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The aim of this study is to identify the volatile compounds and fatty acids of needle and cones of Maritime Pine, a fast growing exotic species in Turkey, and investigate the seasonal differences of these essential oils and fatty acids components. The needle, cone and bark samples of the Maritime Pine were collected in Bartin Region in four different seasons (2015 November, 2016 February, May and August). Essential oils of collected samples were obtained through hydrodistillation method. Volatile components were determined through GC-MS. In general, it was found that needle had more components than cones for all seasons, moreover a-pinene, germacrene-D, trans-ß-caryophyllene, ß-pinene, myrcene, ß-phellandrene, a-terpineol and ö-cadinene were identified as the main components in needle samples while a-pinene, ß-pinene, germacrene- D, junipene, ß-phellandrene, myrcene, aterpineol and S-cadinene were identified as the main components in cone samples. Among the main components in needle samples, a-pinene, ß-pinene, myrcene and ß-phellandrene levels were detected the highest in November whereas germacrene-D, 5-cadinene and trans-ß-caryophyllene were found to be the at highest levels in February. As the last main component of needle, a-terpineol turned out to be the highest in August. On the other hand, among the main components of cones, ß-pinene, junipene, germacrene- D and S-cadinene were detected at highest levels in August while myrcene and a-terpineol were found to be highest in February. Among the other main components of cones, a-pinene was detected as highest in May whereas ß-phellandrene turned out to be highest in November. On the other hand, fatty and resin acids of needle, cones and bark samples were extracted in hexane through soxhlet apparatus and they were also determined through GC-MS. 16 components in needle, 17 components in cones and 22 components in bark were identified for all seasons. Generally, through November to August it was determined that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids amount decreased in needle and bark just as resin acids amount decreased in cones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marsdenia erecta R. Br. is known to have positive effects and is therefore used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatism, and skin disorders in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the wound healing activity and chemical constituents of wood, inflorescences, leaves, and bark of M. erecta. In this study, hydrodistillation and SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) methods were compared for analysis of essential oils (EO), and chemical compounds of the essential oils were determined. The hydrodistillation method revealed components including α-pinene, nonanal, safranal in inflorescences; apinene, theaspirane, 3-hexenyl benzoate in leaves; theaspirane, ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate in wood; and eicosane in bark. As a result of SPME analysis, the main compounds detected were α-pinene and terpinolene in inflorescences; α-pinene, sabinene, 1-octen-3-ol, ß-myrcene, limonene, ß-phellandrene, and c/'s-sabinene hydrate 4-terpineol in leaves; cyclosativene, α-copaene, and ß-caryophyllene in wood; and 3-octanone, α-copaene, dimethyldecalol, 4-ethylveratrol, and 4-vinylveratrol in bark. In vitro studies showed that the essential oil obtained from wood using the hydrodistillation method inhibits the hyaluronidase and collagenase enzymes and thus promotes the wound healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus species has been used for treating several diseases such as sinusitis, bronchitis, toothache, kidney disorders and rheumatism in worldwide traditional medicine. In Turkey, E. globulus leaves are used to treat wounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oil from the fruits of E. globulus and its wound healing activity. Since wound repair is related to inflammatory associated conditions, the supposed anti-inflammatory activity of the oil was investigated. Essential oil from E. globulus, isolated by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Linear incision and circular excision wound models on rats were used for the wound healing activity of the oil, and acetic acidinduced increases in capillary permeability model in mice was used for the anti-inflammatory activity. Analysis of the essential oil showed that the main components were eucalyptol, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, cymene, 4-terpineol, α-pinene, α-thujone, α-terpinene and γ-terpinene. The essential oil comprises 53.67 % eucalyptol. It exhibited significant wound healing activity in the models studied, and the oil revealed a significant inhibitory effect on inflammation. These findings add significant information to the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of E. globulus, therefore justifying and supporting the use of this plant in traditional folk medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is thought that bioactive compounds from plant foods may have beneficial health effects and decrease the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. In Turkish folk medicine, flowers of the Scandix ibérica Bieb. (Apiaceae) have been used to combat rheumatic pain. The aim of this study is to appraise the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the different types of extracts prepared from S. ibérica carrageenan, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and serotonin-induced hind-paw oedema, acetic acid-induced capillary permeability and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse-ear oedema models were used to appraise anti-inflammatory activity. Antinociceptive activity was tested using a p-benzoquinone induced abdominal constriction method. Among the extracts, only the n-Hexane extract was shown to possess a noticeable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity in mice without inducing any gastric damage at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, while the rest of the extracts were entirely inactive. The activity of the n-Hexane extract led to a greater appreciation of some phenylpropanoids, mainly estragole (88.90 %), through Capillary Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates wound healing activities of n-hexane and acetone extracts, as well as the essential oils obtained from the berries and leaves of Myrtus communis L., (Myrtaceae), using excision and incision wound models. Ulcerations of the skin tissues, re-epithelization, fibroblast proliferation, mono/polymorphonuclear cells, vascularization and collagen increase were qualitatively evaluated by the histopathological analysis. An acute anti-inflammatory activity method based on the inhibition of the increase in vascular permeability was used to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts and essential oils. Oils yields and chemical profiles were also determined. Volatile oil, obtained from M. communis berries, provided a contraction rate of 60.08% in the circular excision wound model and a tensile strength ratio of 39.1% in the linear incision wound model. The n-hexane extract of M. communis berries was found to possess significant activity in the circular excision wound model with a ratio of 49.2%. However, it did not provide a significant increase in Wound tensile strength. Berries' essential oils provided significant inhibition (28.5%). Particularly the essential oil of M. communis berries and its extracts can be used wound healing and anti-inflammatory purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heartwood samples from three species of Juniperus (i.e., J. virginiana, J. occidentalis, and J. ashei) were extracted with hexane, ethanol, and methanol. The hexane and ethanol extracts were tested for antifungal activity against four species of wood-rot fungi (i.e, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Postia placenta, Trametes versicolor, and Irpex lacteus). Ashe juniper (AJ) gave the highest extract yields (6.60 to 11.27%), followed by Eastern red cedar (ERC) (4.78 to 9.56%), and then Western juniper (WJ) (4.26 to 7.32%). WJ contained the highest level of cedrol (over 60%), while AJ contained the highest level of thujopsene (over 30%). Methanol and ethanol gave the highest extract yields as well as slightly higher percentages of cedrol and widdrol. The juniper extracts were more effective against white-rot fungi than brown-rot fungi. The ethanol extracts had higher antifungal activity than the hexane extracts. The AJ extracts had the greatest bioactivity against the wood-rot fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnobotanical surveys indicated that in the traditional medicines worldwide, several Juniperus species are utilized as antihelmintic, diuretic, stimulant, antiseptic, carminative, stomachic, antirheumatic, antifungal, and for wound healing. In the present study, essential oils obtained from heartwood samples of Juniperus virginiana L., Juniperus occidentalis Hook. and Juniperus ashei J. Buchholz were evaluated for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities by using in vivo experimental methods. The essential oils were obtained by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. Linear incision and circular excision wound models were performed for the wound-healing activity assessment. The tissues were also evaluated for the hydroxyproline content as well as histopathologically. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils, the test used was an acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability. The essential oil of J. occidentalis showed the highest activity on the in vivo biological activity models. Additionaly, the oil of J. virginiana was found highly effective in the anti-inflammatory activity method. The experimental data demonstrated that essential oil of J. occidentalis displayed significant wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dichloromethane (DCM), acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves and berries of Myrtus communis L. were screened against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase (TYRO), the enzymes linked to neurodegenerative diseases, at 200 μg ml− 1. Antioxidant activity was tested using radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and N, N- dimethyl- p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) radicals, metal chelation capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum-reducing antioxidant power (PRAP) assays. Total phenol and flavonoid quantification of the extracts was calculated spectrophotometrically. The extracts showed a moderate AChE (17.49 ± 3.99% to 43.15 ± 1.55%) and TYRO inhibition (4.48 ± 1.50% to 40.53 ± 0.47%). The leaf extracts were ineffective against BChE, while the berry extracts displayed inhibition between 21.83 ± 3.82% and 36.80 ± 2.00%. The polar extracts exerted remarkable scavenging effect against DPPH and DMPD and also in the FRAP assay, where the DCM extract of the berries had the best metal chelation capacity (79.29 ± 1.14%). This is the first study that demonstrates in vitro neuroprotective effects of myrtle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the wood of Marsdenia erecta R. Br., which is poorly known from a wood anatomical point of view. M. erecta, a woody-based perennial with numerous herbaceous sprawling stems, is distributed in the south and eastern parts of the Balkan Peninsula (incl. Crete)and Asia Minor to Afghanistan. The study aims at describing the wood anatomy of the species in detail based on IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification, and at determining whether it has paedomorphic wood anatomical features. In M. erecta wood, the typical decreasing age-on-length graphic for vessel elements and exclusively upright and square ray cells provide strong arguments for paedomorphosis and secondary woodiness. However, to make a precise decision, this result based on wood anatomy should be checked with molecular phylogenetic data of the species investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus and Cupressus genera are mainly used as diuretic, stimulant, and antiseptic, for common cold and wound healing in Turkish folk medicine. In the present study, essential oils obtained from cones of Cupressus and berries of Juniperus were evaluated for their wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. In vivo wound healing activity was evaluated by linear incision and circular excision experimental wound models, assessment of hydroxyproline content, and subsequently histopathological analysis. The healing potential was comparatively assessed with a reference ointment Madecassol. Additionally acetic-acid-induced capillary permeability test was used for the oils' anti-inflammatory activity. The essential oils of J. oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and J. phoenicea demonstrated the highest activities, while the rest of the species did not show any significant wound healing effect. The experimental study revealed that J. oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and J. phoenicea display remarkable wound healing and antiinflammatory activities, which support the folkloric use of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]