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The virucidal activity of a series of cationic surfactants differing in the length and number of hydrophobic tails (at the same hydrophilic head) and the structure of the hydrophilic head (at the same length of the hydrophobic n-alkyl tail) was compared. It was shown that an increase in the length and number of hydrophobic tails, as well as the presence of a benzene ring in the surfactant molecule, enhance the virucidal activity of the surfactant against SARS-CoV-2. This may be due to the more pronounced ability of such surfactants to penetrate and destroy the phospholipid membrane of the virus. Among the cationic surfactants studied, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide was shown to be the most efficient as a disinfectant, its 50% effective concentration (EC50) being equal to 0.016 mM. Two surfactants (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and benzalkonium chloride) can deactivate SARS-CoV-2 in as little as 5 s.

Antiseptic polymer gel–surfactant complexes were prepared by incorporating the low-molecular-weight cationic disinfectant cetylpyridinium chloride into the oppositely charged, slightly cross-linked polymer matrices. Three types of polymers were used: copolymers of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate; copolymers of acrylamide and sodium methacrylate; copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and sodium methacrylate. It was shown that the rate of the release of the cationic disinfectant from the oppositely charged polymer gels could be tuned in a fairly broad range by varying the concentration of the disinfectant, the degree of swelling, and degree of cross-linking of the gel and the content/type of anionic repeat units in the polymer matrix. Polymer–surfactant complexes were demonstrated to reduce SARS-CoV-2 titer by seven orders of magnitude in as little as 5 s. The complexes retained strong virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 for at least one week.

Despite the world&rsquo, s combined efforts, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, remains one of the world&rsquo, s most serious public health challenges. High genetic variability of HIV complicates the development of anti-HIV vaccine, and there is an actual clinical need for increasing the efficiency of anti-HIV drugs in terms of targeted delivery and controlled release. Tenofovir (TFV), a nucleotide-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has gained wide acceptance as a drug for pre-exposure prophylaxis or treatment of HIV infection. In our study, we explored the potential of tenofovir disoproxil (TFD) adducts with block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether and poly(ethylene phosphoric acid) (mPEG-b-PEPA) as candidates for developing a long-acting/controlled-release formulation of TFV. Two types of mPEG-b-PEPA with numbers of ethylene phosphoric acid (EPA) fragments of 13 and 49 were synthesized by catalytic ring-opening polymerization, and used for preparing four types of adducts with TFD. Antiviral activity of [mPEG-b-PEPA]TFD or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) was evaluated using the model of experimental HIV infection in vitro (MT-4/HIV-1IIIB). Judging by the values of the selectivity index (SI), TFD exhibited an up to 14-fold higher anti-HIV activity in the form of mPEG-b-PEPA adducts, thus demonstrating significant promise for further development of long-acting/controlled-release injectable TFV formulations.

HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase sequences from 62 HIV-1-infected individuals recently diagnosed in Moscow were analyzed. Subtype A former Soviet Union (FSU) (AFSU) variant was the predominant clade (62.9%), followed by subtype B (22.6%), unique recombinants (6.5%), subtype G (6.5%), and CRF01_AE (1.6%). AFSU predominated among people who inject drugs (88.9%) and heterosexually acquired infections (77.8%), while subtype B was the most prevalent genetic form among men who have sex with men (44%), although AFSU was also frequent in this population (36%). Forty-eight (77.4%) viruses branched within intrasubtype clusters, three of which, of subtype B, had a majority of viruses collected outside of FSU. The four subtype G viruses identified in this study belonged to the Portuguese-Spanish (Iberian) variant and, together with three from databases, formed a Russian cluster closely related to viruses from Denmark. This is the first report of the circulation of the Iberian subtype G variant in Russia.

The anti-HIV activity of a new humic substance-derived preparation has been studied in individual pools of immune cells (CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells). steve mcqueen monaco replica Near-complete inhibition of the HIV infection (by more than 90%) was achieved by treating each of the abovementioned cell types with non-toxic concentrations of the preparation. The inhibitory effect demonstrates the possibility of preventing the depletion of a significant portion of functionally important immune cells. A comparative study of infection inhibition in individual cell pools has allowed us 1965 corvette grand sport replica for sale to reveal the differences in the preparation’s effectiveness in each of the cell populations. A R5-tropic HIV-1 infection in macrophages exhibited maximum sensitivity to the preparation: 90% and 50% inhibition of the infection were observed in the presence of concentrations as low as 1.4 and 0.35 μg/ml, respectively. titan black rolex replica for sale A 15- and 19-fold higher concentration was required to achieve the same repair rolex replica extent of inhibition in dendritic cells infected with the same strain. The effectiveness of the drug in CD4 + T lymphocytes is quite rolex replica deep sea comparable to its effectiveness in macrophages. The drug is universally effective for rolex datejust real or fake both the T- and M-tropic variants of HIV-1.

HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase sequences from 62 HIV-1-infected individuals recently diagnosed in Moscow were analyzed. Subtype A former Soviet Union (FSU) (A

The use of a new domestic vascular prosthesis "Vitaflon" in reconstructive reoperations on 21 patients was clinically estimated. The positive properties of the prosthesis such as high biological inertia, good plastic properties, strength and reliability allow this prosthesis to be recommended for using in reconstructive reoperations on the vessels.

Ajoene, (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene-9-oxide, isolated from extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) has been previously shown to inhibit platelet aggregation by inactivating allosterically the platelet integrin, GP IIb/IIIa. The structural and functional similarity of integrins led the authors to suggest that ajoene may also inhibit adhesive interactions and fusion of leukocytes. Synthetic stereoisomers of ajoene synthesized by the authors exhibited equal antiaggregatory activities (IC100 approximately 50 microM for platelets; IC100 approximately 10 microM for fMLP-stimulated neutrophils). Racemic ajoene inhibited the fusion of H9 cells with HIV-infected H9:RF cells (IC50 approximately 45 microM; 16 h of incubation) and also exhibited a degree of antiviral activity (IC50 approximately 5 microM as assessed by inhibition of HIV-1/CEM/Lav 1 Bru replication in CEM13 cells; m. o. i. 0.1; 72 h). A considerable increase in the latter became evident when the compound was administered in aliquots of 50 microM per 12 h of incubation (inhibition by 30%; total concentration 0.25 microM; 72 h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The authors analyze the results of 143 ++roentgeno-endovascular dilatations (RED) made in 89 patients during 1986-1990. RED of stenoses and occlusions of the iliac and femoral arteries over a length of less than 10 cm is feasible practically in all the patients. This intervention is safe and well tolerated by patients. As for RED of occlusions of the femoral arteries over a length of more than 15 cm beginning from the arterial ostium, the authors recommend that a popliteal access to the femoral artery be employed. Otherwise the passage of the occlusion area in the antegrade direction is impossible. At the same time in order to prevent thromboembolic complications, it is necessary to carry out intra- and postoperative anticoagulant therapy. Extended occlusions of the femoral arteries can be subjected to RED in cases where calcinosis of the arteries and thrombotic component are lacking in occlusion. RED of renal artery stenosis can be used as a method of choice in the treatment of vasorenal hypertension. RED is likely to be used for the management of stenoses of unpaired visceral arteries.

Emoxypin is known to be an effective membrane-stabilizing 3-oxy-pyridine derivative. We attempted to evaluate its influence on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced granulocyte aggregation and prostanoid production. Granulocytes isolated from rabbit venous blood by dextran sedimentation and Pezcoll gradient centrifugation were stirred in the aggregometer cuvette with emoxypin (5mM), indomethacin (50 microM) or their solvents at 37 degrees C for 2 min. Then S. typhimurium LPS (200 micrograms/ml) was added and the aggregation was traced for 5 min. Thromboxane B2 (TxB2), prostaglandins (PG) E, F2 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha were determined in supernatants radioimmunochemically. Indomethacin did not affect the pattern of aggregation, whereas emoxypin virtually precluded the response. Granulocytes incubated with LPS produced by the 15th sec and 5th min 1.3 and 2.5 times as much TxB2 respectively as did the intact cells (p less than 0.01). LPS had no effect on PGE production. Fifteen-sec contact of granulocytes with LPS had no significant influence on the formation of PGF2 alpha and its 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite. The amount of PGF2 alpha released into the medium by the end of the 5th min of incubation with LPS was 1.5 times higher than in the control (p less than 0.05); the level of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha was decreased 1.6 times (p less than 0.01). Emoxypin abolished totally LPS-induced TxB2 and PGF2 alpha production. We conclude that aggregation and eicosanoid production are independent manifestations of LPS-induced rabbit granulocyte activation.