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目黒区教育委員会は祐天寺（東京都目黒区中目黒）仁王門安置の木造二天王立像について、その文化財的価値を確定するために、山本勉を代表者とする調査団に委託して、二〇一八年十二月に美術史的調査を実施した。調査結果は山本と花澤明優美が共同執筆してまとめ、目黒区に提出した。本稿は報告書の内容を再構成し、若干のその後の知見をくわえたものである。 二天王像は二〇一三年まで祐天寺仁王門の裏側に安置されていた。仁王門は享保二十年（一七三五）に完成した門で、その表側に安置の金剛力士像（二王像）は元文三年（一七三八）に供養が行われている。二天王像はやや遅れる安永四年（一七七五）に門に安置されたことが記録から知られる。そこでは作者を鎌倉時代初頭の仏師運慶としており、古像であることが認識されていたとみられるが、安置以前の伝来については知られない。 二像はその作風から平安時代後期、十二世紀前半頃に近畿周辺で造られたものとみられる。いずれも片手を挙げ、もう一方の手を腰にあて、また腰を捻って、片脚に重心をかけ、もう一方の足を踏み上げて立つ、左右対称の姿である。四天王像中の二軀であった可能性もあるが、左右対称の形姿にくわえ、一方が開口し、他方が閉口するという阿吽の組み合わせになることからしても、一対の二天王像として造られたものである可能性が高い。小像であるので、門に安置するための像であったとは考えにくく、堂内の壇上で本尊格の像を守護する像であったものと考えられる。表甲の内区に金鎖甲の文様を刻み出すのは十二世紀以後の着甲像にあらわれる表現である。一方が脛当てを魚体とする形、また一方が脛当てを付けず長靴を履く形はたいへんめずらしい。これらは十二世紀に中国宋から流入した図像を典拠としたものと考えられ、そのごく早い時期の彫刻作例である。やや別の問題として、二像は江戸において江戸時代に新造された門に平安古像を安置した例であるが、同様の例は東京都内の他の寺にもある。この点は江戸時代の江戸における尚古趣味のあらわれとして評価することもできる。 総じて二像は、日本彫刻史研究において今後検討すべきさまざまな問題を内包し、少なからぬ意義をもつ作例であると考えられる。, The Meguro-ku Board of Education entrusted the research group represented by YAMAMOTO Tsutomu with research in the art history of wooden standing statues, NITENNO (Two Devas) housed in NIO-MON Gate of YUTEN-JI Temple (Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo) in order to confirm their values as cultural assets, and the research was conducted in December of 2018. The research results were organized and written jointly by YAMAMOTO and HANAZAWA Ayumi and submitted to Meguro-ku. This paper reorganizes the contents of the report with, some subsequent findings added. The NITENNO statues had been installed on the back side of NIO-MON Gate, YUTEN-JI Temple until 2013. The construction of NIO-MON Gate was completed in 1735, and a religious service for the KONGORIKISHI-ZO statues (NIO-ZO statues) enshrined on the front side was held in 1738. The NITENNO statues are known to have been enshrined at the gate in 1775 according to a record. Since the record mentions “created by Unkei” as a pretext that the creator was the Buddhist image sculptor Unkei, the statues are recognized to be old, but its history before the enshrinement is not known. The two statues are considered to have been created in or around the Kinki district in the late Heian Period, that is, about the first half of the 12th century. They stand symmetrically at the current positions, with the outside hands raised and the inside hands at their hips, respectively, twisting the bodies at the waists with weights on the outside legs and raising the inside legs that they are stepping on. They could have been two Shitenno-zo statues, but in view of the symmetric posing and the combination of one with the mouth opened and the other with it closed, which is “A-UN”, there is a good possibility that they were created as a pair of Nitenno-zo statues. Since they are small statues, they can hardly be such statues as to be enshrined at the gate, but are presumed to be statues for guarding a principal-rank image on the dais in the main hall. The carving-out of a pattern of KINSAGO (armor made by braiding chains) on the surface of the armor is an expression appearing on statues wearing armor in the 12th century and after. One of the statues has fish-shaped greaves, while the other wears boots without greaves, which is very rare. This style is considered to be based on paper images from Song, China in the 12th century and is a very early sculpture example. Another point is that the two statues are examples showing that old statues of the Heian Period were enshrined in Edo at the gates newly constructed in the Edo Period, but similar examples are also found in other temples in Tokyo Metropolitan. This can be recognized as a respect for old days in Edo in the Edo Period. The two statues exhibit various issues to be examined in the future in the study of the Japanese sculpture history and are examples that have great significance.

In this letter, we report the electrical characteristics of a crystalline oxide semiconductor, especially $\boldsymbol {c}$ -axis aligned crystalline In–Ga–Zn–O (CAAC-IGZO) field-effect transistors (FETs) having a surrounded-channel structure with 51-nm channel lengths, 11-nm equivalent oxide thicknesses of the gate insulating films, and various channel widths. The results show that the influence of the gate electrode on the sides of the channel increases as the channel width is reduced, which leads to excellent OFF-state and ON-state current characteristics of the FET with a 51-nm channel length and a 50-nm channel width. By exploiting these characteristics, low-power large-scale integration (LSI) applications become possible that would not be possible with conventional Si-LSI techniques.

東京都荒川区の社会福祉法人上宮会所蔵聖徳太子像は、像内銘により、文永七年（一二七〇）に仏師尭慶が製作したことの知られる鎌倉時代後期の規準作品である。本稿では、二〇一三年五月に大学院思想文化専攻開講科目「美術史学演習Ⅲ」における演習の一環で実施した調査の概要を、「伝来」「像の概要」「銘記および納入品」の三章に分けて報告し、さらに日本彫刻史上の意義や周辺の問題についても、「聖徳太子造像における位置」「形式と表現」「仏師尭慶について」の三章に分けて論述する。この像は、聖徳太子像の典型的形式のひとつである孝養太子像の初期作例として貴重である。銘記によれば不退寺（現在も奈良市に所在する不退寺にあたる可能性がつよい）の像として造られたもので、さらに十六歳の肖像であると明記し、その形式の原型となった像の存在が暗示されることも注目される。また、形式や表現の点で奈良・元興寺の善春作聖徳太子像と共通する点が多く、作者尭慶はその他の事績をふくめても、鎌倉中・後期の奈良で活躍した善派仏師と関係が深いこと、などが明らかになった。末尾には、近代以降のこの像の伝来に関する文献を関連史料として付載した。, The statue of Shotoku Taishi owned by the Jyogu Hospital Social Welfare Group (Jyogu Kai), Arakawa-ku, Tokyo is a standard work in the late Kamakura Period, known to be created by Busshi (sculptor of Buddhist statues) Gyokei in 1270 from the inscription in the statue. This paper reports an outline of an investigation conducted as a part of a seminar in “Art History Seminar III”, a course offered by the Department of Cultural History, Graduate School in May, 2013, in three chapters; “History”, “Outline of the Statue”, and “Inscription and Items inside the Statue” and discusses its meaning in Japanese sculpture history and peripheral issues in three chapters; “Position in Creation of Shotoku Taishi Statues”, “Style and Expression”, and “Busshi Gyokei”. This statue is valuable as an example of the early stage of statues of Kyoyo Taishi (considered to be a style of praying, being concerned about the condition of his father), which is one of typical styles of statues of Shotoku Taishi. According to the inscription, this statue was made for Futai-ji temple (this temple is likely to be Futai-ji still located in Nara city) and is clearly described as an image at 16 years old, and the suggestion of presence of a statue used as a model of the style attracts attention. The statue has many points in common regarding style and expression with the statue of Shotoku Taishi made by Zenshun in Gango-ji temple in Nara, and it was found out that Gyokei had a close relationship with the Zen-pa School Busshi who were active in Nara in the middle to late Kamakura period also in terms of other achievements. Materials relating to the history of this statue in the modern period and after are attached to the end of the paper.

WC-βt-Co alloys have been widely applied to cutting tools because they are superior to WC-Co alloys in oxidation, plastic deformation and adhesion resistances. In this study, the effects of HIP treatment, WC grain size and content of βt phase on bending fatigue characteristics were investigated for fine and coarse-grained WC-6.7mass%βt-10.4mass%Co alloys （6.7βt(F) and 6.7βt(C) alloys） and fine-grained WC-20mass%βt-11.3mass%Co alloy (20βt(F) alloy) by comparing with the case of fine-grained WC-10mass%Co alloy（10Co(F) alloy） without βt phase. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The bending fatigue life of HIP-ed 6.7βt(F) alloy was longer than that of normally sintered 6.7βt(F) alloy. The S-N curve of HIP-ed alloy showed a small gradient in a high stress range and a large gradient in a low stress range. 2) The fatigue life of HIP-ed 6.7βt(F) alloy remarkably decreased in the high stress range, but slightly decreased in the low stress range, compared with that of 10Co(F) alloy. 3) The fatigue life of HIP-ed 6.7βt(C) alloy was superior in all the stress range, compared with that of HIP-ed 6.7βt(F) alloy. 4) The fatigue life of HIP-ed 20βt(F) alloy was shorter than that of 6.7βt(F) alloy in all the stress range．The above-mentioned results were mainly discussed relating to the fatigue fracture origins such as pore, Co pool, agglomerate of βt grains, etc.

Engineering development of cemented carbides treated by various surface improvement and machining were carried out as follows: (1) The residual stresses of coated layer and WC phase of substrate for cemented carbides coated with TiN by CVD and PVD processes were investigated by X-ray diffraction method to explain the difference of the cutting performance between the CVD-coated and PVD-coated carbide tools. (2) The effects of HIP, grinding and coating treatments on bending and compressive fatigue characteristics of cemented carbides were investigated relating to structural defects, surface residual stress or fatigue hardening in Co phase. (3) The effects of various blasting treatments on surface residual stress and bending strength of cemented carbides were investigated to improve the mechanical properties of them with their sintered surface. (4) The variation of surface properties and bending strength of cemented carbides machined by wire EDM were investigated comparing with those of the as-ground carbides. The above-mentioned results were discussed and summarized.

Though WC-Co cemented carbides are widely used for a variety of machining, cutting, drilling and other applications because of their high strength, high hardness and excellent wear resistance, there exist corrosion issues during practical use. However, little work is currently available in the published literature on this subject. In this study, the corrosion behaviors of three cemented carbide specimens, i.e., WC-Co (Sample A), WC-Cr3C2-Co (Sample B) and WC-βt-Co (Sample C) in which βt indicates (Ti, W, Ta, Nb) C, are investigated by the electrochemical methods such as the polarization test and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, hereafter shortened as EIS, as well as the immersion test under constant potential in comparison with that of SUS304 stainless steel. The similar active, passive and over passive state regions to SUS304 stainless steel during the polarization test, and the preferential dissolution of Co were observed for all of the three specimens mentioned above. Both Cr3C2 and βt improved the corrosion resistance of WC-Co alloy, in which the effect of the former was better than that of the latter. EIS test showed that all of the three samples showed the similar capacitance semicircle in the first quadrant. The induction semicircle followed the capacitance semicircle mentioned above for the sample A and sample C while the other capacitance semicircle followed for the sample B.

It is very important to acquire knowledge on bending fatigue characteristics of cemented carbides tools for cold forging, because the tools are generally applied under strong repeated stress at their use. In this study, the effects of grain size of WC and Co content on the bending fatigue characteristics were mainly investigated for fine and coarse-grained WC-0.5∼1.0mass%Cr3C2-10∼22mass%Co alloys and the relation between transverse-rupture strength and fatigue limit was discussed.The results obtained were as follows: (1) The bending fatigue limit of fine-grained WC alloys was higher than that of coarse-grained WC alloys and that of low Co alloys was higher than that of high Co alloys in each WC grain size. This tendency was similar to the case of transverse-rupture strength. (2) The fracture origin observed in low cycle range was mostly aggregated WC, while that in high cycle range above 105 cycles showed tendency to change Co pool or its segregation. (3) There was a very strong correlation between transverse-rupture strength and bending fatigue limit, and 45∼55% of the transverse-rupture strength was equivalent to the bending fatigue limit. This relation enables to estimate the fatigue limit of cemented carbides.

Heterogeneous pores were often observed on lapped surface of cemented carbides with high Co content manufactured under some conditions. Therefore, the conditions and mechanism of the pore formation were mainly investigated and considered.The results obtained were as follows: The amount and size of the pores increased with the increase of sintering temperature, cobalt content and particle size of WC. And these pores were distributed heterogeneously along certain curves on the lapped surface. Comparing the pore distribution with domain boundary of Co binder phase, the pores were confirmed to distribute at the domain boundary of cobalt phase. Especially, larger pores were generated near triple point of the domain boundary. Consequently, these heterogeneous pores were considered to be caused by solidification and shrinkage of Co binder phase during cooling.

Bending and compressive fatigue characteristics of WC-Co alloys were mainly investigated and discussed relating to structural defects, surface residual stress or coercive force in the alloy. The bending fatigue was influenced by the structural defects such as pore, WC and Co pool acting as a fatigue fracture origin. Especially, the fracture origin of Co pool with a step shaped form peculiar to the bending fatigue was often observed in HIP-treated alloys. Therefore, the fatigue life in micro-grain alloy was improved with the decrease of Co pool size. As to the effect of surface condition, the fatigue life was remarkably influenced by compressive residual stress of the ground surface rather than surface roughness, while the decrease of the fatigue life by coating treatment could be explained by residual stress of the coated layer and base alloy or adhesion between them. On the other hand, the compressive fatigue was not influenced by the structural defects, but it showed a positive correlation with the variation of the coercive force influenced by fatigue hardening in Co phase. Namely, the coercive force of the medium-grain alloy increased with increasing applied stress and repeated cycle, and it became much larger in the repeated compressive fatigue test than static compressive test.

WC-βt-Co alloys have been widely applied to cutting tools because they are superior to WC-Co alloys in oxidation, plastic deformation and adhesion resistances. In this study, the effects of HIP treatment, WC grain size and content of βt phase on bending fatigue characteristics were investigated for fine and coarse-grained WC-6.7mass%βt-10.4mass%Co alloys (6.7βt(F) and 6.7βt(C) alloys) and fine-grained WC-20mass%βt-11.3mass%Co alloy (20βt(F) alloy) by comparing with the case of fine-grained WC-10mass%Co alloy(10Co(F) alloy) without βt phase.The results obtained were as follows: (1) The bending fatigue life of HIP-ed 6.7βt(F) alloy was longer than that of normally sintered 6.7βt(F) alloy. The S-N curve of HIP-ed alloy showed a small gradient in a high stress range and a large gradient in a low stress range. (2) The fatigue life of HIP-ed 6.7βt(F) alloy remarkably decreased in the high stress range, but slightly decreased in the low stress range, compared with that of 10Co(F) alloy. (3) The fatigue life of HIP-ed 6.7βt(C) alloy was superior in all the stress range, compared with that of HIP-ed 6.7βt(F) alloy. (4) The fatigue life of HIP-ed 20βt(F) alloy was shorter than that of 6.7βt(F) alloy in all the stress range. The above-mentioned results were mainly discussed relating to the fatigue fracture origins such as pore, Co pool, aggregate of βt grains, etc.

Objectives . We have reported that single weekly paclitaxel has moderate activity in heavily pretreated ovarian cancer patients and is associated with a favorable toxicity profile. The purpose of this study was to reconfirm the effect of weekly paclitaxel in more number of cases. Methods . Although 39 patients were enrolled, 37 patients with recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer previously treated with between one and three chemotherapeutic regimens containing platinum were eligible. Patients had measurable or assessable disease defined by clinical exam, radiographic studies, or serum CA 125. One cycle of treatment consisted of paclitaxel 80 mg/m 2 /week in 1-h infusion, 3 weeks on, 1 week off, and repeated at least twice. Two patients were withdrawn because of refusal of further treatment for neuropathy after the first cycle. Clinical responses were defined by established criteria. Results . Thirty-seven patients were included in this intent-to-treat study. The overall clinical response rate was 45.9% (5 complete responses, 12 partial responses). The clinical response rate in patients with measurable tumor was 25.0% (2 complete responses, 1 partial response), while that in patients without measurable tumor and with assessable CA 125 levels was 56.0% (3 complete responses, 11 partial responses). Clinical response rate in patients with chemotherapy-free interval more than 6 months had about twice higher than that in patients with chemotherapy-free interval less than 6 months. The clinical response rate by number of prior regimens revealed that as number of prior regimens increases, the response rate decreases. Conclusion . Weekly paclitaxel has significant antitumor activity in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent or persistent ovarian carcinoma and warrants as second or third line chemotherapy in such setting.

The bending and compressive fatigue characteristics of the normal sintered and HIP-treated WC-1 mass%Cr3C2-12mass%Ni alloy (Ni alloy) applied for non-magnetic or corrosion-resistant tools were mainly investigated and compared with those of WC-1 mass%Cr3C2-12mass%Co alloy (Co alloy) which was previously reported by us.The results obtained were as follows. :1) The bending fatigue life was more superior in the HIP-treated Ni alloy than the normal sintered Ni alloy especially in the range of high applied stress. But the difference between them became smaller with decreasing the applied stress, and it was inclined to reverse around fatigue limit. 2) The bending fatigue life of HIP-treated Ni alloy lowered as compared with that of the HIP-treated Co alloy. 3) All the fracture origins of HIP-treated Ni alloy in the bending fatigue were Ni pools and the fracture form of the origin under the high applied stress showed a dimple pattern. The area of the dimple pattern decreased with decreasing the applied stress and conversely that of the brittleness fracture form increased, but it did not show a step-shaped form which was clearly observed in Co alloy. 4) The compressive fatigue life of the Ni alloy lowered remarkably as compared with that of the Co alloy. This result was considered to correspond to the fact that the plastic deformation was larger in Ni alloy than Co alloy.

Carbide tools applied for plastic deformation often reach a tool life due to bending fatigue under repeated stress at their use. Therefore, as it is very important to acquire knowledge on bending fatigue of carbide tool, the effects of HIP treatment and surface conditions on the bending fatigue characteristics of WC-12mass%Co alloys were mainly investigated. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The bending fatigue characteristics of HIP-treated alloys was improved at lower repeated cycle, compared with that of normal sintered alloy. The fracture origin observed after fatigue fracture was pore in normal sintered alloy, while it was coarse carbide or Cc pool with a step-shaped form in HIP-treated alloy. (2) The specimens with different surface roughness had almost same bending strength, but the fatigue strength decreased with decreasing surface roughness. The cause of this decrease was considered to be due to the decrease of the surface compressive residual stress. (3) The fatigue strength of PVD-coated alloy with TiN layer decreased at lower. repeated cycle and that of CVD-coated alloy remarkably decreased, compared with that of non-coated alloy. The cause of these decrease in the coated alloys were mainly discussed in relation to the residual stress of the substrate alloy and the coated layer and the adhesion between them.

近年、医療の現場以外でも「臨床」という用語が多用されるようになった。同時に「実践研究」の必要性も認識されている。しかし、現場感覚を基礎にした「臨床学」の発想はいまだ大学の研究と教育の中に根づいているとはいいがたい。対人援助の現場に臨んでの実践で必要とされる視点は、必ずしも〈科学の知〉だけではない。むしろ、対象との関係の論理を媒介にした、個別的な〈臨床の知〉が求められる場合が多い。そこで、現場・実践・関係・経験をキーワードとする「もう一つの知」のあり方、その視点からなされる臨床学の方法論について若干の検討を加えた。さらに、大学や大学院の教育において臨床実践学に依拠する実践家の訓練システムの構築が必要とされていることも示唆した。

κ-alumina films were deposited on WC-Co alloy by a CVD method with an under layer of TiC. Powder samples were also prepared by disolving steel sheets on which TiC/Al2O3 or TiC/Al2O3/TiN were deposited. These specimens were examined by X-ray diffraction to obtain more exact diffraction data for practical use.Diffraction profiles of the films and the powders were analyzed with a hexagonal system. CVD-coated films showed strong orientation, namely c-axis being rectangular to the film plane. κ-Al2O3 has lattice constants of a0=9.632A and c0=8.929A as a hexagonal system. These values correspond to a0=4.816A, b0=8.342A and c0=8.929A of an orthorhombic system.

欧米では深刻な死別経験者の1〜3割の人達が、悲哀の過程において「病的悲嘆」に陥るとされ、様々の援肋技法が開発されてきた。しかし、わが国ではその診断基準やカウンセリング技法はほとんど確立されていない。そこで本論では、心理臨床の経験的資料を基礎にして、➀病的悲嘆の類型化と指標を明確化することを試み、➁悲哀の機能不全を起こす危険因子の抽出を行い、➂さらに悲嘆カウンセリング技法の原則について若干の検討を行うことの3点を目的とした。その結果、悲哀のアセスメントを行うことにより「喪失様態」や病的悲嘆の範躊を同定して、それらの特性に応じたカウンセリング技法を適用していく必要性が明らかになった。本論で新たに提起した知見として、悲哀の過程の後半において外界との接触を促進する援肋を必要性としていること、そして偶然に生起する面接の中断と再開を契機にして悲哀の過程が進展することに注目し、面接関係での「代理経験」の意義を示唆したことなどがある。

Composite ceramics of alumina mixed with 20vol% titanium carbide whiskers were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot-pressing at 1300 to 1650°C under 30MPa for 5min. The SPS brought about dense titanium carbide whisker/alumina composites at a sintering temperature of 1500°C, which was about 100°C lower than that in the hot-pressing process. The composites obtained by SPS had mechanical properties slightly higher than those obtained by hot-pressing. The alumina matrix grains in the composites prepared by SPS grew larger than those by hot-pressing. The cutting performance (wear resistance and fracture resistance) of dense sintered bodies fabricated by SPS resulted to be slightly improved over those by hot-pressing, due to their higher mechanical properties.

Alumina matrix composites mixed with titanium carbide whiskers up to 30vol% were fabricated by hot-pressing at 1600°C under 30MPa for 30min. Two kinds of titanium carbide whiskers having different diameters were used as a reinforcing agent. Mechanical properties, oxidation resistance and cutting perfomance for cast iron were studied. The addition of thin whiskers had a tendency to obstruct the densification of composite body. However, bending strengths at room temperature and 1000°C and oxidation resitance of the composites containing thin whiskers were higher than those of the composites containing thick whiskers. On the other hand, no remarkable difference in Vickers hardness and fracture toughness was observed concerning to the effect on the whisker diameter. The composites containing thin whiskers showed the cutting performance superior to those containing thick whiskers.

本論文の目的は、死別と悲哀に関する諸概念を臨床的視点から整理し、死別カウンセリングなどの援助技法を開発するための基礎的考察を行うことにある。大切な人との死別は悲痛な経験であり、その経験者の一割程度が複雑な悲哀の過程を辿る可能性があるといわれている。もし、病的悲嘆に陥るなら、死別カウンセリングなどによる心理的ケアが必要となる。したがって、死別の臨床におけるアセスメントと援助法の確立は医療・保健・福祉の諸領域において不可欠と思われる。そこで、欧米で展開されてきた死別と悲哀に関する諸概念を、筆者の臨床経験と照合しながら整理を行った。その結果、鍵概念である悲哀の仕事のダイナミズムの再検討が示唆された。また複雑な悲哀の過程を辿る病的悲嘆と死別カウンセリングについても概念の明確化を行った。

Composite ceramics of alumina mixed with up to 50vol% titanium carbide whiskers were fabricated by hot-pressing at 1600°C under 30MPa for 30min. The mechanical properties and the cutting perfomance for cast iron or carbon steel of the hot-pressed bodies were studied. Dense composites with relative densities above 98% were obtained at whisker content with up to 40vol%. The composite containing 20vol% whiskers showed the highest bending strength of around 560MPa. Increasing whisker content decreased the elastic modulus, but increased the Vickers hardness and the fracture toughness. The composite mixed with 20vol% or 30vol% titanium carbide whiskers was found to be capable of having the cutting performance similar to the available ceramic composite cutting tools such as titanium carbide particle/alumina composite and silicon carbide whisker/alumina composite.

本研究は、心理臨床の視座から日本における「喪失と悲哀」に関する文献を収集し、文献目録を作成すると同時に、研究の時代的推移と動向をレビューすることを目的とするものである。その結果、1964年から1994年に至る30年間に発表された論文・著書・翻訳書の総数は228編であった。文献数は1979年頃から漸増し、1980年代中頃には急激な関心の高まりを示し、1990年前後にひとつの頂点を示している。喪失研究の潮流としては、二つの大きな流れが確認できる。一方は、心理学や精神医学の視座からの「喪失と悲哀の過程」に関連する研究であり、他方は医学・看護学・宗教学などにおける「死生学やターミナルケア」に関する研究である。これらの研究の時代的推移を大局的に展望すると、優れた文献の出版や特別な社会的事象の生起などをランドマークとして、5つの時期に区分できることが明らかになった。

今日、生と死をめぐる諸問題が国民的関心を引き、ターミナル・ケアや死別研究などの学際的研究が飛躍的に増加している。これらの諸問題を心理学の視座から鳥瞰すると「喪失と分離、悲嘆」論の主題として理解することができる。この領域は欧米では多くの研究が積み重ねられてきたが、わが国では緒に就いたばかりである。そこで、まず喪失論に関連する、欧米での主要な研究を歴史的に展望し、その概観を把握することが不可欠と思われる。このような問題意識の下に、本論では、(1)精神分析の臨床と喪失論、(2)母性剝奪と愛着理論、(3)死別と悲嘆研究の展開、(4)死にゆく過程と準備悲嘆、という4領域に整理・区分し、その理論的成果と歴史的展開を素描することを試みた。加えて、喪失と分離、悲嘆という心理学的主題が、医療・保健・福祉の領域に貢献しうる可能性を示唆するものである。

Background The risk of female breast cancer in association with radiation dose is well established, on the basis of follow-up studies of the atomic bomb survivors and other exposed populations. This association is especially strong for women exposed before 20 years of age and appears to be much weaker among women exposed after 40 years of age. Methods Breast tissue samples from 88 high-dose and 225 low-dose autopsy cases from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation Life Span Study sample were examined in detail to determine whether nonproliferative and proliferative breast lesions are associated with radiation dose. Results Prevalence of proliferative disease in general and atypical hyperplasia in particular were positively associated with radiation dose. The associations were strongest for subjects who were between 40 and 49 years of age at the time of the bombing. Conclusions It is hypothesized that the strongest association in women 40 to 49 years of age may be related to the age dependence of radiation-induced breast cancer, in that potential cancers induced in this age group by radiation exposure may receive too little hormonal promotion to progress to frank cancers.

Fracture toughness has been recently considered to be one of the important mechanical properties in the same way as transverse-rupture strength for sintered hard materials such as ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides. The measuring method of fracture toughness was established according to JISR1607 in 1990 for fine ceramics, but it has not been established for cermets and cemented carbides. Therefore, fracture toughness of TiC-TiN based cermets, K-grade and P-grade cemented carbides with different metal binder content or WC grain size were measured by SEPB method according to JISR1607 for comparing with that of ceramics. And also, the effects of various notches for inducing precrack on fracture toughness and the relations between groove width of anvil and load for inducing precrack or length of precrack were investigated. Fracture toughness of cermets and cemented carbides increased with increasing metal binder content or WC grain size. With the same metal binder content, the amplitude of the fracture toughness showed the following order : K-grade cemented carbides > P-grade cemented carbides > cermets. These results were discussed from the standing point of mean free path of metal binder phase and young's modulus of the alloy.

Colorectal cancer incidence in the LSS sample during 1950-80 was investigated. A total of 730 incidence cases of colorectal cancer were confirmed from a variety of sources. Sixty-two percent of the cancers were microscopically verified and 12% were ascertained through death certificate only. The risk of colon cancer increased significantly with intestinal dose, but no definite increase of risk was observed for rectal cancer. Relative risk at 1 Sv and excess risk per 10^4 PY-Sv for colon cancer are 1.80 (90% confidence internal 1.37-2.36) and 0.36 (90% confidence interval 0.06-0.77) respectively. City and sex did not significantly modify the dose-response of colon cancer, but the risk decreased with age at the time of bombings (ATB). The relative risk of colon cancer does not vary substantially over time following exposure. A non-linear dose response did not significantly improve the fit. Further, the anatomic location of the tumors indicate that the cecum and ascending, transverse and descending, and sigmoid colon seem equally sensitive to radiation. No difference in the distribution of tumor histological types could be observed by radiation dose., Journal of radiation research. 1992, 33(4), p.342-361

Two complementary investigations were undertaken: 1. Research into the relationship between suicide and depopulation in Shimane Prefecture. 2. Research into the relationship between the perception of social problems and unwanted objective conditions, employing suicide as the example of unwanted conditions. To summarize the most important findings: 1. The suicide rates have been notably higher in depopulated areas. 2. The partial correlation of suicide to depopulation was high, when the effect of aging of population was removed. 3. This partial correlation has increased since 1975. There has been an aggravation of the problem of suicide as a depopulation problem. 4. The correlation of suicide to aging of the population vanished, when the effect of depopulation was removed. 5. At 70 and over, the suicide rates have been notably higher in depopulated areas. 6. The correlation of the age-specific suicide rate with the depopulation rate, increases with age and the correlation of the suicide rate among old people to the depopulation rate, was notably higher. 7. These suicidal tendencies express the mores of society. Morality underlies the perception of social problems, while morality could not exist without generating suicide at a certain point. Both suicide and the perception of suicide as social problems are largely determined by morality. This is our paradoxical hypothesis. 8. Lastly, we emphasize that there are serious depopulation problems in Japan. This is particularly obvious, if suicide is employed as the indicator of depopulation severity.

Optically active trans-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1-methyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid was synthesized from trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinyl)ethene via resolution of the racemic diphosphine oxide. Asymmetric allylic alkylation of 2-cyclohexenyl acetate with l-menthyl sodiodiethylphosphonoacetate was achieved in good optical yields by the use of its palladium complex.

The residual stresses of coated layer and WC phase of substrate for cemented carbides coated with TiC or TIN by CVD process and PVD process were measured by X-ray stress measuring method. It was mainly discussed from a standpoint of surface residual stress that the CVD-coated carbide was inferior in the failure resistance compared with the PVD-coated carbide or the uncoated carbide.

An examination of registered cases of parathyroid tumor in Hiroshima Prefecture between 1974 and 1987 revealed 23 cases. An epidemiological study showed that the incidence of parathyroid tumors in Hiroshima Prefecture was significantly higher in the total exposed, especially among the proximally exposed (within 2,000 m from the hypocenter), than in the control nonexposed group (P less than 0.001). A similar trend was seen for parathyroid tumor associated with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Endoscopic and biopsy findings of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colorectum were studied in 37 patients with amyloidosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic examinations revealed fine granular appearance, polypoid protrusions, erosions, ulcerations, and mucosal friability in many cases. These findings were most marked and noticed most often in the second portion of the duodenum. The frequency of amyloid deposition in the biopsy specimens was as follows; 100% in the duodenum, 95% in the stomach, 91% in the colorectum, and 72% in the esophagus. The degree of amyloid deposition in the duodenum, which was the highest of the entire gastrointestinal tract, significantly correlated with the frequency of endoscopic findings such as fine granular appearance and polypoid protrusions. Therefore, the two endoscopic findings described above are characteristic of this disease and may reflect amyloid deposition in the mucosa or submucosa of the alimentary tract. Our results indicate that for a diagnosis of amyloidosis, it is important to examine the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the duodenum, using endoscopy and biopsy techniques.

We investigated a mechanism for formation of a current path in a superconducting joint between Nb-Ti wires with the solder matrix replacement method, where Pb-Bi connects Nb-Ti filaments. Superconducting joints were formed in the following steps. Firstly, the ends of wires were soaked in molten tin. Secondly, the ends of wires were soaked in molten Pb-Bi. Thirdly, the two ends of wires were set into the container filled with molten Pb-Bi and the Pb-Bi was solidified. One factor in the current path is the interface between Nb-Ti and Pb-Bi, where there was an intermediate layer composed of Nb3Sn and Ti-S. The intermediate layer appeared to be formed in the first step; niobium in Nb-Ti reacted with tin, and leftover titanium reacted with sulfur which may be contained as an impurity in the copper matrix of the wires. Another factor is the microstructure of Pb-Bi, which consisted of a superconducting phase and a bismuth phase. The specific surface area of the bismuth particles, which was affected by the composition and solidification rate of Pb-Bi in the third step, was positively correlated with the critical current density of Pb-Bi. This is because the bismuth particles are dominant flux pinning centers, as shown by Campbell. The present superconducting joints had excellent properties; the resistances were lower than 10−13 Ω.

We have reported that paclitaxel results in cisplatin sensitization in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro and in nude mice. The purpose of this trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and recommend phase II dose of weekly single agent paclitaxel for outpatients with recurrent or persistent epithelial ovarian carcinoma (REOC), with standard chemotherapy containing platinum in the initial setting. Patients with REOC were eligible for this protocol regardless of the number and kind of previous chemotherapy regimens. The starting dose was paclitaxel 70 mg/m2/week in 1-hour infusion, 3 weeks on, 1 off and repeated at least twice. This dose was increased by 10 mg per step to 100 mg/m2/week. Three patients were accrued to each dose cohort. Three new patients were to be entered at escalation doses unless dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) occurred, defined as grade 4 hematological or grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicities. If 1 out of 3 patients developed DLT, 3 additional patients were entered at the same dose level. Sixteen patients were accrued. All the patients had received at least one prior platinum-containing regimen (1 regimen 14 cases, 2 regimens 1 case, 3 regimens 1 case). At the level I dose of 70 mg/m2/week no hematological or non-hematological toxicity more than grade 2 was observed. At the level II dose of 80 mg/m2/week, 1 patient had grade 4 non-hematological toxicity, showing difficulty-walking. Three new additional patients were treated with the same dose. Except for this patient, 1 had grade 3 leukopenia and grade 4 neutropenia, but these toxicities were overcome within 3 days without support of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). At the level III dose, 90 mg/m2/week, 1 of 3 patients showed grade 4 leukopenia and 2 had grade 4 neutropenia, requiring support by G-CSF. Similarly, when using 100 mg/m2/week of paclitaxel, 2 out of 4 patients had more than grade 3 hematological toxicity. However, at levels II or IV, no non-hematological toxicity exceeding grade 2 was observed. Even if the weekly single paclitaxel was repeated, the toxicity did not seem to accumulate. According to dose-escalation, use of G-CSF and treatment delay were increased. The use of G-CSF was significantly (p0.05) increased between levels I, II, III and IV. Although treatment with 90 or 100 mg/m2/week, at 3 weeks on, 1 off was tolerable and safe with support of G-CSF, these doses cannot be recommended for out-patients because of treatment delay. In this phase I trial, 80 mg/m2/week of paclitaxel was recommended as the phase II dose for outpatients.

Objectives: To study how GBS infection takes place between pregnant GBS-carriers and their husbands. Methods: Pregnant women in whom GBS infections could be detected during 26 to 30 weeks of pregnancy and their husbands were studied during the two periods of August 1994 through May 1995 (Period A, 243 couples) and June through September 1997 (Period B, 141 couples). A urine sample was collected from a husband in the same morning when the vagina of his wife was tested for GBS. GBS were also classified according to their serotypes in 34 couples during Period A and B. Results: In the two periods, GBS was detected in 18.1 and 19.3% of the wive's vaginal cultures, and in 19.1 and 17.0% of husbands' urinary cultures, respectively. There were no significant differrences of the rate of GBS detection between the spouses, and also between the two trials. A high possibility of GBS infection was found in a couple when either of the spouses was possible to GBS. The serotypes of 31 of the 34 couples (91.2%) were identical. Conclusion: It is suggested that GBS can be sexually transmitted, and cause reinfection between spouses in spite of antepartum medication.

A channel length of a c-axis aligned crystal indium gallium zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO) transistor having low off-state current at a yA/µm level was decreased to 100 nm, and the electrical characteristics and short-channel effect of the CAAC-IGZO transistor were researched. As a result, we found that, in the CAAC-IGZO transistor with L = 100 nm, even with a gate insulator film having an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) = 11 nm, an extremely small off-state current of 380 yA/µm at 85 °C is maintained, in addition channel length dependence of the electrical characteristics is hardly seen. Favorable values of characteristics of the CAAC-IGZO transistor can be obtained, such as subthreshold slope (SS) = 77 mV/dec, drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) = 73 mV/V, threshold voltage (V th) = 0.65 V, and on-state current (I on) = 65 µA/µm. These results suggest the possibility that the CAAC-IGZO transistor can be applied to an LSI in a deep submicron region.

NGK Insulators, Ltd. (NGK) has undertaken the research and development on the fabrication processes of high-heat-resistant ceramic components for the CGT301, which is a 300kW recuperative industrial ceramic gas turbine engine. This program is under the New Sunshine Project, funded by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), and has been guided by the Agency of Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) since 1988. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is the main contractor. The fabrication techniques for ceramic components, such as turbine blades, turbine nozzles, combustor liners, gas-path parts, and heat exchanger elements, for the 1,200°C engine were developed by 1993. Development for the 1,350°C engine has been underway since 1994. The baseline conditions for fabricating of all ceramic components have been established. This paper reports on the development of ceramic gas turbine components, and the improved accuracies of their shapes as well as improved reliability from the results of the interim appraisal conducted in 1994.

The study of cemented carbides has grown into the main aspect of powder metallurgy, and metallographical investigations continue. Cemented carbides are hard and brittle with little deformability, and the strength needs to be analyzed in terms of fracture strength. As a typical representation, fracture strength can be expressed by fracture toughness KIC. The estimation of KIC is done by the well-known equation, KIC=σπα, which depends upon applied stress σ. When cemented carbides are coated with TiC, TiN or other ceramic materials, applied stress σ is changed by the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between the coated material and the substrate. X-ray stress measurement is almost suitable method for analyzing the residual stresses produced in a coated thin film and in the substrate at the same position. The residual stress on the WC phase in cemented carbides produced by TiN coating as well as that in the coated TiN layer were measured by the X-ray method, and the fracture strength and cutting ability of the TiN-coated cemented carbides are discussed in relation to the results.