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For assessment of the potential of the Beppu Bay sediments as a Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) candidate for the Anthropocene, we have integrated datasets of 99 proxies. The datasets for the sequences date back 100 years for most proxy records and 1300 years for several records. The cumulative number of occurrences of the anthropogenic fingerprint reveal unprecedented increases above the base of the 1953 flood layer at 64.6 cm (1953 CE), which coincides with an initial increase in global fallout of 239Pu+240Pu. The onset of the proliferation of anthropogenic fingerprints was followed by diverse human-associated events, including a rapid increase in percent modern 14C in anchovy scales, changes in nitrogen and carbon cycling as recorded by anchovy δ15N and δ13C, elevated pollution of heavy metals, increased deposition of novel materials (spheroidal carbonaceous particles, microplastics, polychlorinated biphenyls), the occurrence of hypoxia (Re/Mo ratio) and eutrophication (biogenic opal, TOC, TN, diatoms, chlorophyll a), unprecedented microplankton community changes (compositions of carotenoids, diatoms, dinoflagellates), abnormally high spring air temperatures as inferred from diatom fossils, and lithological changes. These lines of evidence indicate that the base of the 1953 layer is the best GSSP level candidate in the stratigraphy at this site. more...

Rebun is a small island located northwest of Hokkaido Island where hunter-fisher-gatherer cultural traditions continued until the 19th century CE. In this study, we quantified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (PTMEs), n-fatty acids, and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in sediments from Lake Kushu in northern Rebun Island to reconstruct changes in limnology, the local environment and local to regional fire activities during the past 17,000 years (i.e., 17 ka). The PAH concentration increased from 11 to 10 cal ka BP. PAH and PTME compositions indicate that this change was associated with an increase of fire activity at proximal locations (i.e., the vicinity of Lake Kushu) and a change in the composition of grasses growing around the lake. A peak in PAH concentrations at 6.6–6.0 cal ka BP likely indicates intensive fire activity on Rebun Island. The PAH composition after 6 cal ka BP mainly reflected the combustion of conifers near the lake. The GDGTs, n-fatty acids, perylene, and PTME concentrations were higher around 10 cal ka BP and after 6 cal ka BP compared to the remaining periods, suggesting better preservation of those compounds under lake conditions marked by lower oxygen concentrations. more...

Many studies are reconstructing flood records in the continental margins during the middle to late-Holocene. However, distinguishing the frequency and magnitude of flood events was difficult. Light gray event layers (GELs) in the sediment of Lake Suigetsu in Central Japan can solve this problem because they are recording the occurrence and magnitude of flood events during the last 80 years. Using these GELs, we aimed to reconstruct the frequency and magnitude of flood events during the last 8000 years. First, we verified whether GELs maintained the recording of flood events. We found that thin GELs (less than 40 mg/cm2 in mass) were rare, probably because of bioturbation, whereas thick GELs (larger than 40 mg/cm2 in mass) were rarely erased. We also found that GELs formed by the same amount of rainfall could have been thinner before 100 years ago. We revealed that the occurrence of extreme flood-origin event layers (EFELs: GELs thicker than 40 mg/cm2) during the last 8000 years may indicate the occurrence of extreme flood events (EFEs). Mass accumulation of EFELs may indicate the minimum estimation of rainfall on EFEs. There are several periods with higher frequency and magnitude of EFEs than those of the present level, agreeing with the periods of high flood activity in western Japan and East China. The frequency and magnitude of EFEs show different temporal variations. Northward and southward shifts in the westerly jet and monsoon fronts can partially explain such patterns. more...

Leads, lags, or synchronies in climatic events among different regions are key to understanding mechanisms of climate change, as they provide insights into the causal linkages among components of the climate system. The well-studied transition from the Lateglacial to early Holocene (ca. 16–10 ka) contains several abrupt climatic shifts, making this period ideal for assessing the spatio-temporal structure of climate change. However, comparisons of timings of past climatic events among regions often remain hypothetical because site-specific age scales are not necessarily synchronised to each other. Here we present new pollen data (n = 510) and mean annual temperature reconstruction from the annually laminated sediments of Lake Suigetsu, Japan. Suigetsu's 14C dataset is an integral component of the IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration model, in which the absolute age scale is established to the highest standard. Its exceptionally high-precision chronology, along with recent advances in cosmogenic isotope studies of ice cores, enables temporally coherent comparisons among Suigetsu, Greenland, and other key proxy records across regions. We show that the onsets of the Lateglacial cold reversal (equivalent to GS-1/Younger Dryas) and the Holocene were synchronous between East Asia and the North Atlantic, whereas the Lateglacial interstadial (equivalent to GI-1/Bolling-Allerod) started ca. two centuries earlier in East Asia than in the North Atlantic. Bimodal migration (or ‘jump’) of the westerly jet between north and south of the Tibetan plateau and Himalayas may have operated as a threshold system responsible for the abruptness of the change in East and South (and possibly also West) Asia. That threshold in Asia and another major threshold in the North Atlantic, associated with switching on/off of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), were crossed at different times, producing a multi-centennial asynchrony of abrupt changes, as well as a disparity of climatic modes among regions during the transitional phases. Such disparity may have disturbed zonal circulation and generated unstable climate during transitions. The intervening periods with stable climate, on the other hand, coincided with the beginnings of sedentary life and agriculture, implying that these new lifestyles and technologies were not rational unless climate was stable and thus, to a certain extent, predictable. more...

Volcanoes in the East Asian/Pacific region have been the source of some of the largest magnitude eruptions during the Late Quaternary, and accurately evaluating their eruptive histories is essential for hazard assessments. To overcome difficulties in resolving and precisely dating eruptions in the near‐source realm, the high‐resolution (varved) sediments of Lake Suigetsu (central Honshu, Japan) were examined for the presence of non‐visible (cryptotephra) layers from 50 ka up until the 30 ka Aira‐Tanzawa (AT) caldera‐forming event of Aira volcano. Cryptotephra layers are four times more frequently preserved than visible markers in the Suigetsu sediments, meaning that this archive provides a unique and unprecedented record of eruptions that were dispersed over the densely populated regions of central Honshu. Major and trace element volcanic glass chemistry is used to fingerprint the ash layers and pinpoint their volcanic origin. Tephras are found throughout the investigated sediments, but the highest abundance of ash fall events are recorded between 39 and 30 ka, capturing a period of intense volcanism at calderas on Kyushu Island (Japan). The augmented Suigetsu tephrostratigraphy records at least seven eruptions from Aso caldera (southern Kyushu) that post‐date the widespread ACP‐4 Plinian eruption (ca. 50 ka) and four explosive events from Aira (central Kyushu) that occurred leading up to the catastrophic caldera‐forming AT eruption (ca. 30 ka). more...

Holocene sea level change in the northern Indian Ocean was studied using geochemical and geophysical approaches. Molluscs were sub-sampled for radiocarbon dating from sediment cores retrieved from a south Sri Lankan coastal lagoon. They were then combined with previously published sediment core radiocarbon ages from the same lagoon. We observe a ∼20-fold reduction in sedimentation rates at around 4 ka, attributed to a decrease in the rate of sea level rise. Previously reported radiocarbon ages based on total organic matter in the lagoon show remarkable agreement with our new dates suggesting stable and homogeneous sedimentation during the last 8 ka. Comparison of down core age trends of both data sets reveal that sediments are older than coeval molluscs, except for the horizons adjacent to the paleo Tsunami layers, indicating fresh and younger sediments are provided during Tsunami events, which could become a new proxy for identifying paleo Tsunamis. Compilation of previously reported sea level indicators from Sri Lanka, Southeastern India and the Maldives, together with predicted sea level obtained from a glacio-hydro-isostatic adjustment model (GIA), suggest that 3–4 m of global sea level equivalent ice sheet melting occurred during the Mid Holocene due to the retreat of the Antarctic and/or Greenland ice sheets. Previous works suggests late Holocene (ca. 4 ka) climate anomalies in both the low and high latitudes. We suggest the low latitude climate anomaly, transmitted via atmosphere to the high latitude during the late Holocene, seems to have induced changes in polar ice sheets. more...

Tephra (volcanic ash) layers have the potential to synchronise disparate palaeoenvironmental archives on regional to hemispheric scales. Highly productive arc regions, like those in East Asia, offer a considerable number of widespread isochrons, but before records can be confidently correlated using these layers, a refined and integrated framework of these eruptive events is required. Here we present the first high-resolution Holocene cryptotephra study in East Asia, using the Lake Suigetsu sedimentary archive in central Japan. The Holocene tephrostratigraphy has been extended from four to twenty ash layers using cryptotephra extraction techniques, which integrates the deposits from explosive eruptions from North Korea/China, South Korea and along the Japanese arc. This Lake Suigetsu tephrostratigraphy is now the most comprehensive record of East Asian volcanism, and the linchpin site for correlating sequences across this region. Major element glass geochemical compositions are presented for the tephra layers in the sequence, which have been compared to proximal datasets to correlate them to their volcanic source and specific eruptions. This study has significantly extended the ash dispersal of many key Holocene marker layers, and has identified the first distal occurrence of isochrons from Ulleungdo and Changbaishan volcanoes. Utilising the high-precision Lake Suigetsu chronology, we are able to provide constrained eruption ages for the tephra layers, which can be transferred into other site-specific age models containing these markers. This new framework indicates that several isochrons stratigraphically bracket abrupt climate intervals in Japan, and could be used to precisely assess the regional and hemispheric synchronicity of these events. more...

The eruptive histories of Ulleungdo (South Korea) and Changbaishan (North Korea/China border) volcanoes are not well constrained since their proximal stratigraphies are poorly exposed or largely inaccessible. However, determining the past behaviour of these volcanoes is critical since future eruptions are likely to disperse ash over some of the world’s largest metropolitan regions. Alkaline tephra deposits erupted from both centres are routinely identified in marine cores extracted from the Sea of Japan, as well as high-resolution lacustrine records east of the volcanoes. Here, we review the distal ash occurrences derived from Ulleungdo and Changbaishan and provide new data from the Lake Suigetsu (central Honshu, Japan) sediment core, in order to provide a more complete and constrained eruption framework. The intensely-dated Lake Suigetsu archive provides one of the most comprehensive distal eruption records for both centres, despite being located ca. 500 km E of Ulleungdo and ca. 1000 km SSE of Changbaishan. The Suigetsu record is utilised to precisely date and geochemically fingerprint (using major, minor and trace element glass compositions) ash fall events that reached central Honshu. Here, we identify a new non-visible (cryptotephra) layer in the Suigetsu sediments, which reveals a previously unreported explosive event from Changbaishan at 42,750 – 42,323 IntCal13 yrs BP (95.4 % confidence interval). This event is chronologically and geochemically distinct from the B-J (Baegdusan-Japan Basin) tephra reported in the Sea of Japan (ca. 50 ka). Furthermore, we also confirm that the widespread U-Ym tephra erupted from Ulleungdo reached central Japan, and is herein dated to 40,332 – 39,816 IntCal13 yrs BP (95.4 % confidence interval). This terrestrial 14C-derived age of the U-Ym can be used to constrain the chronology of marine records containing the same marker layer. This reviewed and integrated tephrostratigraphic framework highlights the pivotal role that distal sedimentary records can play in evaluating the eruptive histories and hazard potential of Ulleungdo and Changbaishan. more...

Environmental changes in arid central Asia are prominently manifest through changes in the water balance. Lake Balkhash, the largest lake in Kazakhstan, is a shallow lake situated in a closed basin. We obtained a 600-cm-long core from the western part of the lake in 2007 and carried out analyses of fossil diatoms and ostracods, geochemistry, and grain size of the sediments. The age control of the core is based on radiocarbon ages of fossil ostracods and, in the uppermost part, the AD 1963 137Cs activity peak and the first appearance of 137Cs in AD 1952. We recognized two main diatom assemblages by detrended correspondence analysis, one characterized by the dominance of freshwater planktonic species, and the other dominated by brackish planktonic, brackish, and marine benthic, and freshwater benthic species. The first assemblage suggests higher lake levels, and the second suggests lower lake levels. The observed assemblage changes are consistent with lake-level observations recorded during the last 120 years. The diatom assemblage data from the core indicate that there were seven periods when the lake level was low during the last 2000 years; moreover, the pH of the lake changed together with the lake level. In addition, during periods when the lake level was low from AD 1260–2000, the abundance of fossil ostracods and the Ca and TOC contents were low in comparison with the periods before AD 1260. The causes of low water levels were essentially the same between Lake Balkhash and the Aral Sea during the studied period. One likely cause of the low water levels, especially those during the last 1200 years, is changes in solar activity. Furthermore, some environmental changes during the past 40 years can be explained by human activities. more...

O Orçamento pode ser definido como a previsão do custo de uma obra (insumos e serviços) antes de sua execução. Para elaborar um orçamento, é necessário desenvolver uma sequência de tarefas sucessivas (levantar e conhecer com profundidade o consumo de materiais em cada um dos serviços a serem realizados, a quantidade de mão de obra, a incidência das leis trabalhistas, o tempo de uso dos equipamentos, os custos financeiros decorrentes, os custos administrativos (indiretos) e a carga tributária que irá pesar sobre os serviços). Um orçamento pode resultar em duas realidades opostas, quando mal elaborado e sem critérios definidos, traz prejuízos e quando bem elaborado com os devidos critérios, garante o lucro e a sobrevivência das empresas. O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um índice, obtido a partir de uma planilha orçamentária que exprime o valor global para a execução das instalações hidráulicas de uma obra, (resultado da compatibilização entre planilha de levantamento de quantitativo e planilha de custo unitário) em relação à sua área de construção. O empreendimento considerado é destinado ao uso comercial, possui 03 pavimentos e 4 (quatro) salas destinadas à locação. O índice de atualização será o INCC – Índice Nacional de Custo da Construção Civil, com data base no mês de Junho de 2012. Esse índice torna possível a obtenção de um valor próximo do real por estimar os custos de instalação hidráulica de um empreendimento similar, minimizando o tempo de execução de um orçamento. more...

O estudo de caso será aplicado através do método não destrutivo, na execução da rede coletora de esgoto do condomínio Terras Alphaville na BR-060 em Anápolis-GO. Tal método pode ser utilizado para a concepção de redes públicas de esgoto sanitário, água, gás, telecomunicações, ou outra tubulação que, devido às condições do local, o método tradicional se torne inviável. A travessia sob a BR-060 será executada por método não destrutivo, pelo processo de cravação de tubo, através de macacos hidráulicos, sem a retirada de solo, mantendo o maciço do solo inalterado, sem prejuízos significativos para o transito da rodovia em questão, em função da importância econômica e logística da rodovia e da região. more...

Este artigo apresenta um estudo de viabilidade técnico-econômica da recirculação da água de lavagem dos filtros da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) da cidade de Goianésia-GO. Através de análises laboratoriais da água bruta, água filtrada e água de lavagem, após a utilização no filtro, foi definido que a água de lavagem poderia ser utilizada para recirculação no sistema, sendo que se tornaria necessário um tanque de decantação, que foi calculado de forma que suprisse o volume total de lavagem de todos os filtros por um dia, e foi projetado uma elevatória para bombear a água para a entrada no sistema. Após a análise técnica confirmar que há viabilidade para a implantação do sistema foi feito uma análise econômica se o investimento a ser feito para a implantação do sistema seria viável economicamente e qual seria o período em que há concessionária de água (SANEAGO) conseguiria obter lucro na implantação do sistema. Após a avaliação econômica da melhor alternativa, concluiu-se que para a ETA em questão a recirculação de água proveniente da lavagem dos filtros é viável tanto técnico-ecomomicamente. O retorno do investimento com a implantação desse sistema será de 14 anos e 9 meses para o pior cenário analisado (financiamento com recurso do BNDES a 13,5 % e considerando apenas a economia gerada das bombas. more...

A fim de dar destinação para o lodo gerado da lavagem de caminhões betoneiras em concreteiras, avaliou-se sua utilização em substituição de parte da areia fina e grossa no traço de concretos convencionais. Para isto, foram utilizados dois tipos de lodos, o tipo 01, com experimentos de 5 e 10% de substituição da areia pelo lodo, e o lodo tipo 02, com a areia substiuida nas proporções de 5, 10, 25 e 50% pelo lodo em cada traço rodado. Verificou-se então a resistência à compressão dos corpos de prova de cada traço. O traço testemunha obteve resistência aos 28 dias de 19,70 MPa. Também aos 28 dias, para o Lodo 01, as resistências foram de 17,80 MPa para 5% e de 16,40 MPa para 10% de substituição. Para o Lodo 02, as resistências aos 28 dias foram de 21,65 MPa para 5%, 23,03 Mpa para 10%, 19,23 MPa para 25% e de 18,18 MPa para 50%. more...

O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar a viabilidade de um sistema de ETE compacta em detrimento de um sistema convencional de estações de tratamento de esgoto já consolidado no país no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, considerando seu custo, eficiência e demanda espacial. Os sistemas comparados nesta análise são: ETE Goianira, sistema convencional; ETE Campos Dourados, sistema compacto. A estação Campos Dourados não alcançou a eficiência do sistema convencional, porém os resultados estão em conformidade com o que estabelece a legislação ambiental. A ETE compacta apresenta maior custo de implantação e manutenção, mas a diferença não a torna inviável devido ao retorno na ocupação de espaço, que é substancialmente favorável comparado com o sistema convencional de lagoas de estabilização da ETE Goianira. more...

The 11 March 2011 M W 9.0 Tohoku megathrust earthquake off the Pacific coast of Japan was a salient event in the history of Japan. The resultant huge tsunami (the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami) inundated a vast coastal area of northeastern Japan, causing widespread devastation. Twenty days after the tsunami, we analyzed the impact of the tsunami on the sea bottom of the Kesennuma inner bay using side-scan sonar to explore the damage and bathymetric change in the harbor. Herein we present the first direct evidence that the sea bottom sediments of around 10–15 m were largely reworked by the tsunami to thickness of a few meters, and that large dunes were formed by the tsunami. Considering that the sea wave influence is as weak as it is inside the inner bay, the potential exists that even meter-thick paleo-tsunami deposits are preserved in shallow sea bottoms with large bedforms. This finding will be a stepping-stone to future geological studies of tsunami effects in shallow sea regions. more...

Sediment cores from Lake Suigetsu, Japan, reveal the absence of seawater intrusion into the lake caused by the historically documented tsunami of AD 1586 （Tensho Tsunami）. A highprecision chronology of the cores established by Bayesian modeling radiocarbon determinations enables us to ascertain the precise position of the historical event in the sediment depth. Diatom analysis of the core shows that a diatom assemblage dominated by freshwater taxa persisted through the period. This makes a clear contrast with the core section around AD 1664 when the lake was artificially connected to the sea by a channel, and the subsequent intrusion of seawater was clearly recorded in the sediment cores by the occurrence of marine diatom fossils. more...

We conducted an urgent field survey at the Sendai Plain to measure the run-up heights and inundation distances of the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami. We used GPS measurements because of the remarkably long inundation distances (ca. 5.4 km). We established an accurate measurement scheme using the far electric reference points (about 350 km). Using this method, we quickly measured 69 run-up heights within 3 days. The tsunami run-up heights and inundation distances varied mainly according to the local topography, ranging from 9.6 m at 0.4 km to 0.2 m at 5.4 km, respectively. Furthermore, artificial structures and topography played an important role in constraining the inundation limit. Our observations are important for future analyses using aerial and satellite imagery and numerical modeling in the area because the maximum inundation area might be underestimated in the images as a result of the subtle traces of the tsunami inundation, which were difficult to identify in the field. However, results show that numerical modeling might not reproduce minor inundation beyond the highway without sufficiently high-resolution topographic data because data for the modeling are usually rough, and the highway, small channels, and street gutters, which played an important role in local inundation, are too small a resolution to be recognized in the model. more...

Dating Carbon Radiocarbon dating is the best way to determine the age of samples that contain carbon and that are younger than ∼50,000 years, the limit of precision for the method. There are several factors that complicate such age determinations, however, some of the most important of which include variability of the 14 C production in the atmosphere (which affects organic samples whose radiocarbon inventories are derived from atmospheric CO 2 ), surface ocean reservoir effects (which affect marine samples that acquire their radiocarbon signatures from seawater), and variable dead carbon fraction effects (which affect speleothems that derive their carbon from groundwaters). Bronk Ramsey et al. (p. 370 ; see the Perspective by Reimer ) avoid the need to make such assumptions, reporting the 14 C results of sediments from Lake Suigetsu, Japan. Analysis of terrestrial plant macrofossils in annually layered datable sediments yielded a direct record of atmospheric radiocarbon for the entire measurable interval up to 52.8 thousand years ago. more...

The varved sediment of Lake Suigetsu (central Japan) provides a valuable opportunity to obtain high-resolution, multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental data across the last glacial/interglacial cycle. In order to maximize the potential of this archive, a well-constrained chronology is required. This paper outlines the multiple geochronological techniques being applied – namely varve counting, radiocarbon dating, tephrochronology (including argon–argon dating) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) – and the approaches by which these techniques are being integrated to form a single, coherent, robust chronology. Importantly, we also describe here the linkage of the floating Lake Suigetsu (SG06) varve chronology and the absolute (IntCal09 tree-ring) time scale, as derived using radiocarbon data from the uppermost (non-varved) portion of the core. This tie-point, defined as a distinct (flood) marker horizon in SG06 (event layer B-07–08 at 1397.4 cm composite depth), is thus derived to be 11 255 to 11 222 IntCal09 cal. years BP (68.2% probability range). more...

This paper describes the topographic change and the recovery process, as well as the sediment sources, for tsunami deposits based on field surveys and analysis of digital elevation model data before and after the A.D. 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami at the Sendai Plain, Japan. We found that the amount of sediment deposited on land was approximately four times greater than the eroded volume of sediment at the beach. Large amounts of the sediments deposited at the studied transect probably originated from liquefaction. This result suggests that the vented sediments might have been an important source of the tsunami deposits if liquefaction is generated by the strong ground motion of a near-field earthquake. In contrast, minor erosion was observed at the beach, and the beach berm was rebuilt within three months after the tsunami. Moreover, the erosional channel that had cut into the beach had been filled by sand within 13 days after the tsunami. Therefore, it is not expected that a sedimentary record of the tsunami will be preserved in the nearshore zone along the Sendai coast, although remnants of small scours on land might remain long after the tsunami. more...

2007年の6地点のピストンコア試料と，2008年2地点のボーリング試料から得られた火山灰編年による過去5万年間の琵琶湖の堆積物層序を明らかにし，従来得られていたコアの情報も含めて，琵琶湖におけるマルチサイト間での相違についても議論した．琵琶湖北湖では，南北の湖盆とその間の鞍部とに区分された湖底地形区分と対応して，北湖南部湖盆で平均的な堆積速度は1 m/kyrsを超え，鞍部で0.3～0.4 m/kyrsとなる．北湖北部湖盆の東部にあたる長浜沖では，水深40 mを境に堆積速度の様相が変化することが明らかになった．また，地形的鞍部における南北方向の堆積速度の相違は，湖岸からの堆積物供給量に左右されている可能性がある． more...

The incorporation of the bicyclic cytosine analogue 7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one (X) into DNA duplexes results in a significant enhancement of their stability (3-4 K per modification). To establish the effects of X on the local hydrogen-bonding and base stacking interactions and the overall DNA conformation, and to obtain insights into the correlation between the structure and stability of X-containing DNA duplexes, the crystal structures of [d(CGCGAATT-X-GCG)](2) and [d(CGCGAAT-X-CGCG)](2) have been determined at 1.9-2.9 A resolutions. In all of the structures, the analogue X base pairs with the purine bases on the opposite strands through Watson-Crick and/or wobble type hydrogen bonds. The additional ring of the X base is stacked on the thymine bases at the 5'-side and overall exhibits greatly enhanced stacking interactions suggesting that this is a major contribution to duplex stabilization. more...

To apply the latex agglutination lectin assay (LALA) to carbohydrate ligands, monosaccharide derivatives were incorporated onto latex beads by various methods, and the usefulness of the resulting beads was evaluated. The best outcome, which resulted in aggregation with lectin concentrations of 1 to 4 μg/mL, was obtained when latex beads coated with bovine serum albumin were treated with divinylsulfone, a linker agent, and then with 2-aminoethyl glycosides. Monosaccharides with an amino or anomeric hydroxyl group other than N-acetylglucosamine were applicable in this direct LALA. For example, mannose- and 5-thiomannose-coupled latex beads showed aggregation with minimum concanavalin (ConA) concentrations of 4 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. An inhibition assay was more versatile than the direct LALA, and the standardized inhibition activity (EC0 50) was determined for several compounds. Representative EC0 50 data for mannose, methyl mannoside, and p-nitrophenyl mannoside (1, 0.12, and 0.06 mM, respectively) ar... more...

近年，製紙業界では資源保護や環境に対する関心が高まり古紙の増配が進んでいる。また，コストダウンに向け抄紙機，塗工機も高速化されており，内添薬品の歩留まり低下，表面薬品の操業性悪化など製紙用薬品が有効に作用するには厳しい状況となっている。このような状況の中で，紙の表面特性を容易に向上することができる表面処理薬品による紙の高品質化，高機能化が注目されており，今回，最新の表面処理剤の動向ならびに当社の表面処理剤ポリマロンE100シリーズの概要について説明する。表面サイズ剤ポリマロンE100シリーズは，従来の表面サイズ剤と対比して良好なサイズ効果を発揮し，特に，中性紙に塗工した場合に高いサイズ効果，良好なペン書き適性，インクジェット適性を示す。また，操業時に問題となる発泡性も小さく，機械的安定性にも優れている。 more...

館山低地に分布する元禄段丘上で, ジオスライサーによって掘削したコアの堆積相解析と14C年代測定値を総合して, 元禄 (1703年)・大正 (1923年) の2回の地震隆起による浜堤平野システムの発達プロセスを復元した. コアの堆積相は下位から順に, 上部外浜砂層, ラグーン砂層, 堤間低地泥層の順に累積する. 上部外浜からラグーンへ, ラグーンから堤間低地への突発的な堆積環境の変化は, 歴史記録との対応から, それぞれ元禄と大正の関東地震に帰せられる.この堆積相の累積様式は, 地震隆起の規模にコントロールされており, また海岸地形の配列様式と関連がある. 元禄地震による大きな隆起 (2.5m前後) の際には, 外浜まで含めた広い海底が離水し, 浜堤・ラグーン・海浜・外浜からなる浜堤平野システム全体が海岸に付加した. 一方, 大正地震による相対的に小規模な隆起 (1.5m前後) は, 内陸ではラグーンの排水を促したが, 海浜の一部だけを付加させるに止まったため, 海浜の前進幅は小さかった. more...

地すべりなどのマスムーブメントは,山地地域の地形発達に大きな役割を果たしている.小論は,山地の地形発達を明らかにする観点から,山形県白鷹火山中腹および蔵王火山北西山麓に残る巨大山体崩壊起源の地形について,それらの移動・堆積域に発達する凹地・湖沼堆積物を採取した.そして,それら堆積物中のテフラの対比から,初生的なマスムーブメントの開始時期を明らかにした.白鷹・荒沼堆積物からは12層,蔵王・酢川泥流による閉塞で発達した旧久保手湖堆積物からは,2層の後期更新世テフラが見いだされた.荒沼堆積物最下部からは,岩屑流堆積物を覆ってOn-Ng(ca.80ka)が発見された.旧久保手湖堆積物の中部および下部層からは,Ad-N1およびNm-Knが発見された.これらのテフラ層から,白鷹火山の崩壊にともなう荒沼の形成は,遅くともMIS 5の前半に起こったものと考えられる.旧久保手湖は,堆積物の厚さと堆積速度から外挿して,MIS 4はじめに形成されたと考えられる. more...

火山地域における風化環境変化の実態をみるため, 山形県白鷹火山カルデラにおいてボーリング・コアの岩石色彩値を連続的に測定し, 岩相と対応させて色彩値a*, b*の深度変化を調べた。一般に岩石中の鉄鉱物は風化環境に敏感に反応し, 色彩値の違いとなって現れやすい。a*, b*値と含有する鉄鉱物との関係に基づけば, それらの空間分布から黄褐色化をもたらす常温風化の酸化作用と赤褐色化をもたらす熱水変質等の高温酸化作用を識別できる。本カルデラ内では後者を特徴づけるヘマタイト (hematite) ゾーンは局所的であるが, 前者のゲータイト (goethite) は広い範囲に及んでいる。黄褐色化の指標であるb*値は地下浅部では高いが, 深度とともに低下し, 地下数10m～150mで一定値に収束する。したがってカルデラ内では地表から地下深部にいたる風化作用が存在し, この風化帯の厚さから長期間継続してきたことが推定される。風化帯は特定の岩相分布や地質構造に規制されたものではなく, むしろ現在のカルデラ内地形に調和的である。風化帯構造の連続性から, カルデラ内では物質移動による大規模な埋積が最近生じたとは考えられず, したがって, これをもたらすような山体崩壊が最近発生した可能性は低いと推定される。 more...

三重県鳥羽市相差宇塚の湿地において,地層抜き取り装置を用いて定方位柱状堆積物試料を採取し,肉眼と実体顕微鏡による岩相観察および堆積物の古地磁気測定を行った.その結果,淡水成泥質堆積物中に2枚の不淘汰な砂層を見いだした.この砂層には,貝殻・有孔虫など海生化石が含まれる.古地磁気永年変化の磁気層序対比および歴史津波史料に基づくと,これら2枚の砂層は1707年宝永地震と1605年慶長地震の津波堆積物である可能性が高い. more...

The transport and deposition of terrestrially derived organic matter (TOM) into lake and ocean is a key but poorly constrained aspect of the modern global carbon cycle. An attempt has been done for estimating a transport time of TOM from the drainage basin of Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan. We have determined the 14C contents of the lignin-enriched fraction of the core sediment from the central part of Lake Biwa. The age of lignin-enriched fraction at the deposition time was estimated to be 7.5 × 103 years for the last glacial interval. Even in Lake Biwa with more than 100 rivers from the relatively small drainage basin (3850 km2), TOM was transported at very long time (>103 years). more...

徳島県池田町船戸地域における中央構造線池田断層に沿って分布する破砕帯埋積地すべり堆積物の滑落方向の解析, ならびに同堆積物の水平隔離量に基づいて池田断層の右横ずれ変位量を検討した.(1)地すべり堆積物中のブロック中の開口割れ目の方向性, (2)地すべり基底地すべり面の湾曲構造, (3)地すべり堆積物の滑落によって湾曲した断層破砕帯の姿勢, からステレオネット上で解析した滑落方向はいずれも, NNW→SSEとなり, よい一致を示した.この解析から地すべり堆積物の発生源はNNW方向に求められたが, その方向に滑落崖が存在しないことから, 次の二つの可能性が指摘された.(1)滑落崖はかつてNNW方向に存在したが, 崩壊, 侵食によって失われている.(2)滑落崖がNNW方向にもともと存在せず, 地すべり堆積物は中央構造線活断層系の右横ずれ運動に伴うシャッターリッジとして, 東方から移動した.この場合活断層の変位量は最大約30 mとなる. more...

未固結堆積物を定方位で連続的に採取する方法として独自に考案・開発した地層抜き取り装置と, 建設現場ですでに確立している鋼矢板打ち込み工法を組み合わせた定方位連続地層採取方法を提唱する. 本方法の原理は, 2つに分割したサンプラーを2段階に分けて地層中に差し込んで地盤中で閉合した断面を完成させ, それを同時に地盤から引き抜くことにより, その間に挟まれた地層を定方位で採取する方法である.本方法は, 活断層調査の現状における様々な問題点を克服するために開発されたもので, 2つの事例 (糸魚川-静岡構造線活断層系・神城断層と東京都旧江戸川) を示す. 糸魚川-静岡構造線活断層系・神城断層では幅35cm, 厚さ12cm, 深さ約11mの連続する定方位地層断面を2本採取し, 急傾斜する地層を切る小断層がとらえられた. 東京都旧江戸川では水深5mの川底から深さ約9mにわたって完新世の軟弱な未固結堆積層を幅30cmの地層断面として採取し, 縦ずれ量約25cmの連続する正断層状の地割れを含む地層断面を採取した. これらの採取結果から本方法が, 軟弱な未固結堆積物の定方位連続地層採取方法として広範に有効であることが明らかとなった. more...

This work aimed to propose alternatives to minimize environmental impacts caused by the generation of solid and liquid waste from the truck wash in a concrete industry in the municipality of Santa Maria - RS. For the analysis of wastewater samples were collected from June to October 2009, in five pre-defined points. The values obtained by the analysis were compared with the results of the control sample and the values determined by NBR 13.696 (ABNT, 1997). The evaluation of theses parameters showed the actual efficiency of decanters already installer in the Company. With this, was found the need to design a new system. The residue (sludge) from the decanters already deployed in the enterprise was removed with a shovel, and air dried in a moist chamber incorporated in the mortar and sieved by replacing the sand by percentages of 10%, 25% and 50%. The bodies of the specimens were broken at 7, 14 and 28 days of healing. The effluent showed a large disparity between the control sample (borehole) and the end of the sample treatment system. Regarding solid waste, incorporate the sludge generated in the industry can mean the reduction of environmental impact, thereby contributing to sustainable development, where there will be no wasted material generated. more...