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The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical and physical properties of samples of propolis collected from apiaries in Genç, Karliova and Solhan districts of Bingöl Province, which is important in the beekeeping sector in Turkey. In the experiment, fatty acids and derivatives of the propolis samples were analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis techniques. As a result, 10 fatty acids and 49 volatile components were detected in these samples. These results will contribute to the standardization of propolis produced in Bingöl, Turkey, and to future studies on determining the chemical composition of propolis.

The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic structure of some domestic duck populations from Kirsehir and Yozgat provinces of the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Blood samples were obtained from the venae cutenea ulnaris of 76 ducks from four different locations. Eleven ISSR primers produced 73 reproducible and bright bands. The number of polymorphic loci was 72 and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 98.6%. Gene diversity (HT) in total population and magnitude of differentiation among populations (GST) were 0.198 and 0.183, respectively. The genetic distances between regions under investigation were found among 0.0157 and 0.0991. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) reflected that 83% of within variation and 17% among population variation. First three given values of principle coordinate analysis explained 69.8% of total variation as 45.6, 13.8 and 10.4%, respectively. The dendrogram showed two main branches: one contains Kirsehir (L1, L2, L3), the other includes Yozgat region (L4). Shannon's Information index (I) value was 0. 331. The gene flow (Nm) among populations was analyzed and Nm value was estimated as 2.23 with the low level of differentiation among populations. The results indicated that genetic variations of some Central Anatolian domestic duck populations are determined using ISSR marker and might provide information for future breeding strategies. Copyright 2015 Zoological Society of Pakistan.

Genetic variation of honey bee populations from 9 different locations of Bulgaria was studied using 4 enzymic systems (MDH, ME, EST and ALP) corresponding to 4 genetic loci and PCR- RFLP's analysis of 16s rDNA, COI, and ND5 gene segments of mtDNA. Allozyme analysis revealed that all loci were polymorphic in almost all studied populations. The observed heterozygosity was found to range from 0.146 to 0.258, and Nei's genetic distance between 0.006 and 0.057 among the populations. Bulgarian honey bees are clustered into three groups in neighbor-joining and UPGMA dendrograms. The Pomorie and Slivovik populations are in a separate clade while all other populations are grouped together. The mtDNA analyses revealed no variation in the Bulgarian honey bees. A comparison was made of the results of similar analyses on honey bees from the neighboring countries of Greece and Turkey. The results showed that honey bee populations from Bulgaria and Greece considered to belong to A. m. macedonica subspecies are discriminating, which means the bees show differences.