemic. Sequence type (ST)59 was the predominant clone in TCC methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and AVG-MRSA before the pandemic, whereas the predominant clone was ST8 in AVG-MRSA during the pandemic. ST59 carrying the ermB gene was resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin. By contrast, ST8 carrying the msrA gene was exclusively resistant to erythromycin. The ST distribution for different VAIs changed from before to during the pandemic. The change in antibiotic resistance rate for different VAIs was closely related to the distribution of specific STs.

Abstract Background Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare and life-threatening necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infection. Infectious pathogens of NF must be detected early and treated rapidly to prevent loss of limb or a fatal outcome. This study aimed to detect more reliable predictors between gram-negative and gram-positive monomicrobial NF of limbs. Methods A total of 100 patients with limb monomicrobial NF were diagnosed prospectively from April 2015 to July 2018. These monomicrobial NF pathogens can be divided into gram-negative and gram-positive groups according to the result of Gram staining and final bacterial reports. Data such as demographics, seawater or seafood contact history, infectious location, comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, and laboratory findings were recorded and compared. Results A total of 55 patients were infected with gram-negative organisms and 45 patients with gram-positive organisms. Among the 55 cases of monomicrobial gram-negative NF, 48 (87.3%) were caused mainly by Vibrio spp. (38, 69.1%) and Aeromonas spp. (10, 18.2%). A higher incidence of chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular accident, tachypnea, and septic shock; a higher rate of band forms of leukocytes of more than 3%, serum lactate of more than 20 mg/dL, and C-reactive protein level of less than 150 mg/dL; prolonged prothrombin time; and a lower fibrinogen level were observed in patients with gram-negative infection. In a multivariate analysis, a higher incidence of seawater or seafood contact history (odds ratio [OR]: 66.301; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.467–588.702), a higher rate of hyperlactatemia (OR: 7.904; 95% CI: 1.231–50.744), and a low fibrinogen level (OR: 1.013; 95% CI: 1.004–1.023) indicated gram-negative infection. Conclusions In southern Taiwan, NF of limbs mainly affected the lower limbs, exhibited monomicrobial infection, and was predominated by gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative monomicrobial NF of limbs often occurred in individuals with the more seawater or seafood contact history, hyperlactatemia, and low fibrinogen levels.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227748.].

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that produces various virulence factors which promote the binding of bacteria to tissues and medical devices such as vascular access devices, thereby developing a wide range of invasive infections. Vascular access serves as an entry site for S. aureus and elevates the risk of infection in the hemodialysis population. Nevertheless, the distribution of virulence genes in Staphylococcus spp. associated with vascular access infections (VAIs) has not been studied previously. In this study, we determined the relationship between the molecular characteristics and virulence profiles of S. aureus isolates obtained from VAIs. We collected isolates from patients with VAIs between August 2017 and December 2020 and further analyzed the molecular characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence gene distribution in the isolates. Overall, 15 sequence types (STs), including a new ST (ST6892) and 19 spa types, were identified among the 56 isolates. Of the 53 S. aureus isolates, ST8, ST239, ST45, and ST59 were the predominant STs, whereas ST2250 was the only ST in 3 S. argenteus isolates. ST45-SCCmecIV-t026 (abbreviated as ST45-IV-t026), ST59-V-t437, and ST8-IV-t008 were the predominant clones that belonged to agr type I. All isolates harbored clfB and eno, whereas all S. aureus isolates harbored clfA. In addition, 10 Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive isolates belonged to ST8 and ST59, with ST8-IV-t008 and ST59-V-t437 being the predominant clones. In brief, the distribution of virulence genes associated with STs may assist in the spread of molecular types of Staphylococcus spp.

Human noroviruses (HuNVs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. NS1.2 is critical for HuNV pathogenesis, but the function is still unclear. The GII NS1.2 of HuNVs, unlike GI NS1.2, was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs) and is accompanied by a distorted-filamentous ER morphology and aggregated-enlarged LDs. LC3 was recruited to the NS1.2-localized membrane through an autophagy-independent pathway. NS1.2, expressed from a cDNA clone of GII.4 norovirus, formed complexes with NTPase and NS4, which exhibited aggregated vesicle-like structures that were also colocalized with LC3 and LDs. NS1.2 is structurally divided into three domains from the N terminus: an inherently disordered region (IDR), a region that contains a putative hydrolase with the H-box/NC catalytic center (H-box/NC), and a C-terminal 251–330 a.a. region containing membrane-targeting domain. All three functional domains of NS1.2 were required for the induction of the filamentous ER. The IDR was essential for LC3 recruitment by NS1.2. Both the H-Box/NC and membrane-targeting domains are required for the induction of aggregated-enlarged LDs, NS1.2 self-assembly, and interaction with NTPase. The membrane-targeting domain was sufficient to interact with NS4. The study characterized the NS1.2 domain required for membrane targeting and protein–protein interactions, which are crucial for forming a viral replication complex.

Background. Aeromonas necrotizing fasciitis (NF) causes high rates of amputation and mortality, even after aggressive surgical debridement and antibacterial therapy. This study investigated the effects of rational use of antibiotics and education by infectious disease (ID) physicians on Aeromonas NF treatment outcomes. Methods. Retrospective review for conducted for four years (period I, without an ID physician, December 2001 to December 2005) and 15 years (period II, with an ID physician, January 2006 to March 2021). In period II, the hospital-wide computerized antimicrobial approval system (HCAAS) was also implemented. A pretest-posttest time series analysis compared the two periods. Differences in clinical outcomes, demographics, comorbidities, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, Aeromonas antibiotic susceptibility, and antibiotic regimens were compared between the two periods. Results. There were 19 patients in period I and 53 patients in period II. Patients had a lower rate of amputation or mortality in period II (35.8%) compared with period I (63.2%). Forty-four patients (61.1%) had polymicrobial infections. In the emergency room, the rate of misdiagnosis decreased from 47.4% in period I to 28.3% in period II, while effective empiric antibiotic usage increased from 21.1% in period I to 66.0% in period II. After the ID physician’s adjustment, 69.4% received monotherapy in period II compared to 33.3% in period I. Conclusions. Because Aeromonas NF had a high mortality rate and was often polymicrobial, choosing an antibiotic regimen was difficult. Using the HCAAS by an experienced ID physician can improve rational antibiotic usage and clinical outcomes in Aeromonas NF.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an uncommon life-threatening necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection. The formation of hemorrhagic bullae is a special skin sign of NF. The purposes of this study were to investigate the incidence of hemorrhagic bullae formation and bacteremia associated with different organisms, to appraise the appropriate use of ceftriaxone, and to compare the clinical and laboratory risk indicators of NF patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections on the initial examination. Methods: From March 2018 to December 2020, there were seventy-four NF patients with positive monomicrobial bacterial cultures enrolled based on surgical confirmation, and were categorized into two groups: the Gram-positive group and the Gram-negative group. Ceftriaxone susceptibility tests were carried out using the standard disk diffusion technique. Data, such as demographics, clinical outcomes, microbiological results, presentations of hemorrhagic bullae, and laboratory findings, were compared among these two groups. Results: The Gram-negative group included 52 patients, of whom 6 patients died, resulting in a mortality rate of 11.5%. The Gram-positive group included 22 patients and none died. Patients with bacteremia, hemorrhagic bullae, shock, fever, higher segmented forms and banded forms, and lower platelet counts constituted higher proportions in the Gram-negative group than in the Gram-positive group. The multivariate analysis identified six variables for the differentiation of Gram-negative and Gram-positive NF: the presentation of bacteremia, hemorrhagic bullae, shock at first consultation, fever with body temperature > 38.5 °C, band forms > 0%, and segmented forms ≦ 74%. A total of 66 isolates (89.2%) was susceptible to ceftriaxone. Conclusions: Gram-negative NF patients were significantly associated with hemorrhagic bullae presentation, blood stream infection, and mortality. Physicians should be alert to NF patients with the appearance of bacteremia, shock, fever, higher WBC banded and segmented forms, and lower platelet counts at the emergency department, with patients revealed to more likely have Gram-negative infections. Ceftriaxone with/without other appropriate antibiotics under the supervision of infectious doctors appeared to be clinically effective for the treatment of NF and blood stream infections.

Abstract Background Vibrio cholerae non-O1 is a virulent pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Herein, we report a case of corneal ulcer caused by this pathogen. Case presentation A 59-year-old fisherman with no systemic history was struck in the right eye by a marine shrimp and developed keratitis. Corneal scrapping culture revealed the presence of the V. cholerae non-O1, and its identification was confirmed by Analytical Profile Index 20E system and polymerase chain reaction. He was successfully treated with topical levofloxacin (0.3%) and fortified amikacin (12.5 mg/mL) for 2 weeks. The visual acuity recovered to 20/25 after treatment without complications. Conclusions This is the first case report of keratitis caused by V. cholerae non-O1 strain. Ocular injury by marine creatures and contaminated seawater can contribute to severe corneal ulcer. Early diagnosis can be achieved by meticulous history taking and a comprehensive laboratory workup. Simultaneously, an effective antibiotic therapy can lead to a positive outcome.

Background: Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is rare but fatal if not diagnosed early. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of GUTB in Taiwan. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 57 patients who were diagnosed as GUTB from January 2002 to December 2016, over a 15-year period. Demographic data and clinical manifestations were recorded for analysis. Results: There were 37 males and 20 females with a median age of 71 years. Kidney (24.6%) was the most involved organ. Fever (56.1%) was the major presentation. Sixteen (28.1%) patients presented unfavorable outcome. Compared with the favorable outcome group, the unfavorable outcome group had more malignancy (p = 0.013), fever (p = 0.020), anemia (p = 0007), thrombocytopenia (p = 0.003), and hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.015). In a multivariate analysis, fever (odds ratio: 42.716, 95% confidence interval: 1.032–1767.569; p = 0.048) was identified as prognostic factors for unfavorable outcome. Conclusion: GUTB is often in advanced stages with a high mortality in Taiwan. Establishing a diagnosis is difficult and requires thorough investigation. Fever is associated with unfavorable outcome. Keywords: Genitourinary tuberculosis, Genitourinary tract surgery, Anemia

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Postoperative infection is the most disastrous complication of penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Corneoscleral rim culture provided information regarding subsequent infections. Our aims were to identify the incidence of microbial contamination in donor corneas and to report the recovery of bacteria with two culture methods, i.e., conventional culture media after aerobic/anaerobic cotton swabs and blood culture media (Fastidious Antibiotic Neutralization [FAN]). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 118 patients underwent PK. Corneoscleral rim cultures were performed using aerobic/anaerobic culture cotton swabs (Transystem™, COPAN, Italia) with subsequent convention media and blood culture media (FAN bottle, BD BACTEC™, USA). The results of the different methods were reported and analyzed. RESULTS: Microorganisms were recovered from 24 in total 118 cases (20.3%, n = 118), 14 from blood culture media (FAN) (11.8%, n = 118), 9 from conventional culture media after aerobic/anaerobic cotton swabs (7.63%, n = 118), and 2 from fungus culture (1.69%, n = 118). The most commonly identified pathogen was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (n = 13, 54.2%), and more isolates of CoNS and staphylococcus aureus were recovered from blood culture media (FAN) than those from conventional culture media after aerobic/anaerobic cotton swabs (13 vs. 4,P= 0.05). Conversely, more nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli were recovered from conventional culture media after aerobic/anaerobic cotton swabs. None of the 24 cases with positive corneoscleral rim cultures reported ocular infection for the recipients in at least 6 months' follow-up. CONCLUSION: The conventional culture media after aerobic/anaerobic cotton swabs and blood culture media (FAN) did not yield identical isolates of bacteria. The blood culture media (FAN) could further yield Gram-positive bacteria in addition to those recovered from convention media. It seemed adding gentamicin and streptomycin could achieve bacteriostatic effect instead of the bactericidal effect. The administration of postoperative antibiotic in the recipient was suggested.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a troublesome clinical issue in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Although methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered to be the most serious pathogen in PJIs, little is known about the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of MRSA clones isolated from PJI patients. A total of 36 MRSA isolates from PJI patients were collected at the Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan from May 2016 to October 2019. All MRSA isolates were subjected to genome typing. The prevalence of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL), the antibiotic susceptibility profile, and the biofilm formation ability were compared among different MRSA genogroups. Additionally, demographics and clinical manifestations of patients infected with different MRSA genogroups were investigated. Eight sequence types (STs) were identified among 36 isolated from PJIs. According to the incidence of MRSA genotypes in PJIs, in this study, we divided them into four groups, including ST8 (n = 10), ST59 (n = 8), ST239 (n = 11), and other STs (n = 7). For the antibiotic susceptibility testing, we found that all MRSA isolates in the ST239 group were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin. Additionally, ST239 MRSA also had a higher ability to form biofilm than other groups. Importantly, patients with ST239 infection typically had a fever and exhibited higher levels of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC). Epidemiological investigations revealed that knee PJIs were mainly attributed to infection with ST59 MRSA and increasing trends for infection with ST8 and other ST types of MRSAs in PJI patients were observed from 2016 to 2019. The identification of MRSA genotypes in PJIs may be helpful for the management of PJIs.

Abstract Hemodialysis requires repeated, reliable access to the systemic circulation; therefore, a well‐functioning vascular access (VA) procedure is crucial for stable hemodialysis. VA infections (VAIs) constitute the most challenging complication and cause considerable morbidity, loss of access, and even death. In this study, we investigated the molecular profiles of different bacterial isolates retrieved from various types of VA grafts. We collected clinical isolates from hemodialysis patients with VAIs in our institution for the period between 2013 and 2018. We identified the bacterial isolates using standard biochemical procedures; we used a polymerase chain reaction for coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) species identification. The antibiotic resistance and molecular profile were analyzed using the disk diffusion method and multilocus sequence typing, respectively. We studied 150 isolates retrieved from patients with VAI and observed that Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacterial species, followed by S. argenteus, BCC, and CoNS. According to multilocus sequence typing data, we identified a wide variety of sequence types (STs) in S. aureus isolates, with ST59, ST45, and ST239 being the predominant types. Burkholderia cepacia with two new ST types, namely ST1723 and ST1724, accounted for most of the BCC infections, along with ST102 B. contaminans, which were mainly isolated from infected tunneled‐cuffed catheters. In summary, the increased incidence of S. argenteus and BCC infections provides insights into their potential clinical effects in VAIs. The various STs identified in different bacterial species indicate the high genetic diversity of bacterial species isolated from VAIs in our institution.

ObjectivesThe Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score was developed as a clinical decision tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. We prospectively evaluated the performance of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score for the diagnosis of patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the extremities.MethodsWe conducted a prospective and observational cohort study of emergency department patients with necrotizing fasciitis or severe cellulitis in the extremities between April 2015 and December 2016. The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score was calculated for every enrolled patient. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of cut-off scores of 6 and 8 were evaluated. The accuracy of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score was expressed as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsA total of 106 patients with necrotizing fasciitis and 825 patients with cellulitis were included. With an Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis cut-off score ≥6, the sensitivity was 43% (95% confidence interval 34% to 53%), specificity was 83% (95% confidence interval 80% to 86%), positive predictive value was 25% (95% confidence interval 20% to 30%), and negative predictive value was 92% (95% confidence interval 91% to 93%); with an Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis cut-off score ≥8, the sensitivity was 27% (95% confidence interval 19% to 37%), specificity was 93% (95% confidence interval 91% to 94%), positive predictive value was 33% (95% confidence interval 25% to 42%), and negative predictive value was 91% (95% confidence interval 90% to 92%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for accuracy of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score was 0.696 (95% CI 0.640 to 0.751).ConclusionThe Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score may not be an accurate tool for necrotizing fasciitis risk stratification and differentiation between severe cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department setting based on our study.

BGLF2 is a tegument protein of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). This study finds that BGLF2 is expressed in the late stage of the EBV lytic cycle. Microscopic investigations reveal that BGLF2 is present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and colocalized with BBLF1 and gp350 at juxtanuclear regions in the cytoplasm. This study also finds that the basic KKK69 motif of BGLF2 and acidic DYEE31 motif of BBLF1 are crucial for the interaction between BGLF2 and BBLF1, which is required for the recruitment of BGLF2 to the BBLF1 that is anchored on the trans-Golgi-network (TGN). In addition, BGLF2 in a density gradient is co-sedimented with un-enveloped capsids, revealing that BGLF2 associates with the EBV capsid before the final envelopment. The knockout of BGLF2 expression is demonstrated to reduce the numbers of infectious virions that are released into the culture medium, but they do not affect the expression of lytic proteins and viral DNA replication. The production of infectious viral particles by a BGLF2-knockout mutant can be rescued by exogenously expressed BGLF2 but only partially rescued by BGLF2-3KA, which is a mutant with reduced ability to interact with BBLF1 but does not affect its ability to activate the MAPK pathway and the expression of the EBV lytic proteins, suggesting that the interaction of BGLF2 with BBLF1 is important to the efficient production of infectious viral particles during the maturation. The results of this study improve our understanding of how BGLF2 promotes EBV viral production.

After a product has undergone a manufacturing process, it usually has several important quality characteristics. When the process quality of all quality characteristics meets the requirements of the quality level, the process quality of the product can be guaranteed to satisfy customers’ needs. A large number of studies have pointed out that good process quality can raise product yield and product value; at the same time, it can reduce the ratio of rework and scrap, achieve the effect of energy saving and waste reduction, and contribute to the sustainable operation of enterprises as well the environment. Since the six sigma method combines the statistical analysis method of manufacturing cost and production data, it is a useful tool for process improvement and process quality enhancement. Therefore, this paper adopted the six sigma-define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) improvement process to lift the manufacturing process quality of multi-characteristic products. Besides, the Taguchi process capability index is one of the commonly used tools for quality assessment in the industry. Not only can it reflect the process loss, but it also can ensure the process yield when the index value is large enough. Consequently, this paper discussed the relationship between the Taguchi process capability index and the six sigma quality level. Meanwhile, the entire six sigma DMAIC improvement process was built on the basis of the process capability index and developed by the method of statistical quality control. Hence, the proposed method is very convenient for process engineers to apply, as well as is helpful for enterprises to move toward the goal of smart manufacturing and sustainability.

Background/purpose: Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics is a major health-care problem in intensive care units (ICUs). This study evaluates the impact of a direct hospital-wide computerized antimicrobial approval system (HCAAS) and on-the-spot education for practitioners in a neurosurgical ICU in Taiwan. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records monthly of patients who were admitted to the neurosurgical ICU during a period of 7 years and 7 months. A pretest-post-test time series analysis, comparing the three periods: period I (no infectious disease (ID) physician), period II (part-time ID physicians), and period III (full-time ID physician). Antimicrobial consumption and expenditure, incidence of hospital-associated infections, prevalence of healthcare-associated bacterial isolates, in-hospital mortality rates, and indication of antibiotics usage were analyzed. Results: Full-time ID physician can increase the consumption of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials (cefazolin, and cefuroxime), and decrease the consumptions of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (ceftazidime, cefepime, and vancomycin) compared to part-time ID physicians. From period I to period III, the expenditure of antimicrobials, incidence of hospital-associated pneumonia, and the in-hospital mortality rates (crude, sepsis-related, and overall infection-related mortality) decreased statistically. The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Carbapenems-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa remained at low level after HCAAS implementation. From 2007 to 2009, the rational antibiotics usage continued to increase, resulting from to more prophylaxis and appropriate microbiologic proof, but less empiric antimicrobial therapy. Conclusion: Implementation of HCAAS and long-term on-the-spot education by full-time ID physician can reduce antimicrobial consumption, cost, and improve inappropriate antibiotic usage whilst not compromising healthcare quality. Keywords: ICU, Hospital-wide computerized antimicrobial approval system, Hospital-associated infections, On-the-spot education

Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in nature and serve as important biological models in various scientific fields including genetics, cell biology, ecology, evolution, and chemistry. A significant obstacle in studying filamentous fungi is the lack of tools for characterizing their growth and morphology in an efficient and quantitative manner. Consequently, assessments of the growth of filamentous fungi are often subjective and imprecise. In order to remedy this problem, we developed Fungal Feature Tracker (FFT), a user-friendly software comprised of different image analysis tools to automatically quantify different fungal characteristics, such as spore number, spore morphology, and measurements of total length, number of hyphal tips and the area covered by the mycelium. In addition, FFT can recognize and quantify specialized structures such as the traps generated by nematode-trapping fungi, which could be tuned to quantify other distinctive fungal structures in different fungi. We present a detailed characterization and comparison of a few fungal species as a case study to demonstrate the capabilities and potential of our software. Using FFT, we were able to quantify various features at strain and species level, such as mycelial growth over time and the length and width of spores, which would be difficult to track using classical approaches. In summary, FFT is a powerful tool that enables quantitative measurements of fungal features and growth, allowing objective and precise characterization of fungal phenotypes.

Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is a group of closely related bacteria with widespread environmental distribution. BCC bacteria are opportunistic pathogens that cause nosocomial infections in patients, especially cystic fibrosis (CF). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is used nowadays to differentiate species within the BCC complex. This study collected 41 BCC isolates from vascular access infections (VAIs) and other clinical infections between 2014 and 2020. We preliminarily identified bacterial isolates using standard biochemical procedures and further conducted recA gene sequencing and MLST for species identification. We determined genetic diversity indices using bioinformatics software. We studied 14 isolates retrieved from patients with VAIs and observed that Burkholderia cepacia was the predominant bacterial species, and B. contaminans followed by B. cenocepacia were mainly retrieved from patients with other infections. According to MLST data, we identified that all B. contaminans isolates belonged to ST102, while a wide variety of sequence types (STs) were found in B. cenocepacia isolates. In summary, the high diversity and easy transmission of BCC increase BCC infections, which provides insights into their potential clinical effects in non-CF infections.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common causes of biofilm infections in periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Accumulating evidence has shown that the immunosuppressive environment established by S. aureus biofilm infection in PJIs involves the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2-macrophages. Due to the diversity of MDSCs, little is known about whether S. aureus biofilm preferentially expands specific MDSC subsets or whether MDSCs can further differentiate into M2-macrophages during S. aureus biofilm infection. Here, we show that in agreement with the results from an established rat PJI model, S. aureus biofilm cocultured with freshly isolated bone marrow cells (BMCs) in vitro significantly increases the proportions of MDSCs, total macrophages and M2-macrophages. Interestingly, we find that treatment of the BMCs in vitro with S. aureus biofilm preferentially promotes the expansion of monocytic MDSCs but not granulocytic MDSCs. Biofilm treatment also substantially enhances the overall MDSC immunosuppressive activity in addition to the MDSC expansion in vitro. Importantly, we provide evidence that S. aureus biofilm is capable of further stimulating the conversion of monocytic MDSCs into M2-macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our studies reveal a direct link between MDSCs and M2-macrophages occurring in S. aureus-associated PJIs.

The major issue regarding magnetic response in nature—“negative values for the permeability μ of material parameters, especially in terahertz or optical region” makes the electromagnetic properties of natural materials asymmetric. Recently, research in metamaterials has grown in significance because these artificial materials can demonstrate special and, indeed, extraordinary electromagnetic phenomena such as the inverse of Snell’s law and novel applications. A critical topic in metamaterials is the artificial negative magnetic response, which can be designed in the higher frequency regime (from microwave to optical range). Artificial magnetism illustrates new physics and new applications, which have been demonstrated over the past few years. In this review, we present recent developments in research on artificial magnetic metamaterials including split-ring resonator structures, sandwich structures, and high permittivity-based dielectric composites. Engineering applications such as invisibility cloaking, negative refractive index medium, and slowing light fall into this category. We also discuss the possibility that metamaterials can be suitable for realizing new and exotic electromagnetic properties.

Darts has evolved from a traditional pub room game to a professional sport. More and more people worldwide are participating in the sport of dart throwing. In order to enhance throwing performance, it is important to understand the mechanics of precise dart throwing techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the fine-tune control of joint kinematics with different vertical targets between different skill levels to understand how to increase the success rate and generate precise fine-tuning of the motor system. Eight advanced players and eight intermediate players participated in this study. A motion capture system measured the kinematic data of the arm during throwing. The results indicated a significant interaction in shoulder internal rotation velocity (p = .031) and elbow supination velocity (p = .047) between advanced and intermediate groups with the different vertical targets. When intermediate players threw darts at different vertical targets, changes in shoulder internal rotation velocity and elbow supination velocity were observed. Conversely, these phenomena were not present in the advanced group. Additionally, we found that dart accuracy or light weight throwing requires an more angle of elbow pronation and generate high angular velocity of wrist palmar flexion during the release process. Based on the findings of this study, these results could provide a reference guide for dart throwing to improve the throwing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus, is a pathogen commonly encountered in both community and hospital settings. Patients receiving hemodialysis treatment face an elevated risk of vascular access infections (VAIs) particularly Staphylococcus aureus, infection. This heightened risk is attributed to the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus,, enabling it to adhere to suitable surfaces and form biofilms, thereby rendering it resistant to external interventions and complicating treatment efforts. Methods: Therefore this study utilized PCR and microtiter dish biofilm formation assay to determine the difference in the virulence genes and biofilm formation among in our study collected of 103 Staphylococcus aureus, isolates from hemodialysis patients utilizing arteriovenous grafts (AVGs), tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs), and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) during November 2013 to December 2021. Results: Our findings revealed that both MRSA and MSSA isolates exhibited strong biofilm production capabilities. Additionally, we confirmed the presence of agr types and virulence genes through PCR analysis. The majority of the collected isolates were identified as agr type I. However, agr type II isolates displayed a higher average number of virulence genes, with MRSA isolates exhibiting a variety of virulence genes. Notably, combinations of biofilmassociated genes, such as eno-clfA-clfB-fib-icaA-icaD and eno-clfA-clfB-fib -fnbB-icaA-icaD, were prevalent among Staphylococcus aureus, isolates obtained from vascular access infections. Discussion: These insights contribute to a better understanding of the molecular characteristics associated with Staphylococcus aureus, infections in hemodialysis patients and provided more targeted and effective treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]