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Importance: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most prevalent chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation and itching. Currently, there is no reliable method for identifying which newborns might have an increased risk of developing AD., Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of serological biomarkers, such as CCL17/thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, CCL18, CCL22, CCL27, IL-31, and thymus stromal lymphopoietin, with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration rate and the development of AD in infants., Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational prospective study included 40 consecutive full-term newborns from a single university hospital in Pisa, Italy. The cutaneous markers of infants were assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months of age, while the biomarkers from the 10-mL sample of cord blood taken at birth were measured after delivery. Data were collected from March to December 2018 and analyzed from January to April 2019., Main Outcomes and Measures: Level of serological biomarkers associated with TEWL and hydration rate, as well as the emergence of AD during the first 12 months of life., Results: All 40 included infants (27 male [68%]) completed the study. At 6 months, 16 infants presented symptoms and signs of AD (AD group) and 24 did not (non-AD group). Infants with AD signs had statistically significant anterior cubital fossa TEWL values at 1, 6, and 12 months of age compared to those without AD signs. No statistically significant correlations were observed between the TEWL measured at the anterior part of knee and hydration rate at the anterior cubital fossa at first month in the 2 groups. With regard to the blood biomarkers, at birth those in the AD group vs the non-AD group had statistically significant higher levels of CCL17/thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (median [IQR], 716 [509-951] pg/mL vs 419 [24-566] pg/mL; P = .003) and IL-31 (median [IQR], 212 [114-409] pg/mL vs 97 [52-277] pg/mL; P = .04); in contrast, no statistically significant serum level differences were registered for thymus stromal lymphopoietin (median [IQR], 105 [66-295] pg/mL vs 88 [43-187] pg/mL), CCL18 (median [IQR], 1236 [1115-1605] pg/mL vs 1255 [1188-1677] pg/mL), CCL22 (median [IQR], 1032 [936-1454] pg/mL vs 1096 [932-1536] pg/mL), and CCL27 (median [IQR], 172 [122-251] pg/mL vs 120 [90-265] pg/mL)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this observational study, the analysis of TEWL at the anterior cubital fossa area occurred prior to and correlated with the clinical signs of AD. Quantification of cytokines indicated that assessing cord blood serum levels of CCL17 and IL-31 could offer new perspectives in identifying newborns who might be susceptible to AD. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of implementing Listening Visits (LV) in an Italian neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)., Study Design and Methods: This feasibility implementation of LV included empathic listening and problem-solving sessions provided by a psychologist to 26 parents of hospitalized preterm newborns. Using the RE-AIM implementation framework, three facets of feasibility were assessed: reach, adoption, and implementation., Results: It is feasible to integrate LV into the NICU: 76% of families were willing to try LV (reach). Listening Visits recipients reported high satisfaction. Twelve of the 16 families (75%) received six or more LV sessions (adoption), with mothers attending more sessions. Implementation fidelity, defined here as the percentage of LV recipients that received at least four sessions, was 94% among mothers and 30% among fathers., Clinical Implications: The LV intervention for parental support during the NICU stay is feasible and deemed helpful by parents. Parents were motivated to participate even though their levels of depression, stress, and anxiety were not high. In addition to the use of standardized screening questionnaires, parental requests and clinical team indications should be included in the decision-making for the provision of parental support services., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Neonatal pain is a critical issue in clinical practice. The oral administration of glucose-based solutions is currently one of the most common and effective nonpharmacologic strategies for neonatal pain relief in daily minor procedures. However, a varying degree of analgesic efficacy has been reported for this treatment. Environmental, maternal, and genetic factors may explain this variability and potentially allow for a personalized analgesic approach, maximizing therapeutic efficacy and preventing side effects. We investigated the exposome (ie, the set of clinical and anthropometric variables potentially affecting the response to the therapy) and the genetic variability of the noradrenaline transporter gene (solute carrier family 6 member 2 [ SLC6A2 ]) and 2 glucose transporter genes (solute carrier family 2 member 1 [ SLC2A1 ] and 2 [ SLC2A2 ]) in relation to the neonatal analgesic efficacy of a 33% glucose solution. The study population consisted in a homogeneous sample of more than 1400 healthy term newborns. No association for the exposome was observed, whereas a statistically significant association between the G allele of SLC2A1 -rs1105297 and a fourfold decreased probability of responding to the therapy was identified after multiple-testing correction (odds ratio of 3.98, 95% confidence interval 1.95-9.17; P = 4.05 × 10 -4 ). This allele decreases the expression of SLC2A1-AS1 , causing the upregulation of SLC2A1 in the dorsal striatum, which has been suggested to be involved in reward-related processes through the binding of opioids to the striatal mu-opioid receptors. Altogether, these results suggest the involvement of SLC2A1 in the analgesic process and highlight the importance of host genetics for defining personalized analgesic treatments., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Pain.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Background : To evaluate the rates of lumbar puncture (LP) in infants with culture-proven sepsis. Study design : We prospectively enrolled 400 infants with early- or late-onset sepsis due to Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Eschericha coli , diagnosed within 90 days of life. Rates of LP and potential variables associated with LP performance were evaluated. Moreover, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics and results of the molecular analysis were investigated. Results : LP was performed in 228/400 (57.0%) infants; 123/228 LPs (53.9%) were performed after antibiotic initiation, hampering the ability to identify the pathogen in the CSF culture. However, polymerase chain reaction increased the probability of positive results of CSF analysis compared to microbiological culture (28/79, 35.4% vs. 14/79, 17.7%, p = 0.001). Severe clinical presentation and GBS infection were associated with higher LP rates. The rate of meningitis was 28.5% (65/228). Conclusions : Rates of LP are low in culture-proven neonatal sepsis and antibiotics are frequently given before LP is carried out. Thus meningitis may be underestimated, and the chances of giving an effective therapy to the newborn are reduced. LP should be performed before the start of antibiotics when there is a clinical suspicion of infection.

The effectiveness of "inadequate" intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP administered < 4 h prior to delivery) in preventing early-onset sepsis (EOS) is debated. Italian prospective surveillance cohort data (2003-2022) were used to study the type and duration of IAP according to the timing of symptoms onset of group B streptococcus (GBS) and E. coli culture-confirmed EOS cases. IAP was defined "active" when the pathogen yielded in cultures was susceptible. We identified 263 EOS cases (GBS = 191; E. coli = 72). Among GBS EOS, 25% had received IAP (always active when beta-lactams were administered). Most IAP-exposed neonates with GBS were symptomatic at birth (67%) or remained asymptomatic (25%), regardless of IAP duration. Among E. coli EOS, 60% were IAP-exposed. However, IAP was active in only 8% of cases, and these newborns remained asymptomatic or presented with symptoms prior to 6 h of life. In contrast, most newborns exposed to an "inactive" IAP (52%) developed symptoms from 1 to >48 h of life. The key element to define IAP "adequate" seems the pathogen's antimicrobial susceptibility rather than its duration. Newborns exposed to an active antimicrobial (as frequently occurs with GBS infections), who remain asymptomatic in the first 6 h of life, are likely uninfected. Because E. coli isolates are often unsusceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, IAP-exposed neonates frequently develop symptoms of EOS after birth, up to 48 h of life and beyond.

Background: Sepsis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period, especially in preterms. Diagnosis is difficult because of specific signs and symptoms. The diagnostic gold standard is blood culture, but its sensibility is low. Much effort has been made to identify early, sensitive, and specific diagnostic markers; among these markers particular attention was paid to procalcitonin. However, reference ranges of serum procalcitonin (PCT) shortly after birth have not been sufficiently studied in healthy preterms, and literature is still contradictory., Objectives: The aim of the study is to define PCT age-specific reference ranges in the first 72 h of life in uninfected VLBW preterms., Methods: Serum levels of PCT were assessed for each newborn at birth and every 24 h until the 3rd day of life. The eligible patients were classified into two groups according to their sepsis status., Results: Approximately 343 patients were enrolled; 28 were septic and 315 non-septic. In non-septic infants, 1,015 determinations of PCT values were performed. Our data showed a trend in average value of PCT to increase after birth up to a peak between 24 and 48 h of life and, subsequently, to fall. The average peak value was 15.12 ng/ml achieved at nearly 36 h of life., Conclusion: Our study shows a PCT nomogram of healthy preterms, which is different from the one of term newborns. Data agree with what is reported in literature on the reference ranges and trends of PCT in non-septic preterms shortly after birth., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tuoni, Ciantelli, Morganti, Violi, Tamagnini and Filippi.)

Recent studies indicate the existence of a complex microbiome in the meconium of newborns that plays a key role in regulating many host health-related conditions. However, a high variability between studies has been observed so far. In the present study, the meconium microbiome composition and the predicted microbial metabolic pathways were analysed in a consecutive cohort of 96 full-term newborns. The effect of maternal epidemiological variables on meconium diversity was analysed using regression analysis and PERMANOVA. Meconium microbiome composition mainly included Proteobacteria (30.95%), Bacteroidetes (23.17%) and Firmicutes (17.13%), while for predicted metabolic pathways, the most abundant genes belonged to the class "metabolism". We observed a significant effect of maternal Rh factor on Shannon and Inverse Simpson indexes (p = 0.045 and p = 0.049 respectively) and a significant effect of delivery mode and maternal antibiotic exposure on Jaccard and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities (p = 0.001 and 0.002 respectively), while gestational age was associated with observed richness and Shannon indexes (p = 0.018 and 0.037 respectively), and Jaccard and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities (p = 0.014 and 0.013 respectively). The association involving maternal Rh phenotype suggests a role for host genetics in shaping meconium microbiome prior to the exposition to the most well-known environmental variables, which will influence microbiome maturation in the newborn., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: According to most early-onset sepsis (EOS) management guidelines, approximately 10% of the total neonatal population are exposed to antibiotics in the first postnatal days with subsequent increase of neonatal and pediatric comorbidities. A review of literature demonstrates the effectiveness of EOS calculator in reducing antibiotic overtreatment and NICU admission among neonates ≥34 weeks' gestational age (GA); however, some missed cases of culture-positive EOS have also been described., Methods: Single-center retrospective study from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018 conducted in the Division of Neonatology at Santa Chiara Hospital (Pisa, Italy). Neonates ≥34 weeks' GA with birth weight ≤ 1500 g, 34-36 weeks' GA neonates with suspected intraamniotic infection and neonates ≥34 weeks' GA with three clinical signs of EOS or two signs and one risk factor for EOS receive empirical antibiotics. Neonates ≥34 weeks' GA with risk factors for EOS or with one clinical indicator of EOS undergo serial measurements of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the first 48-72 h of life; they receive empirical antibiotics in case of abnormalities at blood exams with one or more clinical signs of EOS. Two hundred sixty-five patients at risk for EOS met inclusion criteria; they were divided into 3 study groups: 34-36 weeks' GA newborns (n = 95, group A), ≥ 37 weeks' GA newborns (n = 170, group B), and ≥ 34 weeks' GA newborns (n = 265, group A + B). For each group, we compared the number of patients for which antibiotics would have been needed, based on EOS calculator, and the number of the same patients we treated with antibiotics during the study period. Comparisons between the groups were performed using McNemar's test and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05; post-hoc power analysis was carried out to evaluate the sample sizes., Results: 32/265 (12.1%) neonates ≥34 weeks' GA received antibiotics within the first 12 h of life. According to EOS calculator 55/265 (20.7%) patients would have received antibiotics with EOS incidence 2/1000 live births (p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Our evidence-based protocol entails a further decrease of antibiotic overtreatment compared to EOS calculator. No negative consequences for patients were observed.

The first thousand days of life from conception have a significant impact on the health status with short, and long-term effects. Among several anthropometric and maternal lifestyle parameters birth weight plays a crucial role on the growth and neurological development of infants. Recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated a robust foetal and maternal genetic background of birth weight, however only a small proportion of the genetic hereditability has been already identified. Considering the extensive number of phenotypes on which they are involved, we focused on identifying the possible effect of genetic variants belonging to taste receptor genes and birthweight. In the human genome there are two taste receptors family the bitter receptors (TAS2Rs) and the sweet and umami receptors (TAS1Rs). In particular sweet perception is due to a heterodimeric receptor encoded by the TAS1R2 and the TAS1R3 gene, while the umami taste receptor is encoded by the TAS1R1 and the TAS1R3 genes. We observed that carriers of the T allele of the TAS1R1-rs4908932 SNPs showed an increase in birthweight compared to GG homozygotes Coeff: 87.40 (35.13-139.68) p-value = 0.001. The association remained significant after correction for multiple testing. TAS1R1-rs4908932 is a potentially functional SNP and is in linkage disequilibrium with another polymorphism that has been associated with BMI in adults showing the importance of this variant from the early stages of conception through all the adult life.

An increased awareness on neonatal pain-associated complications has led to the development of pain scales adequate to assess the level of pain experienced by newborns such as the ABC score. A commonly used analgesic procedure is to administer a 33% oral dextrose solution to newborns prior to the painful intervention. Although this procedure is very successful, not in all subjects it reaches complete efficacy. A possible explanation for the different response to the treatment could be genetic variability. We have investigated the genetic variability of the OPRM1 gene in 1077 newborns in relation to non-pharmacologic pain relief treatment. We observed that the procedure was successful in 966 individuals and there was no association between the genotypes and the analgesic efficacy when comparing individuals that had an ABC score = 0 and ABC score >0. However, considering only the individuals with ABC score>0, we found that the homozygous carriers of the G allele of the missense variant SNP rs1799971 (A118G) showed an interesting association with higher ABC score. We also observed that individuals fed with formula milk were more likely to not respond to the analgesic treatment compared to those that had been breastfed.

Incomplete Kawasaki disease represents a diagnostic challenge for pediatricians. In the absence of classical presentation, the laboratoristic evaluation of systemic inflammation can help in placing the correct diagnosis to promptly start adequate therapy. Erythema multiforme is an acute, self-limiting condition considered to be a hypersensitivity reaction commonly associated with various infections or medications. This aspecific skin condition has been rarely described as a sign of Kawasaki disease. We report on the case of a 4 years old boy presenting high-grade fever associated with erythema multiforme and evidence of systemic inflammation who showed a good response to prompt treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins.