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We propose a volatile static all-optical memory capable of storing phase information of a slowly-varying electric field. The scheme and its realization (a memory circuit) are based on two mutually coupled lasers subject to external optical injection. The proposed circuit has a single optical input for write and hold operations and two opposite-sign outputs for reading the memory. The proposed circuit operates with a single wavelength of light, a single direction of propagation, and without a need to switch the state of polarization. We prove mathematically that the proposed arrangement has equilibrium points that may discreetly quantify and store the phase in a bistable manner. The circuit is studied numerically for solid-state and semiconductor lasers with zero and non-zero linewidth enhancement factors, respectively. Simulations based on a rate equation system confirm the essential findings. Using typical parameters of a semiconductor laser and optimizing for a possibly wide range of operation, the write-read operations were simulated using PRBS-9 at the rate of 1 Gb/s with negligible errors. The proposed circuit will enable integrated memory implementations for future all-optical signal processing and computing systems.

An all-optical computer has remained an elusive concept. To construct a practical computing primitive equivalent to an electronic Boolean logic, one should utilize nonlinearity that overcomes weaknesses that plague many optical processing schemes. An advantageous nonlinearity provides a complete set of logic operations and allows cascaded operations without changes in wavelength or in signal encoding format. Here we demonstrate an all-optical majority gate based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Using emulated signal coupling, the arrangement provides Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 10−6 at the rate of 1 GHz without changes in the wavelength or in the signal encoding format. Cascaded operation of the injection-locked laser majority gate is simulated on a full adder and a 3-bit ripple-carry adder circuits. Finally, utilizing the spin-flip model semiconductor laser rate equations, we prove that injection-locked lasers may perform normalization operations in the steady-state with an arbitrary linear state of polarization.

An analytical study of dynamical properties of a semiconductor laser with optical injection of arbitrary polarization is presented. It is shown that if the injected field is sufficiently weak, then the laser has nine equilibrium points, however, only one of them is stable. Even if the injected field is linearly polarized, six of the equilibrium points have a state of polarization that is elliptical. Dependence of the equilibrium points on the injected field is described, and it is shown that as the intensity of the injected field increases, the number of equilibrium points decreases, with only a single equilibrium point remaining for strong enough injected fields. As an application, a complex-valued optical neural network with working principle based on injection locking is proposed., Final version, to appear in SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems (SIADS)

We present an all-optical computing scheme based on normalization operations of injection-locked lasers. We show cascaded operations in cellular automaton by an all-optical Conway’s Game of Life and simulate 100 generations of gaming.

We experimentally demonstrate BER reduction and orthogonal modulation using an injection locked single-mode VCSEL. It allows us suppressing an amplitude noise of optical signal and/or double the capacity of an information channel.

A new efficient algorithm for the extraction of time constants from exponentially decaying signals is presented. The method is based on a non-linear Newton fitting and it is demonstrated to yield significantly more accurate results than the commonly used weighted least square method under noisy signal conditions. Methods are compared by simulated and true experimental data obtained by a fiber cavity ring-down setup.

Saturated Collision Amplifier (SCA) is a novel amplification scheme that uses SOA saturation in order to maximize the output power and minimize the ASE noise and the polarization sensitivity. We demonstrate the SCA reach extension in a commercial single-wavelength XGPON1 prototype system where bidirectional optical budget of up to 50 dB is obtained. The traffic performances are compared between the SCA and the conventional SOA extender. The novel extension scheme is demonstrated also for two- and four-wavelength 10 Gbit/s unidirectional downstream configurations with 45 km and 100 km transmission distances with 58-dB maximum total optical budget for each wavelength.

In this paper we discuss about the extended reach 10-Gbit/s Passive Optical Network (XGPON) and the use of a Saturated Collision Amplifier (SCA) for the up- and downstream extension. Especially the upstream amplification is challenging because of the used (i.e. standardized) wavelength and the bursty nature of the traffic. In order to benefit the SCA scheme, the Optical Network Units (ONUs) have to be equipped with low-cost DPSK transmitters. The use of widely tunable direct modulated VCSELs are proposed and discussed.

This paper presents for the first time the network architecture and the multiple-wavelength operation of a novel SOA-based PON extender. In 10-Gbit/s four-wavelength 100-km configuration, the total optical budget for each wavelength is 58 dB.

Mass cone photoresponses were recorded across the aspartate-treated frog retina under treatments chosen to affect putative pH-regulating mechanisms. The saturated response amplitude (Umax) was found to be a monotonically increasing function of perfusion pH in the range 7–8, and thus presumably of intracellular pH (pHi). Accepting that Umax can be used as an index of pH, changes, two results indicate the importance of bicarbonate transport for preventing intracellular acidification: (1) bicarbonate-buffered (6 mM HCO3− + 6 mM HEPES) perfusate increased Umax compared with nominally bicarbonate-free perfusate (12 mM HEPES); (2) the anion transport blocker DIDS (0.1 mM) caused a strong decrease in the amplitude of photoresponses. Substitution of 95 mM chloride by gluconate in the perfusing fluid boosted photoresponses indicating that at least part of the bicarbonate transport involves HCO3−/Cl− exchange. Amiloride (2mM) also caused a decrease of photoresponse amplitude, which suggests that Na+/H+ exchange contributes to pHi regulation. In all these respects, cones behaved similarly to rods. Cones differed from rods (in the intact retina) in that addition of 0.5 mM of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide reduced (never augmented) photoresponses. The difference is considered in relation to the presence of carbonic anhydrase in cone, as opposed to rod, outer segments.

We present a new method for quantification of minute birefringence in high-finesse resonators. The method is based on observing the homodyne polarization mode beat at the output of the resonator. We show that the mode beat is generated by a phase mismatch of a polarization mode in the cavity and that the magnitude of the birefringence is proportional to the beat frequency. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the technique by measuring polarization properties of a twisted 0.275 m long single-mode fiber cavity. Maximum beat length of the fiber was found to be 10.6 m, which is almost 40 times longer than the length of the studied fiber.

We demonstrate a 6.3 dB improvement in Q‐factor for RZ‐DPSK signals using a shifted filter after a highly saturated SOA working in a contra‐propagating colliding pulse scheme. We show first, both theoretically and by means of simulations, how the phase noise is transformed after demodulation. Then, we demonstrate experimentally, for the first time, that this configuration induces a spectral asymmetry in addition to self phase modulation that if associated with a shifted filter, removes significantly the noise present in both the demodulated marks and spaces. The Asymmetric Saturated Regeneration (ASR) is an enhanced version of the fiber based Mamyshev regenerator.

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a pressure sensor based on birefringent single mode fiber FP cavity using optical heterodyne. The proof of concept device consists of a light source, a polarizer controller, a modulator, a RF generator, a single mode fiber Fabry-Perot cavity, a strain inspector, an erbium doped fiber amplifier, a filter, a polarizer, an optical spectrum analyzer, and a digital communication analyzer. The dynamic range of the proposed sensor is explored. The results demonstrate the new concept of fiber pressure sensors and the technical feasibility for pressure measurements.

Sophisticated modulation formats like phase shift keying (PSK) as discussed for high-speed fiber-optic transmission systems operating at 40 Gbit/s and beyond, cause new challenges for clock recovery. Whereas conventional return-to-zero on-off keyed (RZ-OOK) modulated signals provide proper clock tones which can be used to recover the clock signal, the additional phase modulation (RZ-PSK) changes the spectral composition of the signal and weakens or suppresses the clock tones. This effect is bit pattern dependent as can be seen from a simple example: If all the pulses in an RZ-PSK signal are in phase, the result is equivalent to an ordinary RZ on-off-keying (OOK) signal with a strong carrier and clock tones. If the pulses in a sequence oscillate in phase by p, the result is equivalent to the well-known carrier-suppressed return-to-zero signal (CS-RZ) where the carrier is suppressed and where clock tones are differently spaced compared to RZ-OOK. In this paper we present results of the simulation of the different cases taking into account realistic bit sequences and analyze the results with special emphasis on the influence the effect has on clock recovery.

Future transparent networks require optical regeneration. The regeneration process of amplitude-modulated signals consists of three key stages: re-amplification, re-shaping, and re-timing. In this Paper we briefly review various optical clock recovery methods and propose a polarization insensitive low-cost scheme capable of resolving timing information simultaneously for multiple wavelength channels. We also discuss the prospects of low-cost volume production with integrated optics and especially with Si-photonics.

We introduce a polarization insensitive scheme for all-optical clock recovery and demonstrate how it works with data signals highly distorted by chromatic dispersion and self-phase modulation. The scheme which is known for its multi-wavelength and multi-data-rate capabilities is based on a birefringent fiber resonator and a polarizer. In this article we show how it can handle data signals which have undergone distortion due to transmission over dispersive and nonlinear fiber-optic propagation paths and which come in with arbitrary polarization orientation. Bit-pattern dependent amplitude fluctuations of the recovered clock signal are equalized by means of a semiconductor optical amplifier operated in saturation. The experimental results which, as a proof-of-concept, are obtained from single-wavelength channel 10 Gbit/s return-to-zero data agree well with numerical simulations.

A novel measurement principle for fiber-optic sensing is presented. Use of a cavity-ring-down scheme enables measurements of minute optical losses in high-finesse fiber-optic cavities. The loss may be induced by evanescent-field absorption, fiber bending, fiber degradation, Bragg gratings, or any other effect that might change the fiber transmission or cavity reflector properties. The principle is proved to be rather insensitive to ambient perturbations such as temperature changes. A high-sensitivity measurement of loss due to bending is presented as a proof-of-principle. With a cavity finesse of 627 a sensitivity for induced loss of 108 ppm (4.68 x 10(-4) dB) is achieved. Preliminary measurements of evanescent-field absorption are also discussed.

A polarization independent multiwavelength all-optical clock recovery scheme based on a birefringent resonator is introduced. We verify proper operation of the method with data signals highly distorted by dispersion and fiber nonlinearity.