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The U.S. Geological Survey is working with Federal land management agencies to develop a series of science syntheses to support environmental effects analyses that agencies conduct to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This report synthesizes science information about the potential effects of noise from oil and gas development on North American raptors, songbirds, and other small avian species. We conducted a structured search of published scientific literature to find information about noise levels produced during oil and gas development, methods for analyzing sound propagation, the effects of noise on avian species, and measures to reduce noise emissions. We follow the organization first established in U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023-5114, in which the report sections align with standard elements of NEPA analyses. We found that oil and gas development is a common source of human-caused noise on public lands and includes noise sources such as heavy construction and drilling machinery, long-term production machinery, truck traffic, and aircraft. Common techniques for predicting potential noise include field data collection using a sound level meter, inference from previously published data, and sound propagation modeling. The effects of human-caused noise on songbirds are well researched, whereas, among raptors, only owl species have been well-studied in relation to noise. Several studies have established that noise can reduce owl hunting success because many owl species are heavily reliant on hearing prey when hunting. The effects of noise on songbirds depend on several factors. Typically, birds that rely on vocal communication for mating, predator detection, and spatial orientation, and that are less able to adjust the frequencies of their vocalizations, are more vulnerable to behavioral changes and decreased fitness in noisy areas. Techniques suggested in the literature for reducing noise emissions include artificial sound barriers, seasonal and daily timing restrictions, traffic control measures, and siting infrastructure to take advantage of natural sound barriers. Public land managers can use this report by incorporating it by reference in NEPA documentation, as supplemental information, or as a general reference to find literature or identify gaps in the literature about the effects of noise from oil and gas development on raptors and songbirds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on synthesizing scientific information to inform National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analyses, specifically addressing the effects of noise from oil and gas development on terrestrial wildlife, with a spotlight on ungulates and small mammals. It aims to support federal land management agencies by providing comprehensive insights into the environmental effects of proposed activities on public lands.

TOP 200 BEERS Of 2019 OFFICIAL REVIEW WORLD CLASS 96-100 #2Cruise Control Two Roads Brewing Co.Connecticut | United States Brewer's Description An effortlessly refreshing golden lager built for kickingback and taking it easy down the road less traveled. Phil Markowski Talks: Cruise Control BREWER Q&A Co-Founder &Brewmaster Who was responsible for this beer's recipe? This MunichHelles beer keeps its focus on the restrained and balanceduse of malt and hops. [Extracted from the article]

#9 Oak Barrel Aged Flanders Red AleMoody Tongue Brewing Co.Illinois | United States Brewer's Description Good things come to those who wait. Our Oak Barrel Aged Flanders Red Ale showcases ourblend of a young Flanders Red Ale with one that wasaged for 24 months in American oak barrels resulting ina ruby red beer that greets the drinker with aromatics ofSangiovese grapes and American oak alongside flavors oftart cherry and rhubarb. JARED ROUBEN Talks: Oak Barrel AgedFlanders Red Ale Who was responsible for this beer's recipe?. [Extracted from the article]

TOP 200 BEERS OF 2019 OFFICIAL REVIEW EXCEPTIONAL 91-95 #27 - SALTY CREW BLONDE ALE Coronado Brewing Co. Temecula, CA | www.coronadobrewing.comStyle: Blonde Ale | ABV: 4.5% | IBUs: 10 | Serve at: 45° RATED 94 Aroma: 21 / 24 Appearance: 5 / 6 Flavor: 39 / 40 Mouthfeel: 10 / 10 Overall Impression: 19 / 20 The appearance is pale golden with excellent clarity, though very little, if any, head forms beyond a few pale bubbles along the edge ofthe glass. The malt flavor is wonderfully soft with a hint of sweetness. A very subtlehop flavor with an earthy quality is present, and the bitterness is balanced as expected for a blonde ale, though it does lean to the highend of the style. [Extracted from the article]

TOP 200 BEERS OF 2019 OFFICIAL REVIEW Exceptional 91-95 #109 - KRIEK Area Two Experimental Brewing Stratford, CT |www.tworoadsbrewing.com/areatwoStyle: Fruit Lambic | ABV: 7.0% | Serve at: 45 to 50° RATED 91 Aroma: 23 / 24 Appearance: 5 / 6 Flavor: 37 / 40 Mouthfeel: 9 / 10 Overall Impression: 17 / 20 The cherry aroma is rich and full like pie cherries, notat all candy-like or artificial. The flavor is similar to the aroma: a blend of rich,deeply fruity cherry and a blend of lemon and grapefruitcitrus. Thecherry flavor holds its own and has a nice zing from thesourness and acidity. [Extracted from the article]

TOP 200 BEERS OF 2019 OFFICIAL REVIEW VERY GOOD 86-90 #179 - WALK IN THE PARFAIT Molly's spirits Denver, CO | www.mollysspirits.comStyle: Mixed-Style Beer | ABV: 5.5% | IBUs: 15 | Serve at: 35 to 40° RATED 88 Aroma: 20 / 24 Appearance: 4 / 6 Flavor: 38 / 40 Mouthfeel: 9 / 10 Overall Impression: 17 / 20 A fair amount of acidity is present, but the fruit takesthe bite off of it. The combination of the fruit andacidity gives it a sweet grapefruit quality (a reminderof Ruby Red grapefruit). Though the aroma was initially off-putting, the balanceof flavors with a strong, fruit quality and a relativelysubtle sourness were a pleasant surprise. [Extracted from the article]

TOP 200 BEERS OF 2019 OFFICIAL REVIEW VERY GOOD 86-90 #200 - SYNOPSIS BLACK CURRANT Area Two Experimental Brewing Stratford, CT | www.tworoadsbrewing.com/areatwoStyle: Wild Specialty Beer | ABV: 6.4% | Serve at: 40 to 45° RATED 86 Aroma: 22 / 24 Appearance: 5 / 6 Flavor: 34 / 40 Mouthfeel: 9 / 10 Overall Impression: 16 / 20 Overall Impression: 16 / 20 The sourness is the first thing you notice when you tasteit. The sourness comes across as lemon andgrapefruit juice, almost puckering. The body is light,and the carbonation, which was not very visible, ispresent and adequate as more carbonation would onlyheighten the acidity further. [Extracted from the article]

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